Prompt: Question: Tell me a bio of Bif Naked.

Bif Naked

<s>Bif Naked Beth Torbert is a Canadian singer best known by her stage name Bif Naked. Between 1996 and 2016, she was among the top 150 selling Canadian artists in Canada.</s><s>Early life and education. Bif Naked was born in New Delhi, India, to teenage parents attending private school. She was subsequently adopted by American missionaries. She spent part of her childhood in Lexington, Kentucky, where her father was a professor at the University of Kentucky. She went to Kelsey Elementary School in The Pas, Manitoba, for a couple of years. After living for a time in Dauphin, Manitoba, her family eventually settled in Winnipeg.{{cite magazine }} She graduated from John Taylor Collegiate and studied theatre at the University of Winnipeg. After University, she began pursuing a career as a stand-up comic. The name "Bif" started as a nickname based on the mispronunciation of her real name, Beth.</s><s>Career. After spending several years singing with several underground bands, Bif Naked independently released a self-titled solo album, "Bif Naked", in 1994, and "I Bificus" in 1998. In 1999 she toured across Canada. Another solo album, "Purge" was released in

Bif Naked

2001. She also released a spoken word album called "Okenspay Ordway: Things I Forgot To Tell Mommy". In 2005, after narrowing it down from over fifty songs, she released "Superbeautifulmonster", which featured thirteen tracks. "The Promise", which was recorded while Bif was undergoing chemotherapy for breast cancer, was released in 2009 and was dedicated to her fans. The album featured tracks mixed by Juno Award winner Mike Fraser. In 2011, after doing acoustic sets on tour, Bif released an acoustic record on Her Royal Majesty's Records late-2013, featuring acoustic versions of her past songs as well as four previously unreleased tracks. The album is entitled "BIF NAKED FOREVER: Acoustic Hits and Other Delights". Bif has also been involved on a side project, "Jakkarta". Prior to her solo career, Torbert played with punk bands Gorilla Gorilla and Chrome Dog. She has toured Europe, the United States, and Canada as a headlining act, and has performed on bills with: Snoop Dogg, Billy Idol, Dido, Devin Townsend, Sarah McLachlan, Sheryl Crow, Chrissie Hynde, Foo Fighters, The Cult, Prodigy, Sm

Bif Naked

ashing Pumpkins, Ministry, Green Day, and many more. Bif's music has been featured in and on soundtracks for shows including "Buffy the Vampire Slayer", "Charmed", "Moonlight", "", "Ready To Rumble", "The West Wing" and "Celebrity Deathmatch". She recorded a rendition of the Christmas classic, "I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus" for MTV's "Total Request Live" CD "" in 1999 and was also featured on the "Ready to Rumble" soundtrack with a cover of Twisted Sister's "We're Not Gonna Take It". (which was additionally used as David Arquette's entrance theme while he was on WCW Monday Nitro). The song "Dawn", taken from "Purge", was featured in the film "American Psycho 2", starring Mila Kunis and William Shatner. She made a guest appearance in the song "Fucker", on Strapping Young Lad's album "The New Black" in 2006. Bif Naked has also made guest appearances with artists such as SNFU on the songs "One Last Loveshove" and "You Make Me Thick". She also appeared on the Dead Celebrity Status album "Blood Music" on the track titled "In This

Bif Naked

Day and Age". In 2011, she recorded a duet with Vancouver-based yogi and Nettwerk recording artist Will Blunderfield for the international version of his album "Hallelujah". Bif Naked has also appeared in music videos for other artists including: The Offspring's "The Kids Aren't Alright", "Believe Me" and "Silver" by Moist and Liveonrelease's "Get with It." In 2009, she appeared in the video for Simple Plan's "Save You" near the end along with other people (such as Sharon Osbourne and René Angélil) who have survived or have been treated for cancer. Aside from her music career, Bif has also pursued acting. In 1990, she appeared in the film "Archangel", where she was credited as "Bif Torbert," playing a Russian soldier. In 1997, she played a liquor store manager in "The Boys Club". She appeared in the television series "Once a Thief" in 1998, playing Nastassja Momomame. In 2000, she voiced the character Alison in the "Daria" movie, "Is It Fall Yet?", playing a bisexual art camp attendee who attempts to seduce Jane Lane. She appeared in the

Bif Naked

Canadian indie films "Lunch with Charles" (2001) and "Crossing" (2005), the latter of which she recorded the song "My Greatest Masterpiece" for. She has done hosting work for the CBC Television series "ZeD" (becoming their first host in 2002), and for Bodog, hosting "Bodog Fight" in 2006 as well as a reality series chronicling the days leading up to her marriage with Vancouver Sun sports writer, Ian Walker, in 2007 called "Bif Naked Bride". She voiced the character Zoe Payne in the "SSX" video game series and "Sled Storm". In 2003, she made a cameo appearance in the zombie horror film "The House of the Dead". That same year, she appeared as a judge of a fictitious reality show in the TV series "Cold Squad". In 2006, she guest starred on an episode of "The L Word," playing a character named Cynthia. In addition, Bif Naked has appeared as herself in "Buffy the Vampire Slayer", "" and "The Chris Isaak Show". Bif Naked also narrated the TV series "That's Art?!" (2012). In 2021, Bif appeared as a guest judge on an episode of the second season of "Canada's Drag Race

Bif Naked

."</s><s>Personal life. She is heavily tattooed, getting her first tattoo (an Egyptian Eye of Horus) when she was sixteen years old. Her tattoos include: a symbol of the Tao, Japanese writing, Buddhist poetry and images (such as the Bodhisattva), and Hindu imagery; she has stated on MTV that her favorite tattoo, on her left arm, reads "Survivor." Bif identifies as poly amorous pan sexual. She is also a comic cartoonist Her first marriage, which lasted six months, was to her drummer Brett Hopkins in Gorilla Gorilla. She then married former "Vancouver Sun" sports writer Ian Walker in 2007; they divorced in 2011. In January 2008, she announced that she had been diagnosed with breast cancer, and underwent a lumpectomy and chemotherapy. Bif Naked spoke at the University of the Fraser Valley for International Women's Day on March 8, 2013, at the Abbotsford campus; it was announced she would be awarded an honorary doctorate from the university in June 2013. In 2015, she became engaged to Steve Allen, a friend of her former bandmate Jacen Ekstrom. They married on July 30, 2016 and separated in 2022. Bif is a vegan.</s><s>Band membership.

Bif Naked

</s><s>Band membership.:Current band members. - Bif Naked – vocals, background vocals - Doug Fury – guitar - Chiko Misomali – drums, background vocals - Peter Karroll – bass</s><s>Band membership.:Past members. - Steve Allen - Guitar - Ferdy Belland - Bass - Alley Artico – Guitar - Alex Arundel aka XFactor (aka Gene Poole, co-writer of "Chotee") – guitar - Kuryakin – synths and bass backup vocals - Corrine Culbertson CoCo – bass - Mike Sage – drums - Doug Fury (now in Scatterheart) – guitar, bass, co-writer and co-producer - Gail Greenwood (Belly/L7) – bass - Scotty McCarger – drums - Chris Crippin (Everything After/Hedley) – drums - Randy Black (Annihilator) – drums - Jacen Ekstrom (Neurosonic/CrashScene) – bass (deceased) - John Bates (Big John Bates) - guitar - Gillian Hanna – guitar (deceased) - Britt Black – guitar - Rich Priske – bass (deceased) - Scott Cooke – bass - Tim Smyth –

Bif Naked

bass - Greg Mark (Juno-nominated Vancouver psychedelic pop band Templar) – guitar - Sean Stubbs – drums - Adam (ATOM) Percy (Econoline Crush) – keyboards - Dan Yaremko (Econoline Crush)/(D.O.A.) – bass - Lamar Engel – (vocalist/musician for art rock band An Opiate for Angels) – bass - Dave Martone – bass - Gabe Cipes – bass - Joe Veltri – bass</s><s>Discography.</s><s>Discography.:Studio albums. - "Bif Naked" – 1994 - "I Bificus" – 1998 (CRIA – Platinum) - "Purge" – 2001 (CRIA – Gold) - "Superbeautifulmonster" – 2005 (#12 CAN) - "The Promise" – 2009 (#30 CAN) - "Champion" – 2023</s><s>Discography.:EPs and compilations. - "Four Songs and a Poem" – 1994 - "Okenspay Ordway: Things I Forgot to Tell Mommy" – 1997 - "Another 5 Songs and a Poem" – 2000 - "Essentially Naked" – 2003 - "" – 2012</s><s>Discography.:Music videos

Bif Naked

. - "Everything" (1994) - "My Whole Life" - "Tell on You" - "Never Alone" - "Daddy's Getting Married" (directed by William Morrison 1996) - "Spaceman" - "Lucky" (co-directed by Peter Karroll) - "Moment of Weakness" (1999) (directed by Marcos Siega) - "We're Not Gonna Take It" - "Chotee" - "Twitch" (1999) (directed by Peter Karroll) - "I Love Myself Today" - "Tango Shoes" (directed by Neill Blomkamp (District 9 / Chappie) - "Choking in the Truth" (directed by Neill Blomkamp (District 9 / Chappie) - "Back in the Day" (co-directed by Peter Karroll) - "Rich and Filthy" - "Let Down" (directed by Peter Karroll) - "Nothing Else Matters" - "Everyday" (directed by Peter Karroll) - "My Greatest Masterpiece" (2007) - "Fuck You 2" (2009) - "Sick" (2009) - "King of Karma" (2009) - "Only One"

Bif Naked

2016 directed by Coco Karroll - "Heavy" 2018 directed by Peter Karroll - "Jim" (2020)</s><s>See also. - Canadian rock - Music of Canada</s>


Prompt: Question: Tell me a bio of Michael Collins (astronaut).

Michael Collins (astronaut)

<s>Michael Collins (astronaut) Michael Collins (October 31, 1930 – April 28, 2021) was an American astronaut who flew the Apollo 11 command module "Columbia" around the Moon in 1969 while his crewmates, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, made the first crewed landing on the surface. He was also a test pilot and major general in the U.S. Air Force Reserve. Born in Rome, Italy, where his father was stationed at the time, Collins graduated in the Class of 1952 from the United States Military Academy. He followed his father, brother, uncle, and cousin into the military. He joined the United States Air Force, and flew F-86 Sabre fighters at Chambley-Bussières Air Base, France. He was accepted into the U.S. Air Force Experimental Flight Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base in 1960, also graduating from the Aerospace Research Pilot School (Class III). Selected as part of NASA's third group of 14 astronauts in 1963, Collins flew in space twice. His first spaceflight was on Gemini 10 in 1966, in which he and Command Pilot John Young performed orbital rendezvous with two spacecraft and undertook two extravehicular activities (EVAs, also known as spacewalks).

Michael Collins (astronaut)

On the 1969 Apollo 11 mission, he became one of 24 people to fly to the Moon, which he orbited thirty times. He was the fourth person (and third American) to perform a spacewalk, the first person to have performed more than one spacewalk, and, after Young, who flew the command module on Apollo 10, the second person to orbit the Moon alone. After retiring from NASA in 1970, Collins took a job in the Department of State as Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs. A year later, he became the director of the National Air and Space Museum, and held this position until 1978, when he stepped down to become undersecretary of the Smithsonian Institution. In 1980, he took a job as vice president of LTV Aerospace. He resigned in 1985 to start his own consulting firm. Along with his Apollo 11 crewmates, Collins was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1969 and the Congressional Gold Medal in 2011.</s><s>Early life. Collins was born on October 31, 1930, in Rome, Italy. He was the second son of James Lawton Collins (1882–1963), a career U.S. Army officer, who was the U.S. military attaché there from 1928 to 1932, and Virginia C

Michael Collins (astronaut)

. Collins ( Stewart; 1895–1986). Collins had an older brother, James Lawton Collins Jr. (1917–2002), and two older sisters, Virginia and Agnes. Collins' mother was of British descent, and his father's family hailed from Ireland. For the first 17 years of his life, Collins lived in many places as the Army posted his father to different locations; Rome, Oklahoma; Governors Island, New York; Fort Hoyle (near Baltimore, Maryland); Fort Hayes (near Columbus, Ohio); Puerto Rico; San Antonio, Texas; and Alexandria, Virginia. He took his first plane ride in Puerto Rico aboard a Grumman Widgeon; the pilot allowed him to fly it for a portion of the flight. He wanted to fly again, but since World War II started soon after, he was unable. He studied for two years in the Academia del Perpetuo Socorro in San Juan, Puerto Rico. After the United States entered World War II, the family moved to Washington, D.C., where Collins attended St. Albans School and graduated in 1948. His mother wanted him to enter the diplomatic service, but he decided to follow his father, two uncles, brother, and cousin into the armed services. He

Michael Collins (astronaut)

received an appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, from which his father and his older brother had graduated in 1907 and 1939 respectively. He graduated on June 3, 1952, with a Bachelor of Science degree in military science, finishing 185th of 527 cadets in the class, which included future fellow astronaut Ed White. Collins' decision to join the United States Air Force (USAF) was motivated by both the wonder of what the next fifty years might bring in aeronautics, and to avoid accusations of nepotism had he joined the Army—where his brother was already a colonel, his father had reached the rank of major general and his uncle, General J. Lawton Collins (1896–1987), was the Chief of Staff of the United States Army. The Air Force Academy, still under construction, would not graduate its first class for several years. In the interim, graduates of the Military Academy were eligible for Air Force commissions. Promotion was slower in the Air Force than in the Army, due to the large number of young officers who had been commissioned and promoted during World War II.</s><s>Military service.</s><s>Military service.:Fighter pilot. Collins began basic flight training in the T-6 Texan at Columbus

Michael Collins (astronaut)

Air Force Base in Columbus, Mississippi, in August 1952, then moved on to San Marcos Air Force Base in Texas to learn instrument and formation flying, and finally to James Connally Air Force Base in Waco, Texas, for training in jet aircraft. Flying came easily to him, and unlike many of his colleagues, he had little fear of failure. He was awarded his wings upon completion of the course at Waco, and in September 1953, he was chosen for advanced day-fighter training at Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada, flying F-86 Sabres. The training was dangerous; eleven people were killed in accidents during the 22 weeks he was there. This was followed by an assignment in January 1954 to the 21st Fighter-Bomber Wing at George Air Force Base, California, where he learned ground attack and nuclear weapons delivery techniques in the F-86. He moved with the 21st to Chambley-Bussières Air Base, France, in December 1954. He won first prize in a 1956 gunnery competition. During a NATO exercise that year, he was forced to eject from an F-86, near Chaumont-Semoutiers AB, after a fire started aft of the cockpit. Collins met his future wife, Patricia

Michael Collins (astronaut)

Mary Finnegan from Boston, Massachusetts, in an officers' mess. A graduate of Emmanuel College, where she majored in English, she was a social worker, dealing mainly with single mothers. To see more of the world, she was working for the Air Force service club. After getting engaged, they had to overcome a difference in religion. Collins was nominally Episcopalian, while Finnegan came from a staunchly Roman Catholic family. After seeking permission to marry from Finnegan's father, and delaying their wedding when Collins was redeployed to West Germany during the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, they married in 1957. They had a daughter, actress Kate Collins, in 1959, a second daughter, Ann, in 1961 and a son, Michael, in 1963. After Collins returned to the United States in late 1957, he attended an aircraft maintenance officer course at Chanute Air Force Base, Illinois. He would later describe this school as "dismal" in his autobiography; he found the classwork boring, flying time scarce, and the equipment outdated. Upon completing the course, he commanded a Mobile Training Detachment (MTD) and traveled to air bases around the world. The detachment trained mechanics on the servicing of new aircraft, and pilots how to

Michael Collins (astronaut)

fly them. He later became the first commander of a Field Training Detachment (FTD 523) back at Nellis AFB, which was a similar kind of unit, except that the students traveled to him.</s><s>Military service.:Test pilot. Collins' MTD posting allowed him to accumulate over 1,500 flying hours, the minimum required for admission to the USAF Experimental Flight Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base, California. His application was successful, and on August 29, 1960, he became a member of Class 60C, which included Frank Borman, Jim Irwin and Tom Stafford, who later became astronauts. Military test pilot instruction started with the North American T-28 Trojan, and proceeded through the high performance F-86 Sabre, B-57 Canberra, T-33 Shooting Star, and the F-104 Starfighter. Collins was a heavy smoker, but quit in 1962 after suffering a particularly bad hangover. The next day, he spent what he described as the worst four hours of his life in the co-pilot's seat of a B-52 Stratofortress while going through the initial stages of nicotine withdrawal. The inspiration for Collins in his decision to become a NASA astronaut was the Mercury Atlas 6 flight of John Glenn on

Michael Collins (astronaut)

February 20, 1962, and the thought of being able to circle the Earth in 90 minutes. Collins applied for the second group of astronauts that year. To raise the numbers of Air Force pilots selected, the Air Force sent their best applicants to a "charm school". Medical and psychiatric examinations at Brooks Air Force Base, Texas, and interviews at the Manned Spacecraft Center (MSC) in Houston followed. In mid-September, he found out he had not been accepted. It was a blow even though he did not expect to be selected. Collins rated the second group of nine as better than the Mercury Seven who preceded them, or the five groups that followed, including his own. That year the USAF Experimental Flight Test Pilot School became the USAF Aerospace Research Pilot School (ARPS), as the Air Force tried to enter into space research through the X-15 and X-20 programs. Collins applied for a new postgraduate course offered into the basics of spaceflight. He was accepted into the third class on October 22, 1962. Other students in his eleven-member class included three future astronauts: Charles Bassett, Edward Givens and Joe Engle. Along with classwork, they also flew up to about in F-104 Starfighters. As they passed

Michael Collins (astronaut)

through the top of their arc, they would experience a brief period of weightlessness. On finishing this course he returned to fighter operations in May 1963. At the start of June, NASA once again called for astronaut applications. Collins went through the same process as with his first application, though he did not take the psychiatric evaluation. He was at Randolph Air Force Base, Texas, on October 14 when Deke Slayton, the Chief of the Astronaut Office at NASA, called and asked if he was still interested in becoming an astronaut. Charles Bassett was also accepted. By this time Collins had flown over 3,000 hours, of which 2,700 were in jet aircraft.</s><s>Space program. Compared with the first two groups of astronauts, the third group of fourteen astronauts, which included Collins, was younger, with an average age of 31—the first two groups had an average age of 34.5 and 32.5 at their time of selection—and was better educated, with an average of 5.6 years of tertiary education; but they had fewer flying hours—2,300 on average compared with 3,500 and 2,800 for the first two groups, and only eight of the fourteen were test pilots. Of the thirty astronauts selected in the first

Michael Collins (astronaut)

three groups, only Collins and his third group colleague William Anders were born outside the United States, and Collins was the only one with an older brother; all the rest were the eldest or only sons in their families. Training began with a 240-hour course on the basics of spaceflight. Fifty-eight hours of this was devoted to geology, something Collins did not readily understand and in which he never became very interested. At the end, Alan Shepard, the Chief of the Astronaut Office, asked the fourteen to rank their fellow astronauts in the order they would want to fly with them in space. Collins picked David Scott in the number one position.</s><s>Space program.:Project Gemini.</s><s>Space program.:Project Gemini.:Crew assignments. After this basic training, the third group was assigned specializations. Collins received his first choice: pressure suits and extravehicular activities (EVAs, also known as spacewalks). His job was to monitor development and act as a liaison between the Astronaut Office and contractors. He was disturbed by the secretive planning of Ed White's EVA on Gemini 4, because he was not involved despite being the person with the greatest knowledge of the subject. In late June 1965, Collins received his first crew assignment: the backup pilot for

Michael Collins (astronaut)

Gemini 7, with his West Point classmate Ed White named as the backup mission commander. Collins was the first of the fourteen to receive a crew assignment, but the first to fly was Scott on Gemini 8, and Charles Bassett was assigned to Gemini 9. Under the system of crew rotation established by Slayton, being on the backup crew of Gemini7 set Collins up to pilot Gemini 10. Gemini7 was commanded by Borman, whom Collins knew well from their days at Edwards, with Jim Lovell as the pilot. Collins made a point of providing a daily briefing to their wives, Susan Borman and Marilyn Lovell, on the progress of the two-week Gemini7 mission. After the successful completion of Gemini7 on January 24, 1966, Collins was assigned to the prime crew of Gemini 10, but with John Young as mission commander, as White moved on to the Apollo program. Jim Lovell and Buzz Aldrin were designated as the backup commander and pilot respectively. The arrangements were disturbed on February 28 by the deaths of the Gemini9 crew, Charles Bassett and Elliot See, in the 1966 NASA T-38 crash. They were replaced on Gemini9 by their backups, Stafford and Gene Cernan. Cernan was the second of the fourteen to fly in

Michael Collins (astronaut)

space. Lovell and Aldrin became their backups, and Alan Bean and C.C. Williams took their place as the Gemini 10 backup crew. Collins would be the seventeenth American, and third member of his group, to fly in space. Training for Gemini 10 was interrupted in March when Slayton diverted Young, Collins and Williams to represent their respective services on a panel to select another group of astronauts, along with himself, Shepard, spacecraft designer Max Faget, and astronaut training officer Warren J. North. Young protested the loss of a week's training to no avail. Applying strict criteria for age, flying experience and education reduced the number of applicants to 35. The panel interviewed each for an hour, and rated nineteen as qualified. Collins was surprised when Slayton elected to take them all. Slayton later admitted that he too had doubts; he already had enough astronauts for Project Apollo as far as the first Moon landing, but post-Apollo plans were for up to 30 missions. Such a large intake therefore seemed prudent. Ten of the nineteen had test pilot experience, and seven were graduates of the ARPS.</s><s>Space program.:Project Gemini.:Gemini 10. Fifteen scientific experiments were carried on Gemini 10—more than any other Gemini mission

Michael Collins (astronaut)

except the two-week-long Gemini 7. After Gemini 9's EVA ran into problems, the remaining Gemini objectives had to be completed on the last three flights. While the overall number of objectives increased, the difficulty of Collins' EVA was scaled significantly back. There was no backpack or astronaut maneuvering unit (AMU), as there had been on Gemini 8. Their three-day mission called for them to rendezvous with two Agena Target Vehicles, undertake two EVAs, and perform 15 different experiments. The training went smoothly, as the crew learned the intricacies of orbital rendezvous, controlling the Agena and, for Collins, the EVA. For what was to be the fourth ever EVA, underwater training was not performed, mostly because Collins did not have the time. To train to use the nitrogen gun he would use for propulsion, a smooth metal surface about the size of a boxing ring was set up. He would stand on a circular pad that used gas jets to raise itself off the surface. Using the nitrogen gun he would practice propelling himself across the "slippery table". Gemini 10 lifted off from Launch Complex 19 at Cape Canaveral at 05:20 local time on July 18, 1966. Upon reaching orbit, it was about behind the Ag

Michael Collins (astronaut)

ena target vehicle, which had been launched 100 minutes earlier. A rendezvous was achieved on Gemini 10's fourth orbit at 10:43, followed by docking at 11:13. The mission plan called for multiple dockings with the Agena target, but an error by Collins in using the sextant caused them to burn valuable propellant, resulting in Mission Control calling off this objective to conserve propellant. Once docked, the Agena 10 propulsion system was activated to boost the astronauts to a new altitude record, above the Earth, breaking the previous record of set by Voskhod 2. A second burn of the Agena 10 engine at 03:58 on July 19 put them into the same orbit as Agena8, which had been launched for the Gemini8 mission on March 16. For his first EVA Collins did not leave the Gemini capsule, but stood up through the hatch with an ultraviolet camera. After he took the ultraviolet photos, Collins took photos of a plate they brought with them. They were used to compare photos taken in space with those taken in a laboratory. In his biography he said he felt at that moment like a Roman god riding the skies in his chariot. The EVA started on the dark side of the Earth so Collins could take

Michael Collins (astronaut)

photos of the Milky Way. Collins' and Young's eyes began to water, forcing an early end to the EVA. Lithium hydroxide, which was normally used to remove exhaled carbon dioxide from the cabin, had accidentally been fed into the astronauts' space suits. The compressor causing the problem was switched off, and a high oxygen flow was used to purge the environmental control system. Prior to Collins' second EVA, the Agena 10 spacecraft was jettisoned. Young positioned the capsule close enough to Agena8 for Collins to get to it while attached to his umbilical. Collins became the first person to perform two spacewalks in the same mission. He found it took much longer to complete tasks than he expected, something Cernan also experienced during his spacewalk on Gemini 9. He removed a micrometeorite experiment from the exterior of the spacecraft, and configured his nitrogen maneuvering thruster. Collins had difficulty reentering the spacecraft, and needed Young to pull him back in with the umbilical. The duo activated the retrorockets on their 43rd orbit, and they splashed down in the Atlantic at 04:06 on July 21, from the recovery vessel, the amphibious assault ship, and were

Michael Collins (astronaut)

picked up by helicopter. Collins and Young completed nearly all the major objectives of the flight. The docking practice and the landmark measurement experiment were cancelled in order to conserve propellant, and the micrometeorite collector was lost when it drifted out of the spacecraft.</s><s>Space program.:Apollo program. Shortly after Gemini 10, Collins was assigned to the backup crew for the second crewed Apollo flight, with Borman as commander (CDR), Stafford as command module pilot (CMP), and Collins as lunar module pilot (LMP). Along with learning the new Apollo command and service module (CSM) and the Apollo Lunar Module (LM), Collins received helicopter training, as these were thought to be the best way to simulate the landing approach of the LM. After the completion of Project Gemini, it was decided to cancel the Apollo2 flight, since it would just repeat the Apollo 1 flight. Stafford was given his own crew, and Anders was assigned to Borman's crew. Slayton had decided an Apollo mission commander should be an experienced astronaut who had already flown a mission, and that on flights with a LM, the CMP should also have some spaceflight experience, something Anders did not yet have, since the CMP would have to fly the CM alone

Michael Collins (astronaut)

. Collins was therefore moved to the CMP position on the Apollo8 prime crew, and Anders became the LMP. The practice became that the CMP would be the next most senior member of the crew, and that they would go on to command later Apollo flights. Staff meetings were always held on Fridays in the Astronaut Office, and it was here that Collins found himself on January 27, 1967. Don Gregory was running the meeting in the absence of Shepard and so it was he who answered the red phone to be informed there had been a fire in the Apollo 1 CM, and that the three astronauts, Gus Grissom, Ed White and Roger Chaffee were dead. When the enormity of the situation was ascertained, it fell on Collins to go to the Chaffee household to inform Martha Chaffee that her husband had died. The Astronaut Office had learned to be proactive in informing astronauts' families of a death quickly, because of the death of Theodore Freeman in an aircraft crash in 1964, when a newspaper reporter was the first to his house. Collins and Scott were sent by NASA to the Paris Air Show in May 1967. There they met cosmonauts Pavel Belyayev and Konstantin Feoktistov, with whom they drank vodka on

Michael Collins (astronaut)

the Soviets' Tupolev Tu-134. Collins found it interesting that some cosmonauts were doing helicopter training like their American counterparts, and Belyayev said he hoped to make a circumlunar flight soon. The astronauts' wives had accompanied them on the trip, and Collins and his wife Pat were compelled by NASA and their friends to travel to Metz, where they had been married ten years before. There, they found a third wedding ceremony had been arranged for them (ten years previously they had already had civil and religious ceremonies), so they could renew their vows. During 1968, Collins noticed his legs were not working as they should, first during handball games, then as he walked down stairs. His knee would almost give way, and his left leg had unusual sensations when in hot and cold water. Reluctantly he sought medical advice and the diagnosis was a cervical disc herniation, requiring two vertebrae to be fused. The surgery was performed at Wilford Hall Hospital at Lackland Air Force Base, Texas. The planned recuperation time was three to six months. Collins spent three months in a neck brace. As a result, he was removed from the prime crew of Apollo 9 and his backup, Jim Lovell, replaced him

Michael Collins (astronaut)

as CMP. When the Apollo 8 mission was changed from a CSM/LM mission in high Earth orbit to a CSM-only flight around the Moon, both prime and backup crews for Apollo8 and9 swapped places.</s><s>Space program.:Apollo program.:Apollo 8. Having trained for the flight, Collins was made a capsule communicator (CAPCOM), an astronaut stationed at Mission Control responsible for communicating directly with the crew during a mission. As part of the Green Team, he covered the launch phase up to translunar injection, the rocket burn that sent Apollo8 to the Moon. The successful completion of the first crewed circumlunar flight was followed by the announcement of the Apollo 11 crew of Armstrong, Aldrin, and Collins. At that time, in January 1969, it was not certain this would be the lunar landing mission; this depended on the success of Apollo9 and Apollo 10 testing the LM.</s><s>Space program.:Apollo program.:Apollo 11. As CMP, Collins' training was completely different from the LM and lunar EVA, and was sometimes done without Armstrong or Aldrin being present. Along with simulators, there were measurements for pressure suits, centrifuge training to simulate the reentry, and practicing

Michael Collins (astronaut)

docking with a huge rig at NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia. Since he would be the active participant in the rendezvous with the LM, Collins compiled a book of 18 different rendezvous schemes for various scenarios including ones where the LM did not land, or it launched too early or too late. This book ran for 117 pages. The was the creation of Collins. Jim Lovell, the backup commander, mentioned the idea of eagles, a symbol of the United States. Collins liked the idea and found a painting by artist Walter A. Weber in a National Geographic Society book, "Water, Prey, and Game Birds of North America", traced it and added the lunar surface below and Earth in the background. The idea of an olive branch, a symbol of peace, came from a computer expert at the simulators. The call sign "Columbia" for the CSM came from Julian Scheer, the NASA Assistant Administrator for Public Affairs. He mentioned the idea to Collins in a conversation and Collins could not think of anything better. During the training for Apollo 11, Slayton offered to get Collins back into the crew sequence after the flight. Collins would almost certainly have been the backup commander of Apollo 14, followed by commander of Apollo 17, but he told

Michael Collins (astronaut)

Slayton he did not want to travel to space again if Apollo 11 was successful. The difficult schedule of an astronaut strained his family life. He wanted to help achieve John F. Kennedy's goal of landing on the Moon within the decade and had no interest in further exploration of the Moon once the goal had been achieved. The assignment was given to Cernan. An estimated one million spectators watched the launch of Apollo 11 from the highways and beaches in the vicinity of the launch site. The launch was televised live in 33 countries, with an estimated 25 million viewers in the United States alone. Millions more listened to radio broadcasts. Propelled by a giant Saturn V rocket, Apollo 11 lifted off from Launch Complex 39A at the Kennedy Space Center on July 16, 1969, at 13:32 UTC (09:32 EDT), and entered Earth orbit twelve minutes later. After one and a half orbits, the S-IVB third-stage engine pushed the spacecraft onto its trajectory toward the Moon. About 30 minutes later, Collins performed the transposition, docking, and extraction maneuver. This involved separating "Columbia" from the spent S-IVB stage, turning around, and docking with the Lunar Module "Eagle". After it was extracted, the combined spacecraft headed for

Michael Collins (astronaut)

the Moon, while the rocket stage flew on a trajectory past it. On July 19 at 17:21:50 UTC, Apollo 11 passed behind the Moon and fired its service propulsion engine to enter lunar orbit. In the thirty orbits that followed, the crew saw passing views of their landing site in the southern Sea of Tranquillity about southwest of the crater Sabine D. At 12:52:00 UTC on July 20, Aldrin and Armstrong entered "Eagle" and began the final preparations for lunar descent. At 17:44:00 "Eagle" separated from "Columbia". Collins, alone aboard "Columbia", inspected "Eagle" as it rotated before him to ensure the craft was not damaged and that the landing gear had correctly deployed before heading for the surface. During his day flying solo around the Moon, Collins never felt lonely. Although it has been said "not since Adam has any human known such solitude", Collins felt very much a part of the mission. In his autobiography he wrote "this venture has been structured for three men, and I consider my third to be as necessary as either of the other two". In the 48 minutes of each orbit when he was out of radio contact with the Earth while "Columbia" passed round the

Michael Collins (astronaut)

far side of the Moon, the feeling he reported was not fear or loneliness, but rather "awareness, anticipation, satisfaction, confidence, almost exultation". One of Collins' first tasks was to identify the lunar module on the ground. To give Collins an idea where to look, Mission Control radioed that they believed the lunar module landed about four miles off target. Each time he passed over the suspected lunar landing site, he tried in vain to find the lunar module. On his first two orbits on the far side of the Moon, Collins performed maintenance activities such as dumping excess water produced by the fuel cells and preparing the cabin for Armstrong and Aldrin to return. "Columbia" orbited the Moon thirty times. Just before he reached the far side on the third orbit, Mission Control informed Collins there was a problem with the temperature of the coolant. If it became too cold, parts of "Columbia" might freeze. Mission Control advised him to assume manual control and implement Environmental Control System Malfunction Procedure 17. Instead, Collins flicked the switch on the offending system from automatic to manual and back to automatic again, and carried on with normal housekeeping chores, while keeping an eye on the temperature. When "Columbia" came back around to the near side

Michael Collins (astronaut)

of the Moon again, he was able to report that the problem had been resolved. For the next couple of orbits, he described his time on the far side of the Moon as "relaxing". After Aldrin and Armstrong completed their EVA, Collins slept so he could be rested for the rendezvous. While the flight plan called for "Eagle" to meet up with "Columbia", Collins was prepared for certain contingencies in which he would fly "Columbia" down to meet "Eagle". After spending so much time with the CSM, he felt compelled to leave his mark on it, so during the second night following their return from the Moon, he went to the lower equipment bay of the CM and wrote: In a July 2009 interview with "The Guardian", Collins said that he was very worried about Armstrong and Aldrin's safety. He was also concerned in the event of their deaths on the Moon, he would be forced to return to Earth alone and, as the mission's sole survivor, be regarded as "a marked man for life". At 17:54 UTC on July 21, "Eagle" lifted off from the Moon to rejoin Collins aboard "Columbia" in lunar orbit. After rendezvous with "Columbia", the

Michael Collins (astronaut)

ascent stage was jettisoned into lunar orbit, and "Columbia" made its way back to Earth. "Columbia" splashed down in the Pacific east of Wake Island at 16:50 UTC (05:50 local time) on July 24. The total mission duration was eight days, three hours, 18 minutes, and thirty-five seconds. Divers passed biological isolation garments (BIGs) to the astronauts, and assisted them into the life raft. Though the chance of bringing back pathogens from the lunar surface was believed to be remote, it was still considered a possibility. The astronauts were winched on board the recovery helicopter, and flown to the aircraft carrier, where they spent the first part of the Earth-based portion of 21 days of quarantine (time in space was also counted), before moving on to Houston. On August 13, the three astronauts rode in parades in their honor in New York and Chicago, with about six million attendees. On the same evening in Los Angeles there was an official state dinner to celebrate the flight, attended by members of Congress, 44 governors, the Chief Justice of the United States, and ambassadors from 83 nations at the Century Plaza Hotel. In September, the astronauts embarked on a 38-day world tour that brought them

Michael Collins (astronaut)

to 22 foreign countries and included visits with world leaders.</s><s>Post-NASA activities.</s><s>Post-NASA activities.:Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs. NASA Administrator Thomas O. Paine told Collins that Secretary of State William P. Rogers was interested in appointing Collins to the position of Assistant Secretary of State for Public Affairs. After the crew returned to the U.S. in November, Collins sat down with Rogers and accepted the position on the urgings of President Nixon. He was an unusual choice for the role, as he was neither a journalist nor a career diplomat. Nor, unlike some of his predecessors, did he act as the department spokesperson. Instead, as the head of the State Department's Bureau of Public Affairs, his role was that of managing relations with the public at large. He had a staff of 115 and a budget of $2.5 million, but this was small compared with the 6,000 public affairs staff at the United States Department of Defense. Collins was appointed to the position on December 15, 1969, and began his work on January 6, 1970. He took over at a very difficult time. The Vietnam War was going badly, and the invasion of Cambodia and the Kent State shootings had triggered a wave of protests and unrest

Michael Collins (astronaut)

across the country. He had no illusions about his ability to change minds, but attempted to engage with the public all the same, playing on his Apollo 11 fame. He attributed part of the nation's problems to insularity. In a 1970 commencement speech at Saint Michael's College in Vermont, he told his audience that "Farmers speak to farmers, students to students, business leaders to other business leaders, but this intramural talk serves mainly to mirror one's beliefs, to reinforce existing prejudices, to lock out opposing views". Collins realized he was not enjoying the job, and secured President Nixon's permission to become the Director of the National Air and Space Museum. His departure was officially announced on February 22, 1971. He worked in that role until April 11, 1971. The position remained vacant until Carol Laise replaced him in October 1973.</s><s>Post-NASA activities.:Director of the National Air and Space Museum. On August 12, 1946, Congress passed an authorization bill for a National Air Museum, to be administered by the Smithsonian Institution, and located on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. Under the U.S. legislative system, authorization is insufficient; Congress also has to pass an appropriation bill allocating funding. Since this was not done, there was

Michael Collins (astronaut)

no money for the museum building. The 1957 Sputnik crisis and the resulting Space Race led to a surge of public interest in space exploration. The "Freedom 7" and "Friendship 7" Project Mercury spacecraft were donated to the Smithsonian, and 2,670,000 visitors descended on the Arts and Industries Building when they were put on display in 1963. The museum was renamed the National Air and Space Museum in 1966, but there was still no funding to build it. Apollo 11 created another surge of interest in space. An exhibition of a Moon rock attracted 200,000 visitors in one month. On May 19, 1970, Senator Barry Goldwater, a retired USAF major general, gave an impassioned speech in the Senate for funding of a museum building. The job had a clearly defined and tangible goal: to obtain Congressional funding, and to build the museum. Collins lobbied hard for the new museum. With the help of Goldwater in particular, Congress relented, and on August 10, 1972, approved $13 million and contract authority of $27 million for its construction. The $40 million budget was lower than he had hoped for, and the building had to be scaled back and some economies made. In addition to cost pressure, there was also severe

Michael Collins (astronaut)

time pressure, as the museum was scheduled to open on July 4, 1976, as part of celebrations of the upcoming United States Bicentennial. The design by architect Gyo Obata of the St. Louis firm Hellmuth Obata & Kassabaumof aimed to harmonize the new museum with the other ones on the National Mall, so the exteriors were faced with Tennessee marble to match the façade of the National Gallery of Art. Gilbane Building Company was awarded the construction contract. Everything was fast-tracked. Contracts were awarded as soon as each component of the design was complete. This allowed the first contract to be awarded within five months of the start of design. The design was completed in just nine months, and all contracts were awarded within a year of the start of design. Ground was broken on the new museum on November 20, 1972. The building was built horizontally rather than vertically, as is the norm, so that work on the interiors could proceed concurrently. Overseeing construction was but a part of Collins' task: he also had to hire museum staff, oversee the creation of exhibits, and launch the Museum's Center for Earth and Planetary Studies, a new division devoted to research and analysis of lunar and planetary spacecraft data. Collins described

Michael Collins (astronaut)

the project as "a monumental effort" in which "individual creativity combined with dedicated teamwork and plain hard work". The museum was completed on budget, and opened three days ahead of schedule on July 1, 1976. President Gerald Ford presided over the formal opening ceremony. Over one million visitors passed through its doors in the first month, and it quickly established itself as one of the world's most popular museums, averaging between eight and nine million visitors per annum over the next two decades. Visitors entering saw "Columbia" in the Milestones of Flight Hall, along with the "Wright Flyer", the "Spirit of St. Louis" and "Glamorous Glennis". Collins held the directorship until 1978, when he stepped down to become undersecretary of the Smithsonian Institution. During this time, although no longer an active-duty USAF officer after he joined the State Department in 1970, he remained in the U.S. Air Force Reserve. He attained the rank of major general in 1976, and retired in 1982.</s><s>Post-NASA activities.:Other activities. Collins completed the Harvard Business School's Advanced Management Program in 1974, and in 1980 became vice president of LTV Aerospace in Arlington, Virginia. He resigned in 1985 to start his own consulting firm,

Michael Collins (astronaut)

Michael Collins Associates. He wrote an autobiography in 1974 entitled "". "The New York Times" writer John Wilford wrote that it is "generally regarded as the best account of what it is like to be an astronaut." Collins has also written "Liftoff: The Story of America's Adventure in Space" (1988), a history of the American space program, "Mission to Mars" (1990), a non-fiction book on human spaceflight to Mars, and "Flying to the Moon and Other Strange Places "(1976), revised and re-released as "Flying to the Moon: An Astronaut's Story "(1994), a children's book on his experiences. Along with his writing, he has painted watercolors, mostly of the Florida Everglades or aircraft he has flown; they are rarely space-related. He did not initially sign his paintings to avoid them increasing in price just because they had his autograph on them. Collins lived with his wife, Pat, in Marco Island, Florida, and Avon, North Carolina, until her death in April 2014.</s><s>Death. On April 28, 2021, Collins died of cancer at his home in Naples, Florida, at the age of 90. Buzz Aldrin, who became the last survivor

Michael Collins (astronaut)

of Apollo 11, said that "wherever [Collins has] been or will be, you will always have the Fire to Carry us deftly to new heights and the future." On January 30, 2023, Collins’ ashes were interned in Arlington National Cemetery almost two years after his death, his burial likely being delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.</s><s>Honors and awards. Collins was a long-time trustee of the National Geographic Society and served as Trustee Emeritus. He was also a fellow of the Society of Experimental Test Pilots and the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. Collins was inducted into four halls of fame: the International Air & Space Hall of Fame (1971), the International Space Hall of Fame (1977), the U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame (1993), and the National Aviation Hall of Fame (1985). In 2008 he was inducted into the Aerospace Walk of Honor in Lancaster, California. The International Astronomical Union honored him by naming an asteroid after him, 6471 Collins. Also, like the other two Apollo 11 crew members, he has a lunar crater named after him. Collins was awarded the Air Force Distinguished Flying Cross in 1966 for his work in the Gemini

Michael Collins (astronaut)

Project. He was also awarded Air Force Command Pilot Astronaut Wings. Deputy NASA Administrator Robert Seamans pinned the NASA Exceptional Service Medal on Collins and Young in 1966 for their role in the Gemini 10 mission. For the Apollo Project, he was awarded the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal, and the NASA Distinguished Service Medal. He was awarded the Legion of Merit in 1977. Along with the rest of the Apollo 11 crew, he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction by President Nixon in 1969 at the state dinner in their honor. The three were awarded the Collier Trophy and the General Thomas D. White USAF Space Trophy in 1969. The National Aeronautic Association president awarded a duplicate trophy to Collins and Aldrin at a ceremony. The trio received the international Harmon Trophy for aviators in 1970, conferred to them by Vice President Spiro Agnew in 1971. Agnew also presented them the Hubbard Medal of the National Geographic Society in 1970. He told them, "You've won a place alongside Christopher Columbus in American history". Collins also received the Iven C. Kincheloe Award from the Society of Experimental Test Pilots (SETP) in 1970. In 1989, some of his personal papers were transferred to Virginia Polytechn

Michael Collins (astronaut)

ic Institute and State University. In 1999, while celebrating the 30th anniversary of the lunar landing, Vice President Al Gore, who was also the vice chancellor of the Smithsonian Institution's Board of Regents, presented the Apollo 11 crew with the Smithsonian's Langley Gold Medal for aviation. After the ceremony, the crew went to the White House and presented President Bill Clinton with an encased Moon rock. The crew was awarded the New Frontier Congressional Gold Medal in the Capitol Rotunda in 2011. It is the highest civilian award that can be received in the United States. During the ceremony, NASA administrator Charles Bolden said, "Those of us who have had the privilege to fly in space followed the trail they forged."</s><s>In popular culture. Collins is one of the astronauts featured in the 2007 documentary "In the Shadow of the Moon." He had a small part as "Old Man" in the 2009 movie "Youth in Revolt". In the 1996 TV movie "Apollo 11", he was played by Jim Metzler, and in the 1998 HBO miniseries "From the Earth to the Moon", he was played by Cary Elwes. In the 2009 TV movie "Moon Shot", he was played by Andrew Lincoln. In the 2018 film "First Man

Michael Collins (astronaut)

", he was portrayed by Lukas Haas, and he is featured in the 2019 documentary film "Apollo 11". For contributions to the television industry, the Apollo 11 astronauts were honored with round plaques on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. In "For All Mankind" he is portrayed by Ryan Kennedy. In "The Crown" he is portrayed by Andrew-Lee Potts. English prog rock group Jethro Tull recorded a song "For Michael Collins, Jeffrey and Me", which appears on the "Benefit" album from 1970. The song compares the feelings of misfitting from vocalist Ian Anderson (and friend Jeffrey Hammond) with the astronaut's own, as he is left behind by the ones who had the privilege of walking on the surface of the Moon. In 2013, indie pop group The Boy Least Likely To released the song "Michael Collins" on the album "The Great Perhaps." The song uses Collins' feeling that he was blessed to have the type of solitude of being truly separated from all other human contact in contrast with modern society's lack of perspective. American folk artist John Craigie recorded a song titled "Michael Collins" for his 2017 album "No Rain, No Rose". The song embraces his role as an integral part of the Apollo 11 mission with

Michael Collins (astronaut)

the chorus, "Sometimes you take the fame, sometimes you sit back stage, but if it weren't for me them boys would still be there." Collins provided narration for the Google Doodle that commemorated the 50th anniversary of Apollo 11's 1969 mission to the Moon.</s><s>Works. - - - -</s><s>See also. - Apollo 11 in popular culture - List of spaceflight records</s><s>References. - - - - - - - - - - {{cite book |last = Cullum | first = George W. | author-link = George Washington Cullum |title = Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the US Military Academy at West Point New York Since Its Establishment in 1802: Supplement Volume VIII 1930–1940 | publisher = R. R. Donnelly and Sons, The Lakeside Press | location = Chicago | year = 1940 | url=http://digital-library.usma.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p16919coll3/id/19424/rec/9 | access-date=October 6, 2015 }} - {{cite book | last = Cullum | first = George W. | title = Biographical Register of the Officers and Graduates of the US Military

Michael Collins (astronaut)

Academy at West Point New York Since Its Establishment in 1802: Supplement Volume IX 1940–1950 | publisher = R. R. Donnelly and Sons, The Lakeside Press | location = Chicago | year = 1950 | url=http://digital-library.usma.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p16919coll3/id/22314/rec/10 |access-date=October 6, 2015 }} - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -</s><s>Further reading. - Statement From Apollo 11 Astronaut Michael Collins, NASA Public Release no. 09-164. Collins' statement on the 40th anniversary of the Apollo 11 mission, July 9, 2009 - Butler, Carol L. (1998). NASA Johnson Space Center Oral History -</s>


Prompt: Question: Tell me a bio of Peter Gallagher.

Peter Gallagher

<s>Peter Gallagher Peter Killian Gallagher (born August 19, 1955) is an American actor. Since 1980, he has played roles in numerous Hollywood films. He is best known for starring as Sandy Cohen in the television drama series "The O.C." from 2003 to 2007, recurring roles such as Deputy Chief William Dodds on ", " Stacey Koons on the Showtime comedy-drama "Californication", Nick on the Netflix series "Grace & Frankie", and Chuck Cedar in "Mr. Deeds". He also played CIA Director of Clandestine Services (DCS) Arthur Campbell on "Covert Affairs".</s><s>Early life. Gallagher was born in New York City. His mother, Mary Ann (née O'Shea), was a bacteriologist, and his father, Thomas Francis Gallagher, Jr., was an advertising executive. Gallagher is the youngest of their three children. He is of Irish Catholic background and was raised in Armonk, New York. Gallagher graduated from Tufts University, where he was active in theater, appearing in such shows as Stephen Sondheim's "Company" and singing with the all-male "a cappella" group the Beelzebubs. He studied acting at the William Esper Studio.</s><s>Care

Peter Gallagher

er. Gallagher appeared on Broadway with Glenn Close in Tom Stoppard's "The Real Thing" and made his feature film debut in the Taylor Hackford film "The Idolmaker", but first achieved fame for his role in Steven Soderbergh's "sex, lies, and videotape" (1989). He also starred as Sky Masterson in the 1992 Broadway hit revival of "Guys and Dolls". Gallagher played a potential career threat to Tim Robbins's studio executive in "The Player" (1992); the comatose fiancé of Sandra Bullock in "While You Were Sleeping" (1995); a major real estate salesman having an affair with Annette Bening in "American Beauty" (1999); a media executive in "Mr. Deeds" (2002); and a political reporter exposing media ethics during a presidential debate in "The Last Debate". From 2003 to 2007, Gallagher starred as Sandy Cohen, a Jewish public defender and corporate lawyer, on the Fox television show "The O.C.". He hosts an annual award ceremony named "The Sandy Cohen Awards" or "The Sandys", which, in honor of his character on "The O.C.", gives a scholarship to a law school student at UC Berkeley who wants to become a public

Peter Gallagher

defender. Gallagher released an album titled "7 Days in Memphis" in 2005, on the Sony BMG label. This includes a studio recording of his performance of "Don't Give Up On Me" (originally by Solomon Burke), which was featured in an episode of "The O.C." He also has a video for his single "Still I Long For Your Kiss", in which he starred with his TV-wife Kelly Rowan. In 2005, Gallagher received the P.T. Barnum Award from Tufts University for his exceptional work in the field of media and entertainment. In 2007, Gallagher received the "Light on the Hill" award at Tufts University. The award is given to notable alumni from Tufts who have demonstrated ambition, achievement, and active citizenship. From February 13 through July 5, 2015, Gallagher starred on Broadway in "On the Twentieth Century" although he missed several performances in late February due to illness. In 2020 Gallagher played Mitch Clarke, who had Progressive supranuclear palsy, in a regular role in the first season of "Zoey's Extraordinary Playlist". Though his character died in the season 1 finale, Gallagher appeared in several episodes of the second season and the Christmas special "Zoey's Extra

Peter Gallagher

ordinary Christmas". In 2021, Gallagher took part in the television series Grey's Anatomy as Dr. David Hamilton. From 2018 through 2022, Gallagher appeared in 4 seasons of the Netflix series "Grace and Frankie" as Nick, the boyfriend of Jane Fonda's character Grace.</s><s>Personal life. Gallagher is married to Paula Harwood and has two children, James and Kathryn. His daughter Kathryn is an actress and singer.</s>


Prompt: Question: Tell me a bio of Melvin Van Peebles.

Melvin Van Peebles

<s>Melvin Van Peebles Melvin Van Peebles (born Melvin Peebles; August 21, 1932 – September 21, 2021) was an American actor, filmmaker, writer, and composer. He worked as an active filmmaker into the 2000s. His feature film debut, "The Story of a Three-Day Pass" (1967), was based on his own French-language novel "" and was shot in France, as it was difficult for a black American director to get work at the time. The film won an award at the San Francisco International Film Festival which gained him the interest of Hollywood studios, leading to his American feature debut "Watermelon Man", in 1970. Eschewing further overtures from Hollywood, he used the successes he had so far to bankroll his work as an independent filmmaker. In 1971, he released his best-known work, creating and starring in the film "Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song", considered one of the earliest and best-regarded examples of the blaxploitation genre. He followed this up with the musical, "Don't Play Us Cheap", based on his own stage play, and continued to make films, write novels and stage plays in English and in French through the next several decades

Melvin Van Peebles

; his final films include the French-language film "" (2000) and the absurdist film "Confessionsofa Ex-Doofus-ItchyFooted Mutha" (2008). His son, filmmaker and actor Mario Van Peebles, appeared in several of his works and portrayed him in the 2003 biographical film "Baadasssss!".</s><s>Early life and education. Born Melvin Peebles in Chicago, Illinois, he was the son of Edwin Griffin and Marion Peebles. In 1953, Melvin graduated with a B.A. in literature from Ohio Wesleyan University and, 13 days later, joined the Air Force, serving for three and a half years. He added "Van" to his name when he lived in the Netherlands in his late 20s.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:Early years. He worked as a cable car gripman in San Francisco, California. Later, he wrote about these experiences. His first book, "The Big Heart", credited to Melvin Van, evolved from a small article and a series of photographs taken by Ruth Bernhard. According to Van Peebles, a passenger suggested that he should become a filmmaker. Van Peebles shot his first short film, "Pick

Melvin Van Peebles

up Men for Herrick" in 1957 and made two more short films during the same period. About these films, Van Peebles said: "I thought they were features. Each one turned out to be eleven minutes long. I was trying to do features. I knew nothing." As he learned more about the filmmaking process, he found out that "I could make a feature for five hundred dollars. That was the cost of 90 minutes of film. I didn't know a thing about shooting a film sixteen to one or ten to one or none of that shit. Then I forgot you had to develop film. And I didn't know you needed a work print. All I can say is that after I did one thing he would say, 'Well, aren't you gonna put sound on it?' and I would go, 'Oh shit!' That's all I could say." After Van Peebles completed his first short films, he took them with him to Hollywood to try to find work, but was unable to find anyone who wanted to hire him as a director. Van Peebles decided to move his family to the Netherlands where he planned to study astronomy. On the way to Europe, in New York City, he met Amos Vogel, founder of the av

Melvin Van Peebles

ant-garde Cinema 16 who agreed to place two of Van Peebles's shorts in his rental catalog. Vogel screened Van Peebles's "Three Pickup Men" "for Herrick" at Cinema 16 on a program with "City of Jazz" in the spring of 1960 with Ralph Ellison leading a post-film discussion. When Vogel went to Paris shortly after, he brought Van Peebles's films to show Henri Langlois and Mary Meerson at the. Meanwhile, in the Netherlands, Van Peebles's marriage dissolved and his wife and children went back to the United States. Shortly thereafter, Van Peebles was invited to Paris probably by Mary Meerson and/or Lotte Eisner, founders of the, on the strength of his short films. In France, Van Peebles created the short film'("500 Francs") (1961) and then established himself as a writer. He did investigative reporting for "France Observateur" during 1963–64, during which he profiled, and later became friends with, Chester Himes. Himes got him a job at the anti-authoritarian humor magazine "Hara-kiri", where Van Peebles wrote a monthly column and eventually joined the editorial board

Melvin Van Peebles

.</s><s>Career.:1965–1970. During 1965–66, "Mad" magazine attempted a French edition and hired Van Peebles as editor-in-chief during its run of only five issues. He began to write plays in French, utilizing the sprechgesang form of songwriting, where the lyrics were spoken over the music. This style carried over to Van Peebles' debut album, "Brer Soul". Van Peebles was a prolific writer in France. He published four novels and a collection of short stories. He completed at least one play,'which was also released as a novel, and which he would later make into the musical "Don't Play Us Cheap". Roger Blin directed'with the theatrical troupe for the in Liège, Belgium in September 1964. Van Peebles made his first feature-length film, "The Story of a Three-Day Pass" ("") (1968) based on a novel by the same title. The film caught the attention of Hollywood producers who mistook him for a French auteur after it won an award at the San Francisco International Film Festival as the French entry. Van Peebles's first Hollywood film was the 1970 Columbia Pictures comedy "Watermelon Man",

Melvin Van Peebles

written by Herman Raucher. Starring Godfrey Cambridge, the movie tells the story of a casually racist white man who suddenly wakes up black and finds himself alienated from his friends, family, and job.</s><s>Career.:1970–1995. In 1970, Van Peebles directed filming of the Powder Ridge Rock Festival, which was banned by court injunction. After "Watermelon Man", Van Peebles became determined to have complete control over his next production, which became the groundbreaking "Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song" (1971), privately funded with his own money, and in part by a $50,000 loan from Bill Cosby. Van Peebles not only directed, scripted, and edited the film, but wrote the score and directed the marketing campaign. The film, which in the end grossed $15 million, was, among many others, acclaimed by the Black Panthers for its political resonance with the black struggle. His son Mario's 2003 film "BAADASSSSS!" tells the story behind the making of "Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song"; father and son presented the film together as the Closing Night selection for Maryland Film Festival 2004. Van Peebles wrote the book, music, and lyrics for

Melvin Van Peebles

the stage musical "Ain't Supposed to Die a Natural Death", which opened off-Broadway and then moved to Broadway, running for 325 performances in 1971–72. The show was nominated for seven Tony Awards, including Best Musical, Best Book of a Musical, and Best Original Score. As his intended follow-up to "Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song", Van Peebles made the musical film "Don't Play Us Cheap". However, he was unable to find a distributor, so he ended up producing a stage adaptation of the film. Van Peebles performed the same duties as his previous stage musical, as well as producing and directing. The show ran for 164 performances in 1972, earning Van Peebles another Tony nomination for Best Book of a Musical. The previously shot film version was later released on January 1, 1973. In 1977, Van Peebles was one of four credited screenwriters on the film "Greased Lightning", about the life of pioneering Black NASCAR driver Wendell Scott. He was originally the director of the film as well, but was replaced by Michael Schultz. Van Peebles was involved with two more Broadway musicals in the 1980s. He was a co-writer on the book for "Re

Melvin Van Peebles

ggae", which closed after 21 performances in 1980. For "Waltz of the Stork", he wrote book, music, and lyrics, as well as producing the show and playing the lead role. It ran for 160 performances in 1982. In the 1980s, Van Peebles became an options trader on the American Stock Exchange while continuing to work in theater and film. In 1995, he co-starred in the American live-action version of Japanese manga "Fist of the North Star," alongside Gary Daniels, Costas Mandylor, Chris Penn, Isako Washio, Malcolm McDowell, Downtown Julie Brown, Dante Basco, Tracey Walter, Clint Howard, Tony Halme, and Big Van Vader.</s><s>Career.:2005–2009. In 2005, Van Peebles was the subject of a documentary entitled "How to Eat Your Watermelon in White Company (and Enjoy It)". Also in 2005, Van Peebles was the subject of the documentary "", which also featured Ossie Davis and Gordon Parks in the same room. It was moderated by Warrington Hudlin. In 2005, it was announced that Van Peebles would collaborate with Madlib for a proposed double album titled "Brer Soul Meets

Melvin Van Peebles

Quasimoto". However, nothing further was issued about this project from the time that it was first announced. In 2008, Van Peebles completed the film "Confessionsofa Ex-Doofus-ItchyFooted Mutha", which was the Closing Night selection for Maryland Film Festival 2008, and appeared on "All My Children" as Melvin Woods, the father of Samuel Woods, a character portrayed by his son, Mario. In 2009, Van Peebles became involved with a project to adapt "Sweet Sweetback" into a musical. A preliminary version of this was staged at the Apollo Theater on April 25–26, 2009. As well, he wrote and performed in a stage musical, "Unmitigated Truth: Life, a Lavatory, Loves, and Ladies", which featured some of his previous songs as well as some new material.</s><s>Career.:2011–2019. In 2011, Van Peebles started doing shows in NYC with members of Burnt Sugar, under the name Melvin Van Peebles wid Laxative. Van Peebles said that the band is called Laxative because they "make shit happen". In November 2011, Melvin Van Peebles wid Laxative performed his song "Love,

Melvin Van Peebles

That's America" at Zebulon Cafe Concert, two weeks after the venue showed the original video for this song involving Occupy Wall Street footage, which was uploaded to YouTube in October 2011. On August 21, 2012, he distributed a new album, on vinyl only, called "Nahh... Nahh Mofo". This album was distributed at his birthday celebration at Film Forum. On November 10, 2012, he released a video for the song "Lilly Done the Zampoughi Every Time I Pulled Her Coattail" to go with the album, which was announced on his Facebook page. On May 5, 2013, he returned to the Film Forum for a screening of Charlie Chaplin's "The Kid" (1921) and was a judge at the Charlie Chaplin Dress-Alike Contest which was held after the screening. He wore a bowler hat and baggy pants in honor of Chaplin. In September 2013, Van Peebles made his public debut as a visual artist, as a part of a gallery featured called "eMerge 2.0: Melvin Van Peebles & Artists on the Cusp". It features "Ex-Voto Monochrome (A Ghetto Mother's Prayer)", one of many

Melvin Van Peebles

pieces of art he created to be on display in his home. In 2017, "Methane Momma", a short film directed by Alain Rimbert, featured Van Peebles and his narration of poetic work with accompaniment of music by The Heliocentrics. In 2019, Burnt Sugar presented the film "Sweetback" in Brooklyn while playing their own interpretation of the soundtrack. Van Peebles appeared at the presentation.</s><s>Personal life. Melvin Van Peebles married a German woman, Maria Marx. They lived in Mexico for a period in the late 1950s, where he painted portraits. Their son, actor and director Mario Van Peebles, was born while they resided in Mexico. The family subsequently returned to the United States. Van Peebles died on September 21, 2021, at his home in Manhattan, New York, at the age of 89. He is survived by his sons, Mario and Max, and his daughter Marguerite.</s><s>Awards and honors. - 1967: Critics' Choice Award for "The Story of a Three-Day Pass". San Francisco Film Festival. - 1972: Most Promising Book, Winner for "Ain't Supposed to Die a Natural Death". Drama Desk Awards. -

Melvin Van Peebles

1972: Best Score from an Original Cast Album, two nominations for "Ain't Supposed to Die a Natural Death". 15th Annual Grammy Awards. - 1972: Best Book of a Musical and Best Original Score, two nominations for "Ain't Supposed to Die a Natural Death", 26th Tony Awards. - 1973: Best Book of a Musical, nomination for "Don't Play Us Cheap", 27th Tony Awards. - 1976: Black Filmmakers Hall of Fame - 1994: Honorary doctorate of humane letters, Hofstra University - 1999: Lifetime Achievement Award. 6th Annual Chicago Underground Film Festival. - 2001: Commander of the Legion of Honour (French Legion of Honour) - 2008: Tribute Award from the Independent Filmmaker Project (IFP) and the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA). Gotham Awards. - 2021: The "Melvin Van Peebles Trailblazer Award," was named in honor of Van Peebles at the Critics Choice Association's fourth annual Celebration of Black Cinema & Television. - 2022: Honoree, 2nd Annual Attorney Benjamin Crump Equal Justice Now Awards</s><s>Bibliography. - (As "Melvin Van") "The Big Heart", San Francisco: Fearon, 1957. With

Melvin Van Peebles

photographs by Ruth Bernhard, a book about life on San Francisco's cable cars. "A cable car is a big heart with people for blood. The people pump on and off—if you think of it like that it is pretty simple" (p. 21). - "" (1964); "A Bear for the F.B.I.", Trident, 1968. - "" (1965); "The True American", Doubleday, 1976. - "La Reine des Pommes" (1965); French translation and illustrations for a graphic novel adaptation of Chester Himes' "A Rage in Harlem". - "" (1966) (short stories), illustrated by Roland Topor - "" ("Harlem Party") (1967) (novel) - "" (1967) - "Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song", Lancer Books, New York, 1971. - "Ain't Supposed to Die a Natural Death", Bantam, New York, 1973. - "Don't Play Us Cheap: A Harlem Party", Bantam Books, New York, 1973. - "Just an Old Sweet Song", Ballantine, New York, 1976. - "Bold Money: A New Way to Play the Options Market", Warner Books,

Melvin Van Peebles

New York, 1986, (nonfiction) - Melvin and Mario Van Peebles: "No Identity Crisis", A Fireside Book, Simon & Schuster, New York, 1990. - "Panther", Thunder's Mouth Press, 1995. - Introduction to the 1998 edition of Chester Himes' "Yesterday Will Make You Cry", 1997. - "Confessions of a Ex Doofus Itchy Footed Mutha," New York: Akashic Books, 2009, ISBN 9781933354866. With illustrations by Caktuz Tree, a graphic novel adaptation of the film with the same title.</s><s>Filmography.</s><s>Filmography.:Music videos. - "Lilly Done the Zampoughi Every Time I Pulled Her Coattail"</s><s>Filmography.:Other writing credits. - "Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song: The Musical" (2008) writer, singer - "Unmitigated Truth: Life, a Lavatory, Loves, and Ladies" (2009) writer, performer</s><s>Filmography.:As himself. - "Unstoppable" (2005) - "How to Eat Your Watermelon in White Company" (2005)</s><s>Filmography.:Other acting

Melvin Van Peebles

-only credits. - "O.C. and Stiggs" (1987) as Bob 'Wino Bob' - "" (1987) as Mr. Witherspoon - "Taking Care of Terrific" (1987) (television film) as 'Hawk' - "Sonny Spoon" (1988) (television series) as Mel Spoon - "Boomerang" (1992) as Editor - "Posse" (1993) as Joe 'Papa Joe' - "Terminal Velocity" (1994) as Noble - "Fist of the North Star" (1995) as Asher - "Living Single" (1996) as Warner Devant - "The Shining" (1997) (miniseries) as Dick Hallorann - "The Hebrew Hammer" (2003) as Sweetback - "BlacKout" (2007) as George - "Redemption Road" (2010) as Elmo - "We the Party" (2012) as 'Big D' - "Peeples" (2013) as Grandpa Peebles - "Armed" (2018) as Grandpa V</s><s>Plays. - "The Hostage" (Dutch National Theatre Tour, actor, writer, 1964

Melvin Van Peebles

) - "Ain't Supposed to Die a Natural Death" (writer, 1971) - "Don't Play Us Cheap" (writer, 1972) - "Out There by Your Lonesome" (one-man play, 1973) - "Reggae" (co-librettist, 1980) - "Waltz of the Stork" (actor, writer, 1982) - "Champeen" (musical, writer, 1983) - "Waltz of the Stork Boogie" (writer, director, 1984) - "Unmitigated Truth: Life, a Lavatory, Loves, and Ladies" (musical, writer, 2009)</s><s>Discography.</s><s>Discography.:Studio albums. - "Brer Soul" (1968) - "Ain't Supposed to Die a Natural Death" (1970) - "As Serious as a Heart-Attack" (1971) - "What the...You Mean I Can't Sing?!" (1974) - "Ghetto Gothic" (1995) - "Nahh... Nahh Mofo" (2012) - "The Last Transmission" (2014, with The Heliocentrics)</s><s>Discography.:Compil

Melvin Van Peebles

ations. - "X-Rated By an All-White Jury" (1997) – including "Brer Soul", "Ain't Supposed to Die a Natural Death" and "As Serious as a Heart-Attack"</s><s>Discography.:Soundtrack albums. - "Watermelon Man" (1970) - "Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song" (1971) - "Ain't Supposed to Die a Natural Death" (1972) - "Don't Play Us Cheap" (1972)</s><s>Further reading. - Chaffin-Quiray, Garrett. "Great Directors: Melvin Van Peebles". "Senses of Cinema" Issue 25 (March 21, 2003). - Greasley, Philip A. "The Authors". Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2001. Print. - Owusu, Kwesi, "Melvin Van Peebles inspired the first Black cinema House in Europe | The Electric Cinema, Portobello Road, London", "Kwesinews". Retrieved March 10, 2023.</s>


Prompt: Question: Tell me a bio of Carol Dweck.

Carol Dweck

<s>Carol Dweck Carol Susan Dweck (born October 17, 1946) is an American psychologist. She is the Lewis and Virginia Eaton Professor of Psychology at Stanford University. Dweck is known for her work on motivation and mindset. She was on the faculty at Columbia University, Harvard University, and the University of Illinois before joining the Stanford University faculty in 2004. She is a Fellow of the Association for Psychological Science.</s><s>Early life and education. Dweck was born in New York. Her father worked in the export-import business and her mother in advertising. She was the only daughter and the middle sibling of three children. In her sixth grade class at the P.S. 153 elementary school in Brooklyn, New York, students were seated in order of their IQ. Students with the highest IQ scores could erase the blackboard, carry the flag, or take a note to the principal's office. She said in a 2015 interview, "On the one hand, I didn't believe that a score on a test was that important; on the other hand, every student wants to succeed in the framework that's established. So looking back, I think that glorification of IQ was a pivotal point of my development." She graduated from Barnard College in

Carol Dweck

1967 and earned a Ph.D. in psychology from Yale University in 1972.</s><s>Career and research. Dweck's first job after graduating was at the University of Illinois (1972–1981). She then joined Harvard's Laboratory of Human Development (1981–1985), returning to Illinois as a full professor (1985–1989). She moved to Columbia University as the William B. Ransford Professor of Psychology in 1989. Since 2004 she has been the Lewis and Virginia Eaton Professor of Psychology at Stanford University.</s><s>Career and research.:Mindset work. Dweck has primary research interests in motivation, personality, and development. She teaches courses in motivation, personality, and social development. Her key contribution to social psychology relates to implicit theories of intelligence, described in her 2006 book "Mindset: The New Psychology of Success". According to Dweck, individuals can be placed on a continuum according to their implicit views of where ability comes from. Some believe their success is based on innate ability; these are said to have a "fixed" theory of intelligence (fixed mindset). Others, who believe their success is based on hard work, learning, training and doggedness are said to have a "growth" or an "incremental" theory of intelligence (

Carol Dweck

growth mindset). Individuals may not necessarily be aware of their own mindset, but their mindset can still be discerned based on their behavior. It is especially evident in their reaction to failure. Fixed-mindset individuals dread failure because it is a negative statement on their basic abilities, while growth mindset individuals don't mind or fear failure as much because they realize their performance can be improved and learning comes from failure. These two mindsets play an important role in all aspects of a person's life. Dweck argues that the growth mindset will allow a person to live a less stressful and more successful life. Dweck's definition of fixed and growth mindsets from a 2012 interview: This is important because 1. individuals with a "growth" theory are more likely to continue working hard despite setbacks and 2. individuals' theories of intelligence may be affected by subtle environmental cues. As explained by Dweck, a growth mindset is not just about effort. Perhaps the most common misconception is simply equating the growth mindset with effort. "The growth mindset was intended to help close achievement gaps, not hide them. It is about telling the truth about a student's current achievement and then, together, doing something about it, helping him or her become smarter." Dweck warns of the

Carol Dweck

dangers of praising intelligence as it puts children in a fixed mindset, and they will not want to be challenged because they will not want to look stupid or make a mistake. She notes, "Praising children's intelligence harms motivation and it harms performance." She advises, "If parents want to give their children a gift, the best thing they can do is to teach their children to love challenges, be intrigued by mistakes, enjoy effort, and keep on learning. That way, their children don't have to be slaves of praise. They will have a lifelong way to build and repair their own confidence."</s><s>Career and research.:Recent work. Dweck has held the position of Professor of Psychology at Stanford University since 2004, teaching developmental psychology, self theories, and independent studies. In 2017, she stated "I am now developing a broad theory that puts motivation and the formation of mindsets (or beliefs) at the heart of social and personality development." Later that year she published the theory in a paper titled "From needs to goals and representations: Foundations for a unified theory of motivation, personality, and development." Dweck, C. S. (2017). "From needs to goals and representations: Foundations for a unified theory of motivation, personality,

Carol Dweck

and development." "Psychological review", 124(6), 689..</s><s>Career and research.:Criticism. Critics have said that Dweck's research can be difficult to replicate. An opinion piece published in "The Spectator" stated that: He also stated: Dweck has responded to this criticism by saying that researchers have not accurately replicated the conditions of the study. Nick Brown, who co-developed the GRIM statistical test argued: "If your effect is so fragile that it can only be reproduced [under strictly controlled conditions], then why do you think it can be reproduced by schoolteachers?" He points out that most of the research in this area has been conducted by Dweck or her collaborators. Another journalist, Tom Chivers writing for BuzzFeed, asserted that: Despite these criticisms, the findings have been reported in journals such as "Psychological Science" and "Nature", with research teams led by Dweck. When Brown applied the GRIM test, a simple statistical test used to identify inconsistencies in the analysis of granular data sets, to the work by Mueller and Dweck, he found inconsistencies. Dweck acknowledged and responded to the highlighted inconsistencies, some of which turned out to be mistakes. Brown praised Dwe

Carol Dweck

ck's "openness and willingness to address the problems" and said she had done a "thorough job of owning up to the problems" of the paper. Brown commented: "I'm still skeptical about mindset as a construct, but at least I feel confident that the main people researching it are dedicated to doing the most careful reporting of their science that they can". Other education and psychology researchers worry that "mindset" has simply become another aspect to be assessed and graded in children. Matt O'Leary, an education lecturer at Birmingham City University, tweeted that it was "farcical" that his six-year-old daughter was being graded on her attitude towards learning. David James, professor of social sciences at Cardiff University and editor of the "British Journal of Sociology of Education", says "it's great to dwell on the fact that intelligence is not fundamentally genetic and unchangeable", but he believes the limitations of mindset outweigh its uses. "It individualises the failure'they couldn't change the way they think, so that's why they failed'." James notes that a study in 2013 showed no statistically significant effect of mindset theory. In July 2019, a large randomized controlled trial of growth mindset training by the Education Endowment Foundation involving 101 schools and 5018

Carol Dweck

pupils across England found that pupils in schools receiving the intervention showed no additional progress in literacy or numeracy relative to pupils in the control group, as measured by the national Key Stage 2 tests in reading, grammar, punctuation, and spelling (GPS), and mathematics.</s><s>Honors. Dweck was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2002 and to the National Academy of Sciences in 2012. She received the Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award from the American Psychological Association in 2011. On September 19, 2017, the Hong Kong-based Yidan Prize Foundation named Dweck one of two inaugural laureates, to be awarded the Yidan Prize for Education Research, citing her mindset work. The prize includes receipt of approximately US$3.9 million, divided equally between a cash prize and project funding.</s><s>Selected publications. - Dweck, C.S., & Bempechat, J. (1983). "Children's theories of intelligence: Implications for learning". In S. Paris, G. Olson, and H. Stevenson (Eds.) "Learning and Motivation in Children". Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. - - Heckhausen, J., & Dweck, C. S. (

Carol Dweck

Eds.). (1998). "Motivation and Self-regulation across the Life Span". Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. - Dweck, C. S. (2000). "Self-theories: Their Role in Motivation, Personality and Development". Philadelphia: Psychology Press. - Dweck, C. S. (2006). "Mindset: The New Psychology of Success". New York: Random House. - Elliot, A. J., & Dweck, C. S. (Rep. Eds.). (2007). "Handbook of Competence and Motivation". New York: Guilford. - Dweck, C. S. (2012). "Mindset: How You Can Fulfill Your Potential". Constable & Robinson Limited.</s><s>Personal life. Dweck is married to David Goldman, who is a national theatre director and critic and the founder and director of the National Center for New Plays at Stanford University.</s>


Prompt: Question: Tell me a bio of Lisa Ling.

Lisa Ling

<s>Lisa Ling Lisa J. Ling (born August 30, 1973) is an American journalist, television personality, and author. She is currently the host of "This Is Life with Lisa Ling " on CNN. Previously, she was a reporter on Channel One News, a co-host on the ABC daytime talk show "The View" (1999–2002), the host of "National Geographic Explorer" (2003–2010), and a special correspondent for "The Oprah Winfrey Show". Ling later hosted "Our America with Lisa Ling" on the Oprah Winfrey Network from 2011 to 2014.</s><s>Early life. Ling was born in Sacramento, California. Her mother, Mary Mei-yan (née Wang), is a Taiwanese immigrant from Tainan, Taiwan, who served as the head of the Los Angeles office of the Formosan Association for Public Affairs. Ling's father, Chung Teh "Douglas" Ling, is a Chinese immigrant, born in Hong Kong in 1937. Her paternal grandmother was born on Labuan, now in modern-day Malaysia. Her paternal grandfather, who was from Guangzhou, Guangdong, was one of the first Chinese students allowed to study in the United States in the 1930s. He earned a degree from New York University

Lisa Ling

and an M.B.A degree from University of Colorado. He struggled to find a job in the United States. He moved to California where he eventually opened the first Chinese restaurant in Folsom. Ling's parents divorced when she was seven years old. Following the divorce, she and her sister Laura were raised by their father in Carmichael, near Sacramento. Ling admired reporter Connie Chung and aspired to become a journalist. Ling was educated at Del Campo High School in Fair Oaks, California, graduating in 1991. She studied at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles. Ling chose to leave USC before graduating, starting work as a reporter for Channel One News, and electing to "find her education by visiting different countries instead." Speaking to USC students in 2016, Ling explained, "I think traveling is the best education. If there's one takeaway here tonight, it's to travel. I'm convinced that you are better, smarter, more marketable as a job candidate if you travel." She is fluent in Spanish.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:"The View" (1999–2002). Ling started in television when she was chosen as one of the four hosts of "Scratch", a nationally syndicated teen magazine show based in Sacramento.

Lisa Ling

At 18, she joined Channel One News as one of their youngest reporters and anchors. Among her roles was war correspondent, including assignments in Iraq and Afghanistan. She won several awards for her reporting and documentaries. She joined "The View" on August 2, 1999 after beating out a reported 12,000 hopefuls who had auditioned to replace Debbie Matenopoulos, but left the show after three and a half years towards the end of 2002 to go back to international reporting. She was responsible for proposing segments like investing for women, and, according to Ling, her goal was to say one thing each day that would make people think, whether it made them cheer or made them throw things at their TV. She drew both fire and praise for her comments after the September 11, 2001 attacks, in which she said, "What happened to the United States was a catastrophic event and the worst terrorist attack in human history. Yet maybe before we seek revenge, we should ask the question – why should anyone want to make such an attack on the U.S.?"</s><s>Career.:"National Geographic" and "Oprah" (2003–2010). Ling accepted an offer to host "National Geographic Ultimate Explorer." In 2005, the show moved to the National Geographic Channel and

Lisa Ling

returned to its original name, "National Geographic Explorer". Ling has covered the drug war in Colombia, investigated the notorious MS-13 gang, and explored the culture of U.S. prisons. She also was allowed to travel into North Korea as part of a medical missionary group, where she and a film team were able to document a rare look into North Korea. The trip was documented in the 2007 National Geographic documentary "Inside North Korea". She then became a special correspondent for "The Oprah Winfrey Show" which has featured many of Ling's investigative pieces, including a report on North Korea. Ling's title is "Oprah Show Investigative Reporter." She also has reported on bride burning in India, gang rape in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Lord's Resistance Army in Uganda, child trafficking in Ghana, under cover investigation of Pennsylvanian puppy mills with Main Line Animal Rescue, the immediate aftermath of the hurricane in New Orleans, and the April 2007 Virginia Tech Massacre.</s><s>Career.:"Planet in Peril" and "Our America" (2008–2014). In December 2008, CNN's award-winning documentary "Planet in Peril" featured Ling in the series' second installment, called "Battlelines". As a correspondent, she tracked excessive shark fishing

Lisa Ling

in Costa Rica, elephant poaching in Chad, and explored the civil struggle within Nigeria for control over its oil. In 2010 Ling co-founded the website SecretSocietyOfWomen.com, a forum for women to share their problems anonymously. On February 16, 2011, her show "Our America with Lisa Ling" premiered on OWN: The Oprah Winfrey Network. It ran for five straight seasons. On June 7, 2009, she was awarded an honorary doctorate from National University, and gave the commencement speech there.</s><s>Career.:"This Is Life" (2014–present). On April 14, 2014, CNN announced that Ling would host a documentary series titled, "This is Life with Lisa Ling", in its primetime lineup. The show premiered on September 28, 2014.</s><s>Career.:HBO Max deal (2019–present). On October 22, 2019, it was announced that Ling had signed an overall deal with HBO's streaming service HBO Max. The first project that Ling will create with HBO Max is titled "Birth, Wedding, Funeral". On April 22, 2021, it was announced that HBO Max had ordered Ling's six-part documentary series titled "Take Out". The series will explore the world of America's Asian takeout restaurants

Lisa Ling

and the lives of the people and families who keep them running.</s><s>Personal life. In 2004, Ling met businessman Philip Levine of Florida through mutual friends. They started dating and were engaged on February 18, 2005. In October of that year, she broke it off, telling "People Magazine" the main reason was their busy schedules, especially the frequent global travel required by her job. On January 3, 2007, she announced her engagement to radiation oncologist Paul Song. They married on May 26, 2007, in Los Angeles, California. The wedding party included guests such as Connie Chung, one of Lisa's personal heroes, and actresses Kelly Hu and Diane Farr. Ling gave birth to her first child, a daughter named Jett Ling Song, on March 8, 2013. She gave birth to a second child, a daughter named Ray Ling Song, on June 6, 2016. The family resides in Santa Monica, California. Her younger sister, Laura Ling, also a journalist, was managing editor of Vanguard at Current TV and a host and reporter on E! Network. In March 2009 Laura and her colleague Euna Lee were detained by North Korea for illegal entry into the country. They had been attempting to film refugees along the border with China. In June, they

Lisa Ling

were sentenced to 12 years in a labor prison for illegal entry into North Korea, and unspecified hostile acts. North Korea released Laura and Euna on August 4, 2009 after a visit from former U.S. President Bill Clinton. Lisa and Laura Ling went on to collaborate on a book, "Somewhere Inside: One Sister's Captivity in North Korea and the Other's Fight to Bring Her Home", published in May 2010. Lisa Ling identifies herself as a "die-hard feminist". At the age of 40, Ling was diagnosed with attention deficit disorder.</s><s>Published works. -</s>


Prompt: Question: Tell me a bio of Dana Ashbrook.

Dana Ashbrook

<s>Dana Ashbrook Dana Vernon Ashbrook (born May 24, 1967) is an American actor, best known for playing Bobby Briggs on the television series "Twin Peaks" (1990–1991, 2017) and its 1992 prequel film "".</s><s>Early life. Ashbrook was born in San Diego, California; his mother, D'Ann (née Paton) is a teacher and his father, Vernon L. "Buddy" Ashbrook, was a director of the Palomar College drama department. He is the brother of writer Taylor Ashbrook and actress Daphne Ashbrook.</s><s>Career. In 1978, Ashbrook made his film debut in an uncredited role in "Attack of the Killer Tomatoes!" A decade later, after an acting hiatus, Ashbrook guest starred on the television series "Cagney & Lacey", "Knots Landing", and "ABC Afterschool Special" before starring as Tom Essex in the 1988 horror film "Return of the Living Dead Part II". The same year, he starred in the horror film "Waxwork" alongside Deborah Foreman and guest starred on an episode of "21 Jump Street". In 1989, Ashbrook portrayed Joey in "She's Out of Control". From

Dana Ashbrook

1990-1991, Ashbrook played Bobby Briggs on the cult TV series "Twin Peaks". While starring on "Twin Peaks", Ashbrook appeared in the films "" (1990), "Ghost Dad" (1990), "Girlfriend from Hell" (1990), and "The Willies" (1990) as well as on an episode of the television series "The Hidden Room". In 1992, Ashbrook reprised his role as Bobby Briggs in the prequel film "" and portrayed Clyde Barrow in the television film "" alongside Tracey Needham. In 1994, Ashbrook appeared in the short film "The Coriolis Effect" (alongside Jennifer Rubin and Quentin Tarantino) and in the film "". He acted in the 1995 science fiction television pilot "W.E.I.R.D. World", written and produced by the makers of the "Tales from the Crypt" series. In 1995, Ashbrook starred in the film "Comfortably Numb". In 1996, Ashbrook guest starred on the television series "The Outer Limits". The following year, Ashbrook was cast as Gary McDermott on the short-lived television series "Crisis Center". In 1998, he portrayed Seth in the film "Interstate 5" and guest starred

Dana Ashbrook

on the television series "Welcome to Paradox". Ashbrook has appeared on The WB's "Charmed" in the 2001 episode "Just Harried", on NBC's "The Pretender" in the 2000 episode "Rules of Engagement", on "The Outer Limits" in the 1996 episode "Resurrection", and on "" in the 2007 episode "". Ashbook played the recurring role of Rich Rinaldi on the television series "Dawson's Creek" (2002–2003). In 2009, Ashbrook joined the cast of the series "Crash" for the regular part of Jimmy. In 2010, he reunited with some of the cast of "Twin Peaks" on the comedy-tribute episode of "Psych", titled "Dual Spires". In 2012, Ashbrook starred alongside Ray Wise and Derek Mears in the Steven C. Miller psycho-thriller "The Aggression Scale". In 2014, he appeared in the werewolf horror film "Late Phases". In 2017, Ashbrook reprised his role as Bobby Briggs in David Lynch's revival series "Twin Peaks: The Return".</s><s>Personal life. Ashbrook married actress Kate Rogal on August 15, 2015 in a private ceremony in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.</s>