Prompt: Question: Tell me a bio of Jan Zamoyski.

Jan Zamoyski

<s>Jan Zamoyski Jan Sariusz Zamoyski (; 19 March 1542 – 3 June 1605) was a Polish nobleman, magnate, and the 1st "ordynat" of Zamość. He served as the Royal Secretary from 1565, Deputy Chancellor from 1576, Grand Chancellor of the Crown from 1578, and Great Hetman of the Crown from 1581. Zamoyski was the General Starost of the city of Kraków from 1580 to 1585, Starost of Bełz, Międzyrzecz, Krzeszów, Knyszyn and Tartu. An important advisor to Kings Sigismund II Augustus and Stephen Báthory, he was one of the major opponents of Bathory's successor, Sigismund III Vasa, and one of the most skilled diplomats, politicians and statesmen of his time, standing as a major figure in the politics of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth throughout his life.</s><s>Biography.</s><s>Biography.:Childhood and education. Jan Zamoyski was born on 19 March 1542 to Stanisław Zamoyski and Anna Herburt in Skokó

Jan Zamoyski

wka. He started his education in a school in Krasnystaw but when he was thirteen years old he was sent to study abroad; from 1555 to 1559 he was a page at the royal court in Paris. Already at this young age he attended lectures at the Sorbonne University and Collège de France. In 1559 he briefly visited Poland, then attended the University of Strasbourg; after a few months there he moved to University of Padua, where from 1561 he studied law and received a doctorate in 1564. During his years abroad he converted from Calvinism to Roman Catholicism. During his education, he became active in university politics, and in 1563 he was elected the rector of the law department. Around that time he also wrote "De senatu Romano", a brochure about Ancient Rome government. He returned to the Commonwealth in 1565, and was the first person to receive a commendation letter from the senate of the Republic of Venice.</s><s>Biography.:Early career. After returning to Poland, he was appointed to the Royal Chancellery, and soon became a favorite secretary to King Sigismund II. In 1567 he commanded a royal task force, sent to remove the noble family of Star

Jan Zamoyski

zechowscy from the royal lands they were decreed to hold illegally. Another major task he completed at that time was the reorganization of the Chancellery archive. In 1571 he married Anna Ossolińska; his wife and their young son died shortly afterwards, in 1572. After the extinction of the Jagiellon dynasty in 1572 during the election sejm (special session of the Commonwealth parliament) he used his influence to enforce the "viritim election" (meaning all nobles had the right to vote for the new king during the upcoming 1573 Polish–Lithuanian royal election). However, his proposal for majority voting did not pass, which opened the process for abuses of "liberum veto" in the future. He was a colleague of Mikołaj Sienicki and Hieronim Ossolinski, and with them he was one of the leaders of a faction of the lesser and middle nobility (szlachta) in the Commonwealth, whose goal was the reform the country – the execution movement – preserving the unique constitutional and parliamentary government of the Commonwealth with the dominant role of poorer nobility (Golden Freedom). He was so influential and popular among the lesser nobility that he was known as the "first tribune

Jan Zamoyski

of nobility" or "Polish Gracchus."</s><s>Biography.:Chancellor and Hetman. In that first election he was in favour of Henry de Valois (later, Henry III of France). Subsequently, he was part of the diplomatic mission that traveled to France to finish formalities with the newly elected king. He also published a pamphlet praising the new king, and thus suffered a loss of face when Henryk secretly abandoned Poland and returned to France. During the following 1575 election he was a vocal enemy of the Habsburg dynasty and its candidate, and this anti-Habsburg stance, resounding among the lesser nobility, helped him regain his popularity. For the king, Zamoyski championed the case of a Polish candidate, which ended up in the marriage of Anna Jagiellon with the anti-Habsburg Stephen Bathory of Transylvania. Bathory thanked Zamoyski by granting him the office of Deputy Chancellor on 16 May 1576. He participated on Batory's side in the quelling of the Danzig rebellion in 1576–1577, sponsoring a chorągiew of pancerni (cavalry unit) and participating in close combat on several occasions. In 1577 he

Jan Zamoyski

married again, this time marrying Krystyna Radziwiłł, daughter of magnate Mikołaj Radziwiłł Czarny; this made him a close ally of the Radziwiłł family, the most powerful family in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In 1578 he received the post of the Grand Crown Chancellor. That year poet Jan Kochanowski dedicated his "Odprawa Posłów Greckich", the first Polish tragedy, to him. He took part in the preparation for a war against Muscovy in 1579–1581, where he contributed a group of 400 or 600 mercenaries. Through he had little prior military background nor experience, he was interested in mastering the military art, and proved to be an adept learner. With Batory's support, he began filling in for some of the roles of Grand Crown Hetman Mikołaj Mielecki, particularly when Mielecki was not present. While not campaigning, he was also instrumental in ensuring that the ongoing political support for the war. In 1580 he was hit by another personal tragedy, as his wife died in labor, together with their child; entering a short period of depression. Later that year

Jan Zamoyski

, in August, he captured Velizh in September he participated in the siege of Velikiye Luki, and then took Zavoloc. On 11 August 1581 he received the nomination for the post of Grand Crown Hetman; this nomination, although uncontroversial at that time, was technically illegal. Following that he participated in the long and inconclusive Siege of Pskov, which ended with the Peace of Yam-Zapolsky in 1582. Though Zamoyski failed to capture Pskov, he drained the Russian resources, and the ongoing siege was a major reason for the final treaty, which was highly favorable to Poland. In June 1583 Zamoyski took his third wife, Gryzelda Bathory, a relative of king Bathory himself. In May 1584 Zamoyski's men captured Samuel Zborowski, a noble whose death sentence for treason and murder had been pending for roughly a decade; shortly afterwards with Bathory's consent Zborowski was executed. This political conflict between Báthory, Zamoyski and the Zborowski family, framed as the clash between the monarch and the nobility, would be a major recurring controversy in internal Polish politics for many years, beginning with a major dispute at the Se

Jan Zamoyski

jm of 1585.</s><s>Biography.:Later years. After the death of Batory in 1586, Zamoyski helped Sigismund III Vasa gain the Polish throne, fighting in the brief civil war against the forces supporting Habsburg archduke Maximilian III of Austria. The camp supporting Sigismund was rallied around Zamoyski, whereas Maximilian was supported by the Zborowski family. Zamoyski defended Kraków and defeated Maximilian's forces in the Battle of Byczyna in 1588. In that battle, which Sławomir Leśniewski describes as "one of the most important in Polish history, and the most important in Zamoyski's military career", Maximilian was taken prisoner and in the resulting Treaty of Bytom and Będzin of 1589 had to give up all pretenses to the Polish crown. Later that year Zamoyski proposed a reform of the royal elections, which failed to pass the Sejm. Zamoyski presented to this Sejm a project that in case the present King should die without issue none but a candidate of some Slav stock should henceforth be eligible to the Polish throne. This was a project which

Jan Zamoyski

could even imagine the possibility of some kind of union between Catholic Poland, Orthodox Moscovy and semi-Protestant Bohemia. In fact, it was a circuitous and clumsy counter-proposal against pro-Habsburg policy. From 1589 Zamoyski, in his role as the hetman, tried to prevent the intensifying Tatar incursions along the Commonwealth south-eastern border, but with little success. In order to deal with the recurring disturbances in that region Zamoyski developed a plan to turn Moldavia into a buffer zone between the Commonwealth and the Ottoman Empire; this would lead to a lengthy campaign.</s><s>Biography.:In opposition to the throne. Meanwhile, in internal Commonwealth politics, early on in Sigismund III's reign, Zamoyski, who was once a staunch supporter of the Commonwealth kings, begun to distance himself from the King. Sigismund had quickly allied himself with the Habsburgs, much to chancellors dissatisfaction. Zamoyski was dissatisfied with Sigismund's early plans to use Poland as a stepping stone to gaining the Swedish crown, as Sigismund was plotting to cede the Polish crown to the Habsburgs in exchange for their support of his right to the Swedish

Jan Zamoyski

throne. The new King feared the chancellor's power, but due to Commonwealth laws he was unable to dismiss him from his posts. He offered him a prestigious voivode of Kraków office, but Zamoyski declined, as if he was to accept, the law would require him to resign from his slightly less prestigious but more influential chancellorship. By 1590–1591 Zamoyski was seen as one of the king's staunchest opponents. Open quarrel between king and chancellor broke out during the Sejm of 1591, culminating in a heated exchange of words and the king storming out of the chamber. Despite their tensed relations, neither the king nor the chancellor wanted a civil war; soon after their quarrel Zamoyski would issue a public apology to the king and their uneasy relationship would continue until Zamoyski's death. In 1594 Zamoyski once again failed to stop a Tatar incursion in the southern borders. The next year was much more successful, as in Moldavia in 1595 he was victorious in the Battle of Cecora, and helped hospodar Ieremia Movilă (Jeremi Mohyła) gain the throne. In 1600 he fought against Michael the Brave (Michał

Jan Zamoyski

Waleczny, Mihai Viteazul), hospodar of Wallachia and the new Prince of Transylvania, who had conquered Moldavia a few months earlier. He defeated him on the Bukova (Bucovu) and restored Ieremia to the throne. He also helped his brother, Simion Movilă to become brief ruler of Wallachia, thus spreading the influence of the Commonwealth to the Central Danube. In 1600 and 1601 Zamoyski took part in the war against Sweden commanding the Commonwealth forces in Livonia (Inflanty). At the same time he was a vocal opponent of that war on the political scene. In 1600 he recaptured several strongholds from the Swedes and a year later captured Wolmar on 19 December 1601 Fellin on 16 May 1602, and Bialy Kamien on 30 September 1602. The rigours of the campaign, however, placed a strain on his health, and he resigned the command. At the Sejm of 1603 Zamoyski led opposition to the governance reforms proposed by Sigismund; seeing in them intentions of transforming the Commonwealth into an absolute monarchy. Later, he also opposed Sigismund's plans to intervene in the

Jan Zamoyski

civil war plaguing Muscovy (the Time of Troubles and the Dymitriads). He clashed with Sigismund for the final time during the Sejm of January 1605. Zamoyski died suddenly on 3 June 1605, due to a stroke. His fortune was inherited by his single son, Tomasz Zamoyski.</s><s>Assessment and legacy.</s><s>Assessment and legacy.:Remembrance. The fame of Zamoyski, significance in life, endured after his death. He was praised by artists such as Szymon Starowolski and Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, and historians, including Stanisław Staszic, Stanisław Tarnowski and Artur Śliwiński. There were also those critical of him: Hugo Kołłątaj, Józef Szujski, Michał Bobrzyński. Nonetheless, Polish historiography and culture treatment of Zamoyski is mostly positive, and historian Janusz Tazbir remarked that Zamoyski's posthumous career was even more magnificent than his real one. Leśniewski, ending his recent biography of Zamoyski,

Jan Zamoyski

concludes that he is a significant, if controversial, figure of Polish Renaissance. Zamoyski was the subject of several paintings and drawings. Most notably, he is one of the characters in two large paintings by Jan Matejko, featured on the "Skarga's Sermon" and "Batory at Pskov".</s><s>Assessment and legacy.:Political and military leader. Having control of both the Chancellorship and the Grand Hetman office, Zamoyski was one of the most powerful people in the country, having obtained both the power of Grand Hetman (commander in chief of the armed forces) and that of chancellor, combined for the first time in the hands of one person. He was responsible for much of the Polish internal and foreign policies. He is considered to be one of the most prominent statesmen in Polish history. Even though his military career begun almost as an afterthought, or by accident, Zamoyski is also remembered as one of the most accomplished Polish military commanders. In his tactics, he favored sieges, flanking maneuvers, conserving his forces, and the new Western art of fortification and artillery. The war with Muscovy shown him to be a skilled commander in sieges, and latter

Jan Zamoyski

events would prove him to be an equally able leader in the open field.</s><s>Assessment and legacy.:Wealth and cultural patronage. Zamoyski gathered a significant fortune; his estates generated a revenue of over 200,000 zlotys in the early 17th century. His personal lands covered, and included eleven towns and over 200 villages. He was a royal caretaker of another dozen or so cities and over 600 villages. Totaled, his personal and leased lands covered over, with 23 towns and cities and 816 villages. In 1589 he succeeded in establishing the Zamoyski Family Fee Tail ("ordynacja zamojska"), a "de facto" duchy. Zamoyski supported economical development of his lands, investing in colonization of frontiers, and the development of industry, both small (sawmills, breweries, mills and such) and large (his lands had four iron mills and four glass factories). His most prized creation was the capital of his Fee Tail, the city of Zamość, founded in 1580, built and designed as a Renaissance "" or "ideal city" by the Italian architect Bernardo Morando. In the city, in 1595 he founded the Akademia Zamojska

Jan Zamoyski

, the third university in the history of education in Poland. In addition to Zamość, he also funded four other towns: Szarogród, Skinderpol, Busza and Jasnogród. Zamoyski collected a significant library, and was a patron of numerous artists in his Fee Tail. Artists under his patronage included the poets Jan Kochanowski and Szymon Szymonowic, and the writer and historian Joachim Bielski.</s><s>Assessment and legacy.:Personality. Zamoyski was not a deeply religious person, and his conversion from Protestantism to Catholicism was primarily pragmatic. Leśniewski notes that Zamoyski was often motivated by greed, for example during the Danzig Rebellion, when he supported lenient treatment of the rebels, and during the 1577–1578 negotiations with, when he favored the solution of George Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach; in both cases his decision was likely influenced by bribes or favors. In another example, Leśniewski describes how Zamoyski openly demanded rewards following his victory at Byczyna, and tried to include an article favoring him in the Bytom and Będzin

Jan Zamoyski

treaty. He further notes, critically, that with raising power and political success Zamoyski begun displaying negative qualities, such as egoism and arrogance. Zamoyski was ruthless to those weaker than him. At the same time, he was respected by his opponents, widely recognized as highly intelligent, a cunning strategist and tactician in matters political and military, and a popular political leader. He valued the good of the country at least as high as his own, and although he could have become the king after a victorious civil war against Sigismund, he preferred to act within the limits of law instead, avoiding a war that could devastate the country, and thus curbing his own ambitions.</s><s>See also. - Army of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</s>


Prompt: Question: Tell me a bio of Ki Fitzgerald.

Ki Fitzgerald

<s>Ki Fitzgerald Ki Fitzgerald (born Ki McPhail), also known as Azteck, is an English DJ, musician, singer, songwriter and record producer. He has written/produced and vocalist on several top 10 singles and albums and was a founding member of the English pop rock band Busted from 2000 to 2001. KiFi is also the feature vocalist on Don Diablo's single "The Same Way", Hardwell/Wildstylez's single "Shine a Light" and Armin van Buuren's "Turn It Up".</s><s>Early life. Fitzgerald was born in Rotterdam, Netherlands to British parents but moved at six years old and grew up in Kent, England. His father is the singer Scott Fitzgerald, who had an international hit with "If I Had Words" and also represented the United Kingdom at the 1988 Eurovision Song Contest. In 2000, Ki Fitzgerald was an original member of pop punk band Busted.</s><s>Career. Fitzgerald later formed the band Eyes Wide Open and signed a publishing deal with Music Copyright Solutions. The band toured the UK after making their debut at the GWR Fiesta to an audience of 40,000 people. The band members consisted of: Ki (vocals and guitar), Tom Warner (lead

Ki Fitzgerald

guitar), TK (bass guitar) and Pat Garvery (drums) and Will Farquarson (Guitar) who went on to become a member of Band "Bastille". The band made many appearances at festivals performing tracks ""Bitter Sweet"" and ""By Your Side"" receiving praise from BBC Radio Kent who said that Eyes Wide Open's ""songs and production are really strong"" and were considered to be ""far more the real Ki...than his original Busted material"". The band broke up whilst in the process of recording their debut album with producer Steve Lironi (Bon Jovi) and Grammy award-winning mixer Simon Gogerly. In 2015 he signed an artist deal with producer RedOne and his label 2101/capital records to develop his own album and to Join RedOne's writing group Team Red. The first release with Dutch DJ duo Sunnery James & Ryan Marciano was the song "Come Follow" with vocals from KiFi. It was released through Spinnin' Records in February 2015. Fitzgerald has been featured Vocalist on many EDM songs, including the single "Shine a Light" by Hardwell and Wildstylez, "Steal the moon" by DubVision, "Best part

Ki Fitzgerald

of me" by Firebeatz and DubVision, the Headhunterz single "Into the Sunset" which was featured on Ellen DeGeneres, Dancing with the Stars and upcoming releases with Armin van Buuren, Dash Berlin and many more. KiFi has streamed well over 100 million streams just on Spotify with his feature vocals.</s><s>Songwriting and music production. In October 2011, Fitzgerald signed with Global Talent Publishing to focus on songwriting for other artists. Since then Fitzgerald has fast become a successful songwriter and producer for a diverse group of artists such as Galantis, Lawson, The Wanted, Jonas Brothers, B.o.B, Alex Hepburn, and Pitbull. He is credited with having written 4 top 10 singles with UK band Lawson, including the releases "When She Was Mine" (UK No.4) "Standing in the Dark" (UK No.6) "Broken Hearted" featuring USA rapper B.o.B (Uk No.6) and final single "Roads". Fitzgerald also contributed to the album tracks "Stolen" and "Everywhere You Go", "Die for You", "Getting Nowhere", "Hurts Like You", "Are You Ready", and "Back to Life", which featured

Ki Fitzgerald

on Lawson's top 10 debut album "Chapman Square" and "Chapman Square – Special Edition (Chapter II)". Fitzgerald worked on the third and final album from The Wanted, "Word of Mouth", which featured two co-writes, "Summer Alive" and "Heart Break Story". He co-wrote the debut single by Sophia Del Carmen featuring Pitbull "Lipstick" with RedOne. On Lawson's follow-up album "Perspective", Fitzgerald co-wrote 11 songs including the singles "Money" and "Under the Sun". The album was released in June 2016. He co-wrote and co-produced the single "Hunter" for Galantis and Madcon's "Got a Little Drunk". More recently he co-wrote the Galantis single "San Francisco" featuring Sofia Carson. Fitzgerald wrote the single from Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike featuring Wiz Khalifa, "When I Grow Up". He also collaborated on the single from Sweater Beats and Icona Pop, "Faded". He co-wrote "Monsters" for Saara Aalto for the Eurovision Song Contest 2018, where she represented Finland. Fitzgerald attended the Eurovision contest in Lisbon with Ms Aalto. He co-wrote and gave

Ki Fitzgerald

the vocals on Armin van Buuren's single "Turn It Up" released in March 2019.</s><s>External Links. - List of song credits at AllMusic</s>


Prompt: Question: Tell me a bio of Witold Gombrowicz.

Witold Gombrowicz

<s>Witold Gombrowicz Witold Marian Gombrowicz (August 4, 1904 – July 24, 1969) was a Polish writer and playwright. His works are characterised by deep psychological analysis, a certain sense of paradox and absurd, anti-nationalist flavor. In 1937 he published his first novel, "Ferdydurke", which presented many of his usual themes: problems of immaturity and youth, creation of identity in interactions with others, and an ironic, critical examination of class roles in Polish society and culture. He gained fame only during the last years of his life, but is now considered one of the foremost figures of Polish literature. His diaries were published in 1969 and are, according to the "Paris Review", "widely considered his masterpiece", while "Cosmos" is considered, according to "The New Yorker", "his most accomplished novel". He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature four times, from 1966 to 1969.</s><s>Biography.</s><s>Biography.:Polish years. Gombrowicz was born in Małoszyce near Opatów, then in Radom Governorate, Congress Poland, Russian Empire, to a wealthy gentry family. He was the youngest of

Witold Gombrowicz

four children of Jan and Antonina (née Ścibor-Kotkowska of the Clan of Ostoja). In an autobiographical piece, "A Kind of Testament", he wrote that his family had lived for 400 years in Lithuania on an estate between Vilnius and Kaunas but were displaced after his grandfather was accused of participating in the January Uprising of 1863. He later described his family origins and social status as early instances of a lifelong sense of being "between" ("entre"). In 1911 his family moved to Warsaw. After completing his education at Saint Stanislaus Kostka's Gymnasium in 1922, Gombrowicz studied law at Warsaw University, earning a MJur in 1927. He spent a year in Paris, where he studied at the Institute of Higher International Studies (French: "Institut des Hautes Etudes Internationales"). He was less than diligent in his studies, but his time in France brought him in constant contact with other young intellectuals. He also visited the Mediterranean. When Gombrowicz returned to Poland he began applying for legal positions with little success. In the 1920s he started writing. He soon rejected the legendary novel, whose form and subject matter were supposed to manifest his

Witold Gombrowicz

"worse" and darker side of nature. Similarly, his attempt to write a popular novel in collaboration with Tadeusz Kępiński was a failure. At the turn of the 1920s and 1930s Gombrowicz began to write short stories, later printed under the title "Memoirs of a Time of Immaturity", edited by Gombrowicz and published under the name "Bacacay", the street where he lived during his exile in Argentina. From the moment of this literary debut, his reviews and columns began appearing in the press, mainly the "Kurier Poranny" ("Morning Courier"). Gombrowicz met with other young writers and intellectuals, forming an artistic café society in Zodiak and Ziemiańska, both in Warsaw. The publication of "Ferdydurke", his first novel, brought him acclaim in literary circles.</s><s>Biography.:Exile in Argentina. Just before the outbreak of the Second World War, Gombrowicz took part in the maiden voyage of the Polish transatlantic liner MS Chrobry, to South America. When he learned of the outbreak of war in Europe, he decided to wait in Buenos Aires until it was over; he

Witold Gombrowicz

reported to the Polish legation in 1941 but was considered unfit for military duties. He stayed in Argentina until 1963—often, especially during the war, in poverty. At the end of the 1940s Gombrowicz was trying to gain a position in Argentine literary circles by publishing articles, giving lectures at the Fray Mocho café, and, finally, by publishing in 1947 a Spanish translation of "Ferdydurke", with the help of friends including Virgilio Piñera. This version of the novel is now considered a significant event in the history of Argentine literature, but at the time of its publication it did not bring Gombrowicz any great renown, nor did the 1948 publication of his drama "Ślub" in Spanish ("The Marriage", "El Casamiento"). From December 1947 to May 1955 Gombrowicz worked as a bank clerk in Banco Polaco, the Argentine branch of Bank Pekao, and formed a friendship with Zofia Chądzyńska, who introduced him to Buenos Aires's political and cultural elite. In 1950 he started exchanging letters with Jerzy Giedroyc, and in 1951 he began to publish work in the Parisian journal "Culture", in

Witold Gombrowicz

which fragments of "Dziennik" ("Diaries") appeared in 1953. In the same year he published a volume of work that included "Ślub" and the novel "Trans-Atlantyk", in which the subject of national identity on emigration was controversially raised. After October 1956 four of Gombrowicz's books appeared in Poland and brought him great renown, even though the authorities did not allow the publication of "Dziennik" ("Diary"). Gombrowicz had affairs with both men and women. In his later serialised "Diary" (1953–69) he wrote about his adventures in the homosexual underworld of Buenos Aires, particularly his experiences with young men from the lower class, a theme he picked up again when interviewed by Dominique de Roux in "A Kind of Testament" (1973).</s><s>Biography.:Last years in Europe. In the 1960s Gombrowicz became recognised globally, and many of his works were translated, including "Pornografia" ("Pornography") and "Kosmos" ("Cosmos"). His dramas were staged in theatres around the world, especially in France, Germany and Sweden. Having received a scholarship from the Ford Foundation,

Witold Gombrowicz

Gombrowicz returned to Europe in 1963. In April 1963 he embarked on an Italian ship, landing at Cannes and then taking a train to Paris. A record of the journey can be found in his diary. Gombrowicz stayed for a year in West Berlin, where he endured a slanderous campaign organised by the Polish authorities. His health deteriorated during this stay, and he was unable to return to Argentina. He went back to France in 1964 and spent three months in Royaumont Abbey, near Paris, where he met Rita Labrosse, a Canadian from Montreal who studied contemporary literature. In 1964 he moved to the Côte d'Azur in the south of France with Labrosse, whom he employed as his secretary. He spent the rest of his life in Vence, near Nice. Gombrowicz's health prevented him from thoroughly benefiting from his late renown. It worsened notably in spring 1964; he became bedridden and was unable to write. In May 1967 he was awarded the Prix International. The following year, on December 28, he married Labrosse. On the initiative of his friend Dominique de Roux, who hoped to cheer him up, he gave a series of 13 lectures on the history of philosophy to de Roux and Lab

Witold Gombrowicz

rosse, ironically titled "Guide to Philosophy in Six Hours and Fifteen Minutes", which de Roux transcribed. The lectures began with Kant and ended with existentialism. The series ended before Gombrowicz could deliver the last part, interrupted by his death on July 24, 1969. He was buried in the cemetery in Vence.</s><s>Writing. Gombrowicz wrote in Polish, but he did not allow his works to be published in Poland until the authorities lifted the ban on the unabridged version of "Dziennik", his diary, in which he described their attacks on him. Because he refused publication in Poland he remained largely unknown to the general reading public until the first half of the 1970s. Still, his works were printed in Polish by the Paris Literary Institute of Jerzy Giedroyć and translated into more than 30 languages. Moreover, his dramas were repeatedly staged around the world by prominent directors such as Jorge Lavelli, Alf Sjöberg, Ingmar Bergman, and Jerzy Jarocki and Jerzy Grzegorzewski in Poland. The salient characteristics of Gombrowicz's writing include incisive descriptions of characters' psychological entanglement with others, an acute awareness of conflicts that arise when

Witold Gombrowicz

traditional cultural values clash with contemporary values, and an exasperated yet comedic sense of the absurd. Gombrowicz's clear and precise descriptions criticise Polish Romanticism, and he once claimed he wrote in defiance of Adam Mickiewicz (especially in "Trans-Atlantic"). Gombrowicz's work has links with existentialism and structuralism. It is also known for its playful allusions and satire, as in a section of "Trans-Atlantic" written in the form of a stylised 19th-century diary, followed by a parody of a traditional fable. For many critics and theorists, the most engaging aspects of Gombrowicz's work are the connections with European thought in the second half of the 20th century, which link him with the intellectual heritage of Foucault, Barthes, Deleuze, Lacan, and Sartre. As Gombrowicz said, ""Ferdydurke" was published in 1937 before Sartre formulated his theory of the "regard d'autrui". But it is owing to the popularization of Sartrean concepts that this aspect of my book has been better understood and assimilated."{{Citation Gombrowicz uses first-person narrative in his novels, except

Witold Gombrowicz

"Opętani". The language includes many neologisms. Moreover, he created "keywords" that shed their symbolic light on the sense covered under the ironic form (e.g. "gęba", "pupa" in "Ferdydurke"). In the story "Pamiętnik z okresu dojrzewania" Gombrowicz engages in paradoxes that control the entrance of the individual into the social world and the repressed passions that rule human behaviour. In "Ferdydurke" he discusses form as a universal category that was understood in philosophical, sociological, and aesthetic senses, and is a means of enslavement of the individual by other people and society as a whole. Certain turns of phrase in the novel became common usage in Polish, such as "upupienie" (imposing on the individual the role of somebody inferior and immature) and "gęba" (a personality or an authentic role imposed on somebody). "Ferdydurke" can be read as a satire of various Polish communities: progressive bourgeoisie, rustic, conservative. The satire presents the human either as a member of a society or an individual who struggles with himself and

Witold Gombrowicz

the world. Adaptations of "Ferdydurke" and other works of Gombrowicz were presented by many theatres, especially before 1986, when the first nine volumes of his works were published. It was the only official way to gain access to his work. Gombrowicz's first dramatic text was "Iwona, księżniczka Burgunda" ("Ivona, Princess of Burgundia", 1938), a tragicomedy. It describes what the enslavement of form, custom, and ceremony brings. In 1939 he published in installments in two daily newspapers the popular novel "Opętani", in which he interlaced the form of the Gothic novel with that of sensational modern romance. In "Ślub", written just after the war, Gombrowicz used the form of Shakespeare's and Calderón’s theatre. He also critically undertook the theme of the romantic theatre (Zygmunt Krasiński, Juliusz Słowacki) and portrayed a new concept of power and a human being created by other people. In "Trans-Atlantyk" Gombrowicz juxtaposes the traditional vision of a human who serves values with a new

Witold Gombrowicz

vision according to which an individual frees oneself of this service and fulfills oneself. The representative of this model of humanity is the eccentric millionaire Gonzalo. The novel "Pornografia" shows Poland in wartime, when the eternal order traditional culture, based on faith in God, collapsed. In its place appears a new reality where the elderly and the young cooperate to realise their cruel fascinations streaked with eroticism. "Kosmos" is Gombrowicz's most complex and ambiguous work. In it he portrays how human beings create a vision of the world, what forces, symbolic order and passion take part in this process and how the novel form organises itself in the process of creating sense. "Operetka", Gombrowicz's last play, uses operetta form to grotesquely present 20th-century totalitarianism. At the same time, he expresses a tentative faith in rebirth through youth. According to many scholars his most outstanding work is "Dziennik" ("Diaries"), not only as a literary work but also philosophical: "The affectingly cool critic of European tradition, the diagnostician of the disease afflicting contemporary thought, the great artist and moralist. If I were to designate a worthy

Witold Gombrowicz

successor to the "Joyful science" of Nietzschean criticism and poetry in twentieth century literature, I would answer: Gombrowicz in his "Diary"" (Wojciech Karpiński). "Dziennik" was published in serial form in "Kultura" from 1953 to 1969. It is not only Gombrowicz's record of life but also a philosophical essay, polemic, collection of auto-reflection on folk poetry, views on politics, national culture, religion, tradition, and many other themes. He writes in ostensibly casual anecdotes and uses a wide range of literary devices. Three of Gombrowicz's novels were adapted for film: "Ferdydurke" (1991) directed by Jerzy Skolimowski., "Pornografia" (2003) directed by Jan Jakub Kolski, and "Cosmos" (2015) directed by Andrzej Żuławski. 2004, the centenary of his birth, was declared the Year of Gombrowicz. Gombrowicz's last extensive work, "Kronos", was published in Poland by Wydawnictwo Literackie on May 23, 2013.</s><s>

Witold Gombrowicz

Style. Gombrowicz's works are characterised by deep psychological analysis, a certain sense of paradox and an absurd, anti-nationalist flavor. "Ferdydurke" presents many themes explored in his later work: the problems of immaturity and youth, the masks people wear, and an ironic, critical examination of class roles in Polish society and culture, specifically the nobility and provincials. It provoked sharp critical reactions and immediately divided Gombrowicz's audience into worshipers and sworn enemies. In his work, Gombrowicz struggled with Polish traditions and the country's difficult history. This battle was the starting point for his stories, which were deeply rooted in this tradition and history. Gombrowicz is remembered by scholars and admirers as a writer and a man unwilling to sacrifice his imagination or his originality for any price, person, god, society, or doctrine.</s><s>Oeuvre: bibliography, translations, adaptations. Gombrowicz's novels and plays have been translated into 35 languages. - "Bacacay" (short stories, 1933); original title "Pamiętnik z okresu dojrzewania", later retitled "Bakakaj" - "B

Witold Gombrowicz

acacay", tr. Bill Johnston, Archipelago Books, 2004,. - "Ivona, Princess of Burgundia" (play, 1935); "Iwona, księżniczka Burgunda" - "Ferdydurke" (novel, 1937) - "Ferdydurke", tr. Danuta Borchardt, Yale University Press, 2000,. - "Possessed" (novel, 1939); "Opętani" - "Possessed: The Secret of Myslotch: A Gothic Novel", tr. J.A. Underwood (Marion Boyars, 1980),. - "Possessed", tr. Antonia Lloyd-Jones (Fitzcarraldo Editions, 2023) - "The Marriage" (play, 1948); "Ślub" - "Trans-Atlantyk" (novel, 1953) - "Trans-Atlantyk", tr. Carolyn French and Nina Karsov, Yale University Press (reprint), 1995,. - "Trans-Atlantyk: An Alternate Translation", tr. Danuta Borchardt, Yale University Press, 2014,. - "Pornograf

Witold Gombrowicz

ia" (novel, 1960) - "Pornografia", Danuta Borchardt translator, Grove Press, 2009,. - "Cosmos" (novel, 1965); "Kosmos" - "Cosmos and Pornografia: Two Novels", tr. Eric Mosbacher and Alastair Hamilton, Grove Press (reissue edition), 1994,. - "Cosmos", tr. Danuta Borchardt, Yale University Press, 2005,. - "Operetta" (play, 1966); "Operetka" - "Diaries, 1953–1969" (diary, 1969); "Dzienniki" - "Diary Volumes 1–3", tr. Lillian Vallee, introductory essay: Wojciech Karpiński, Northwestern University Press, 1988,.</s><s>Oeuvre: bibliography, translations, adaptations.:Other translations. - "A Guide to Philosophy in Six Hours and Fifteen Minutes", Benjamin Ivry translator, Yale University Press, 2004,. - "Polish Memories", tr. Bill Johnston, Yale University Press, 2004,. - "A Kind of Testament", tr. Alastair Hamilton, Dalkey Archive

Witold Gombrowicz

Press (reprint), 2007,.</s><s>Oeuvre: bibliography, translations, adaptations.:Film adaptations. - "Ferdydurke" (1991) in Polish, directed by Jerzy Skolimowski. Also known as "30 Door Key". - "Pornografia" (2003) in Polish, directed by Jan Jakub Kolski. Also known as "Pornography". - "Cosmos" (2015) in French, directed by Andrzej Żuławski. Won award for directing in Locarno, 2015. The documentary filmmaker Nicolas Philibert made a documentary set in the radical French psychiatric clinic La Borde entitled "Every Little Thing" (French ""); released in 1997, the film follows the patients and staff as they stage a production of Gombrowicz's "Operette".</s><s>Oeuvre: bibliography, translations, adaptations.:Opera adaptations. - "Yvonne, Prinzessin von Burgund" (1973), composed by Boris Blacher, in four acts, premiered in Wuppertal - "Die Trauung" ("The Marriage") by Volker David Kirchner, premiered on 27 April 1975 at the Hessis

Witold Gombrowicz

ches Staatstheater Wiesbaden, conducted by Siegfried Köhler - "Opérette" (2002), composed by Oscar Strasnoy, premiered in 2003 at Grand Théâtre de Reims, France - "Geschichte/History" (2003), a cappella opera composed by Oscar Strasnoy, premiered in 2004 at Theaterhaus de Stuttgart - "Die Besessenen" ("The Possessed") (2008–2009), composed by Johannes Kalitzke, premiered in 2010 at the Theater an der Wien, Vienna, Austria, on 19 February - "Yvonne, princesse de Bourgogne" (2009), composed by Philippe Boesmans, premiered at the Paris Opera</s><s>See also. - List of Polish-language authors - List of Poles</s><s>Further reading. - Ewa M. Thompson, "Witold Gombrowicz" (Boston: Hall, 1979), - William Whiteford, "Witold Gombrowicz: A Biography" (West Columbia, SC: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2017,</s>


Prompt: Question: Tell me a bio of Andreea Marin.

Andreea Marin

<s>Andreea Marin Andreea Violeta Marin (born 22 December 1974, in Roman, Neamț County) is a Romanian television presenter and TV personality.</s><s>Early life and career. She majored in Journalism, Public Relations & Advertisement, Computer Programming and Mathematics & Physics during her college years. She debuted in 1994 at TVR Iași as emcee. Her involvement within the Romanian media seems to have directly contributed to her selection as the most successful female media person in the country. On 2 December 2006, Marin hosted the 2006 Junior Eurovision Song Contest. She also presented the Romanian votes at the 2000, 2004, 2006, and 2007 Eurovision Song Contest finals. Since 1999, she has hosted and directed "Surprize, Surprize" ("Surprises, Surprises"), a long-running show about life stories involving disabled people, people without money, and people with relatives gone away, broadcast on TVR1. Marin is the communications director of Madrid-based Prime Time World Broadcast, and the editorial director of the Romanian version of "Business Woman Magazine".</s><s>Personal life. Married to Ștefan Bănică Jr. in 2006, she was subsequently known as Andreea Marin

Andreea Marin

Bănică. They have a daughter, Ana Violeta Bănică (b. 15 December 2007). The couple divorced in 2013. She married physician Tuncay Öztürk in 2014. In October 2016, they announced the end of their marriage. Their marriage was officially ended on 13 February 2017. Andreea Marin is the only Romanian UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador.</s>


Prompt: Question: Tell me a bio of Phil Vickery (rugby union).

Phil Vickery (rugby union)

<s>Phil Vickery (rugby union) Philip John Vickery MBE DL (born 14 March 1976) is a former English rugby union tighthead prop and member of the England squad. He was a member of England's World Cup winning squad in 2003, playing in all seven matches in the tournament, and is a former England captain. Vickery ended his club rugby career at London Wasps, joining the London side in 2006 after eleven years with Gloucester Rugby. Given the nickname "Raging Bull", he played in three Rugby World Cups, including as England captain in the 2007 tournament, and toured Australia and South Africa with the British & Irish Lions. Made his debut for Bolingey Barbarians Sunday 25th Sept 2022 vs Bude vets.</s><s>Early years. The son of a dairy farmer, Vickery was born to Cornish parents in Barnstaple, Devon, England and says he is proud to be a Cornishman and an Englishman. Educated at Budehaven School, his interest in sport developed as a youngster, and by age 12 he started playing rugby. By the age of 16 he gained his first National Representative honour, being picked for the England Schools U16s group. Vickery left school age 16 and worked as a herds

Phil Vickery (rugby union)

man on his parents' farm. He remains a qualified cattle inseminator. Vickery has an Oriental tattoo on his left shoulder which roughly translates to ""I'll fight you to the death"", and a bulldog tattoo on his right.</s><s>Career. He started with the Cornish club Bude, then moved to Redruth, during which time he first appeared in an England Colts side. In 1995, England 'A' coach Richard Hill persuaded the 19-year-old Vickery to join Gloucester Rugby, where he became known as "The Raging Bull". Whilst at Gloucester he started in the 2002 Zurich Championship Final (the year before winning the play-offs constituted winning the English title) in which Gloucester defeated Bristol Rugby. The following year he missed their 2003 Powergen Cup Final triumph through injury. His representative career went from strength to strength, with appearances for England U21s and Colts in the 1996–97 season. In April 2006 he announced he was quitting Gloucester Rugby after 11 years and signed for Wasps in a 3-year deal. Vickery made his Wasps debut in their 23 – 13 win over London Irish on 8 October 2006. With Wasps he won both the Heineken Cup in 2007 and

Phil Vickery (rugby union)

the 2008 Guinness Premiership title. On 28 October 2010, Vickery was forced to retire from rugby after suffering from several neck injuries. He played his last game at Kingsholm against Gloucester on 25 September, which is where he started his career. On 28 May 2012 Worcester Warriors announced that Vickery would join the Club as their new Assistant Forwards (Scrum) coach for the forthcoming 2012-2013 season. After an unsuccessful season, Worcester made wholesale changes in the coaching staff, from head coach through the assistants, and Vickery was one of the casualties.</s><s>Representative career. Vickery made his England debut against Wales aged 21 on 21 February 1998, coming off the bench to replace Darren Garforth against Wales at Twickenham in the Five Nations tournament, a match England won 60–26. It was the completion of a rapid rise through the England set-up, after only 34 first team games for his club and just 81 days after his England A debut. The Tour from Hell Summer 1998 saw Vickery taking part in the tour of the Southern Hemisphere, part of an England squad which had been severely weakened by injury and player unavailability. In the space of a month, England were soundly defeated by Australia (76–0 in Brisbane on 6 June),

Phil Vickery (rugby union)

twice by New Zealand (64–22 in Dunedin on 20 June and 40–10 in Auckland on 27 June) and finally by South Africa (18–0 in Cape Town on 4 July). There were also losses to New Zealand 'A', New Zealand Rugby Academy, and New Zealand Māori. The tour had benefits for some players, bringing through future stars of the England side such as Vickery himself, Jonny Wilkinson, Danny Grewcock, Graham Rowntree, Austin Healey, Matt Dawson and Matt Perry, others effectively had their international careers ended. Steve Ravenscroft, Rob Fidler, Jos Baxendell, Spencer Brown and Tom Beim each gained two caps on the tour – and have not played for England since. Richard Pool-Jones, Scott Benton, Dominic Chapman and Stuart Potter only played once for England, on the Tour From Hell. Vickery recovered from a neck injury in April 1999 and played in that year’s Rugby World Cup. A shoulder injury, however, kept him out of the 2000 South Africa tour. Vickery toured Australia with the British & Irish Lions in 2001 and played in all three tests. Vickery was appointed captain of the England squad that toured Argentina in 2002. With many of

Phil Vickery (rugby union)

the top players rested, Vickery led the side to victory against The Pumas in Buenos Aires. Vickery missed the 2003 Six Nations tournament because of a back injury, but having returned to the team he did well for England on the road to the 2003 World Cup. He played in all seven games in the tournament, which was won by England, and captained the side against Uruguay. He scored his first international try when he came off the bench against Samoa in England’s third game of the tournament. A rib injury prevented him from captaining the non-capped match against the New Zealand Barbarians in December 2003. Although he took a full part in the 2004 Six Nations, another back operation in May ruled him out of the summer tour to New Zealand and Australia. He returned to rugby only in late October 2004. Making his international comeback, he came on as a replacement against South Africa for the first Autumn Test between the two sides on 18 November 2006. After playing well, he drove over to score the winning try, which was converted by Andy Goode, and England won their first game since February that year. He was selected on 2 January by new England Head Coach Brian Ashton to captain the side during the 2007 Six Nations and 2007 Rugby World Cup.

Phil Vickery (rugby union)

He was one of only four players to have started both the 2003 and 2007 RWC Finals, the other three being Jonny Wilkinson, Jason Robinson and Ben Kay. Also, on 8 January 2008 he was selected in the squad for the 2008 Six Nations Championship by Brian Ashton. He played every game except for the 23–19 win over Italy which he missed through injury. He was selected to tour South Africa with the 2009 British & Irish Lions, starting the first and third test. He took a merciless pounding from Tendai Mtawarira in the first test in particular, probably the worst of his career. To his credit, he performed admirably in the third test when he replaced the injured Adam Jones to start.</s><s>Personal life. He was a co-commentator for ITV's coverage of the 2011 Rugby World Cup. Vickery won the 2011 series of Celebrity Masterchef beating Kirsty Wark and Nick Pickard in the final. He was appointed a Deputy Lieutenant of Gloucestershire in 2015.</s>


Prompt: Question: Tell me a bio of Frank Middlemass.

Frank Middlemass

<s>Frank Middlemass Francis George Middlemass (28 May 1919 – 8 September 2006) was an English actor, who even in his early career played older roles. He is best remembered for his television roles as Rocky Hardcastle in "As Time Goes By", Algy Herries in "To Serve Them All My Days" and Dr. Alex Ferrenby in 20 episodes of "Heartbeat." Middlemass was also active in the Royal Shakespeare Company and was the fourth and final actor to play Dan Archer in "The Archers".</s><s>Early life. Middlemass was born in Eaglescliffe, County Durham, the son of a shipping company director. He was brought up in Newcastle upon Tyne, and educated in Stockton-on-Tees. He entered the army at the age of nineteen and was wounded in the Dunkirk retreat. He left the army when he was thirty and was by then a lieutenant colonel. Middlemass started his acting career in rep in Penzance, Cornwall and then went on to join the Old Vic Company. While with them he toured North and South America, Australia, New Zealand, Israel, Lebanon, Russia, Poland and the Far East, and performed in "Twelfth Night" opposite Vivien Leigh. During the 1960s, he

Frank Middlemass

toured with Ian McKellen's Actors' Company and performed at the Nottingham Playhouse. He performed opposite Peter O'Toole in "Waiting for Godot". His first television role was in 1958, in "Dixon of Dock Green". His other early television appearances included "Z-Cars", "Softly, Softly", "The Avengers" and "Jackanory". During the 1970s and 1980s he appeared in "Doctor at Large", "War and Peace" (a memorable performance as Mikhail Kutuzov), "Crown Court", "Last of the Summer Wine", "Ripping Yarns" (Murder at Moorstone's Manor), "Upstairs, Downstairs", "Poldark" (1975), "Fall of Eagles" (as Russian Prime Minister Pyotr Stolypin), "The Sweeney" and "Emmerdale Farm". He played Sir Charles Lyndon in Stanley Kubrick's "Barry Lyndon" (1975).</s><s>Television. Middlemass played the philandering butcher Mr. Lyon in the final episode of the third series of "Upstairs, Downstairs" in 1973, but it was not until 1980, when he appeared in the post-World War I drama "To Serve Them All My Days

Frank Middlemass

", that he first took a leading role in a British series. He followed this up with a notable performance in the BBC Television Shakespeare production as The Fool to Michael Hordern's "King Lear", as Henry Baker in "The Blue Carbuncle" episode of "The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes" in 1984 and Brezhnev in Tom Stoppard's "Squaring the Circle". He went on to play minor characters in "Yes Minister", "" (as Lord Derby), "Juliet Bravo", "Only When I Laugh", "All in Good Faith", "Yes, Prime Minister", "Oliver Twist" (as Mr. Brownlow), "Sherlock Holmes and the Leading Lady", and "Miss Marple", in the 1989 episode "A Caribbean Mystery" (as Major Palgrave). In 1989 he recorded a role as a choirmaster (similar to his role in the Children's Film Unit's "A Swarm in May", listed below) for the Christmas ghost story "Haunting Harmony"; this was a co-production made chiefly for export and shown in Canada and Ireland at Christmas 1990, but not transmitted in Britain until 1993 in a late-night slot. From 1992 to 1993, he appeared in twenty episodes of the police drama "Heartbeat" as Dr

Frank Middlemass

. Alex Ferrenby. Following that in 1993, Middlemass first appeared in the sitcom "As Time Goes By" as Rocky Hardcastle, a role that continued regularly until 2002, and then also in the 2005 two-part reunion specials, his final television appearance. He appeared in both British TV adaptations of "The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes", "The Blue Carbuncle" playing Peterson in the BBC adaptation and Henry Baker on the Granada TV series.</s><s>Other work. Middlemass also appeared on radio, most notably playing patriarch Dan Archer, the fourth actor to play the role, in the long-running radio soap opera "The Archers". He played this role from 1982 until 1986, when the character was killed off. Other voice work includes the albums and radio plays: Carol and the Advent Calendar, "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" and "Hordes of the Things". Frank also made the BBC Radio appeal for Headway, the National Head Injuries Association. He raised a substantial amount of money; letters from admirers came along with some of the cheques. He also appeared in films, including roles in "Otley" (1968), "Frankenstein Must Be Destroyed" (1969), "Say Hello to Yesterday" (1970

Frank Middlemass

), "Madame Sin" (1972), "Barry Lyndon" (1975), "The Island" (1980), as the voice of the Caterpillar in "Dreamchild" (1985), and "Mrs Caldicot's Cabbage War" (2002). He joined the Royal Shakespeare Company in 1984 and his Shakespearean roles included Friar Lawrence in "Romeo and Juliet", Quince in "A Midsummer Night's Dream" and Holofernes in "Love's Labour's Lost". Middlemass also appeared widely in classic plays such as "Rosmersholm", "Heartbreak House" and "You Never Can Tell".</s><s>Later years. Even in his eighties, Frank Middlemass was still performing on stage, notably in "The Importance of Being Earnest" and toured with a one-man show called "Frankly Speaking". In his final years, he made appearances in "Kavanagh QC", "Casualty", "The 10th Kingdom", "Doctors" and "Midsomer Murders" ("Midsomer Rhapsody", 2005). "As Time Goes By" returned for two reunion specials, aired at Christmas 2005, and they were his final television appearances. Middlemass never married, and for forty years

Frank Middlemass

he had a room in the house of his close friend, actor Geoffrey Toone, who died in 2005 after spending some time resident at Denville Hall. "To their general amusement", they were often mistaken to be lovers, but in fact were not. Middlemass died, aged 87, in Northwood, London.</s>


Prompt: Question: Tell me a bio of Andreas Ivanschitz.

Andreas Ivanschitz

<s>Andreas Ivanschitz Andreas Ivanschitz (; born 15 October 1983) is an Austrian retired footballer who played as an attacking midfielder. During the career, Ivanschitz played for Rapid Wien, Red Bull Salzburg, Panathinaikos, 1.FSV Mainz 05, Levante, Seattle Sounders FC and Viktoria Plzen. A full international since 2003, he represented Austria at Euro 2008.</s><s>Club career. Born in Eisenstadt, Ivanschitz began his football career as a youth in his town's local team called ASK Baumgarten, where he spent nine years. Soon, Rapid Wien scouts found out about his talent and in 1998, he signed his first professional contract with the Austrian champions. He was only 16 years old when he wore his team's shirt during an Austrian Cup match against Ranshofen on 26 October 1999. His first official League match was in 2000 against Wüstenrot Salzburg. In 177 games for Rapid Wien, Ivanschitz scored 27 times, winning the Austrian Championship title in 2004–05. In 2003, he was elected "Austrian Footballer of the Year." In January 2006, Ivanschitz transferred to Red Bull

Andreas Ivanschitz

Salzburg and then to Greek Super League club Panathinaikos in August 2006 on a two-year loan. On 20 June 2008, Ivanschitz agreed on a permanent deal with Panathinaikos. After three years in Greece with Panathinaikos he agreed on 18 July 2009 on a two-year loan with 1. FSV Mainz 05 with the view to a two-year permanent contract in the summer of 2011. Mainz took advantage of this contract option prematurely, and signed Ivanschitz permanently in January 2011. On 10 June 2013, Ivanschitz left Mainz for Levante UD. He scored his first goal in La Liga on 31 August, the winner with the last kick of a 2–1 home win over Rayo Vallecano. He finished his first season in Spain with three goals from 29 games, the last being in a 2–0 win over city rivals Valencia CF on 10 May. On 4 August 2015, he signed with Seattle Sounders FC in Major League Soccer. After suffering from an injury his debut was postponed to 13 September where he assisted a late Obafemi Martins goal to tie up the game against San Jose Earthquakes. Ivanschitz converted Seattle's second kick from the

Andreas Ivanschitz

spot in the 2016 MLS Cup penalty shootout, which the Sounders eventually won after six rounds, securing their first MLS Cup Title.</s><s>International career. Ivanschitz made his debut for Austria in a February 2003 friendly match against Greece, coming on as a substitute for Markus Weissenberger. He was also a participant at the UEFA Euro 2008. He has earned 69 caps for Austria and has scored 12 goals.</s><s>Career statistics.</s><s>Career statistics.:Club statistics. - 1.Includes Super League playoffs and MLS Cup playoffs.</s><s>Honours.</s><s>Honours.:Club. Rapid Wien - Austrian Football Bundesliga: 2005 Seattle Sounders FC - MLS Cup: 2016</s><s>Honours.:Individual. - Austrian Footballer of the Year: 2003</s><s>Personal life. Ivanschitz comes from a musical family and plays various musical instruments in his spare time. He is a part of the Burgenland Croat community.</s>


Prompt: Question: Tell me a bio of Tracy Somerset, Duchess of Beaufort.

Tracy Somerset, Duchess of Beaufort

<s>Tracy Somerset, Duchess of Beaufort Tracy Louise Somerset, Duchess of Beaufort (née Ward; born 22 December 1958) is a British duchess, environmental activist, and former actress. She is usually known as Tracy Worcester, the married style that she often used before 2017, and as an actress was credited as Tracy-Louise Ward. She was previously married to Henry Somerset, 12th Duke of Beaufort.</s><s>Life and work. Born in Kensington, Tracy Louise Ward is a daughter of the Hon. Peter Alistair Ward, a younger son of William Ward, 3rd Earl of Dudley. Her father became chairman of the family business, Baggeridge Brick. His first wife, Clare Leonora Baring, was the only child of the gentleman cricketer Giles Baring. Tracy Beaufort is the sister of the actress Rachel Ward. She also has one brother and two half-brothers. Her great-grandfather William Ward, 2nd Earl of Dudley, was Lord Lieutenant of Ireland in the early 20th century, and then Governor-General of Australia. The son of William Ward, 1st Earl of Dudley, and Georgina, Countess of Dudley, he owned nearly 30,000 acres in Staffordshire and Wor

Tracy Somerset, Duchess of Beaufort

cestershire, two hundred coal and iron mines, and several iron works, including the Round Oak Steelworks. Tracy Ward grew up on her father's estate at Cornwell, Oxfordshire. After gaining three 'A'-levels, she went to Paris as a model, and then to work at Christie's in London, before working in art galleries in New York City. In her early twenties, she trained for an acting career at the Academy of Live and Recorded Arts, London, and the London Drama School. As an actress, she is best remembered for her role as Tessa Robinson in the television detective series "C.A.T.S. Eyes" (1986–1987). She also appeared in the film "Dance with a Stranger" and the "Doctor Who" serial "Timelash", both in 1985, and played the first Miss Scarlett in the television drama game show "Cluedo" (1990). Her theatre credits include: "Our Day Out" (Nottingham Playhouse) and "Intimacy" (Cafe Theatre). On 13 June 1987, she married Henry, Marquess of Worcester, known to his friends as Bunter Worcester, a farmer and chartered surveyor who was son and heir of David Somerset, 11

Tracy Somerset, Duchess of Beaufort

th Duke of Beaufort. Charles, Prince of Wales, and Diana, Princess of Wales, both attended the wedding. They were divorced in 2018, after he had succeeded his father as Duke of Beaufort. They have three children: - Henry Robert FitzRoy Somerset, Marquess of Worcester (born 1989) - Lady Isabella Somerset (born 1991) - Lord Alexander Somerset (born 1993)</s><s>Campaigner. In 1989, Tracy Worcester began working with Friends of the Earth. Since then, she has been active in green politics as Associate Director of the International Society for Ecology and Culture, a trustee of The Gaia Foundation, the Trustee of The Schumacher Society and the Bath Environment Centre, on the Council of the UK's Soil Association, and a member of the International Forum on Globalisation. She was a member of the Referendum Party, which opposed Britain's involvement in the European Union. Since 1989, Tracy has been networking, fund raising, writing, making documentaries and public speaking to promote a more local food economy. Her feature length films include "Is Small Still Beautiful in India", and "The Politics of Happiness in Bhutan". Most recently, she produced a documentary film called Pig Business, highlighting the environmental and health impacts of the intensive factory farming

Tracy Somerset, Duchess of Beaufort

of low quality pork. She founded and directs a campaign organisation called Farms Not Factories, which makes films and online content intended to encourage viewers to only buy meat with a high welfare label. In 2013, she was signatory to a campaign for women to be able to inherit all peerages and entailed estates. During the campaign for the 2015 general election, she was one of several public figures who endorsed the parliamentary candidacy of the Green Party's Caroline Lucas.</s>


Prompt: Question: Tell me a bio of Elizabeth Inglis.

Elizabeth Inglis

<s>Elizabeth Inglis Elizabeth Inglis (born Desiree Mary Lucy Hawkins, July 10, 1913 – August 25, 2007), also known as Elizabeth Earl, was an English actress, known for her role in "The Letter".</s><s>Early life. Inglis was born Desiree Mary Lucy Hawkins in Colchester, Essex, the daughter of Margaret Inglis (née Hunt) and Alan George Hawkins.</s><s>Career. Her screen debut was in the 1934 film, "Borrowed Clothes". She then had a small part in Alfred Hitchcock's "The 39 Steps" (1935) as Hilary Jordan. She played the role of the young maid Nancy in the original British production of Patrick Hamilton's Victorian stage thriller "Gas Light", which premiered December 5, 1938, and closed June 10, 1939, after a total of 141 performances. Inglis and the rest of the cast recreated their stage roles for a 1939 television presentation performed live on BBC Television. In Hollywood, Inglis played the role of Adele Ainsworth in William Wyler's 1940 film "The Letter". By this time she was credited as Elizabeth Earl.</s><s>Personal life. In 1942, she married Pat Weaver (1908–2002), an

Elizabeth Inglis

American broadcasting executive; he was president of NBC television between 1953 and 1955. After marrying, Inglis retired from acting. The couple had two children, one of whom, Susan, became actress Sigourney Weaver. A photograph of Inglis was seen in a deleted scene in "Aliens" as Weaver's character's elderly grown daughter, Amanda Ripley. Inglis died on August 25, 2007, in Santa Barbara, California, aged 94.</s>


Prompt: Question: Tell me a bio of Mihai Eminescu.

Mihai Eminescu

<s>Mihai Eminescu Mihai Eminescu (; born Mihail Eminovici; 15 January 1850 – 15 June 1889) was a Romanian Romantic poet from Moldavia, novelist, and journalist, generally regarded as the most famous and influential Romanian poet. Eminescu was an active member of the Junimea literary society and worked as an editor for the newspaper "Timpul" ("The Time"), the official newspaper of the Conservative Party (1880–1918). His poetry was first published when he was 16 and he went to Vienna, Austria to study when he was 19. The poet's manuscripts, containing 46 volumes and approximately 14,000 pages, were offered by Titu Maiorescu as a gift to the Romanian Academy during the meeting that was held on 25 January 1902. Notable works include "Luceafărul" ("The Vesper/The Evening Star/The Lucifer/The Daystar"), "Odă în metru antic" ("Ode in Ancient Meter"), and the five "Letters" ("Epistles/Satires"). In his poems, he frequently used metaphysical, mythological and historical subjects. His father was Gheorghe Eminovici, an arist

Mihai Eminescu

ocrat from Bukovina, which was then part of the Austrian Empire (while his grandfather came from Banat). He crossed the border into Moldavia, settling in Ipotești, near the town of Botoșani. He married Raluca Iurașcu, an heiress of an old noble family. In a Junimea register, Eminescu wrote down his birthday date as 22 December 1849, while in the documents of Cernăuți Gymnasium, where Eminescu studied, his birth date is 15 January 1850. Nevertheless, Titu Maiorescu, in his work "Eminescu and His Poems" (1889) quoted N. D. Giurescu's research and adopted his conclusion regarding the date and place of Mihai Eminescu's birth, as being 15 January 1850, in Botoșani. This date resulted from several sources, among which there was a file of notes on christenings from the archives of the Uspenia (Princely) Church of Botoșani; inside this file, the date of birth was "15 January 1850" and the date of christening was the 21st of the

Mihai Eminescu

same month. The date of his birth was confirmed by the poet's elder sister, Aglae Drogli, who affirmed that the place of birth was the village of Ipotești, Botoșani County.</s><s>Life.</s><s>Life.:Early years. Mihail (as he appears in baptismal records) or Mihai (the more common form of the name that he used) was born in Botoșani, Moldavia. He spent his early childhood in Botoșani and Ipotești, in his parents family home. From 1858 to 1866 he attended school in Cernăuți. He finished 4th grade as the 5th of 82 students, after which he attended two years of "gymnasium". The first evidence of Eminescu as a writer is in 1866. In January of that year Romanian teacher Aron Pumnul died and his students in Cernăuţi published a pamphlet, "Lăcrămioarele învățăceilor gimnaziaști" ("The Tears of the Gymnasium Students")

Mihai Eminescu

in which a poem entitled "La mormântul lui Aron Pumnul" ("At the Grave of Aron Pumnul") appears, signed "M. Eminovici". On 25 February his poem "De-aș avea" ("If I Had") was published in Iosif Vulcan's literary magazine "Familia" in Pest. This began a steady series of published poems (and the occasional translation from German). Also, it was Iosif Vulcan, who disliked the Slavic source suffix ""-ici"" of the young poet's last name, that chose for him the more apparent Romanian "nom de plume" "Mihai Eminescu". In 1867, he joined Iorgu Caragiale's troupe as a clerk and prompter; the next year he transferred to Mihai Pascaly's troupe. Both of these were among the leading Romanian theatrical troupes of their day, the latter including Matei Millo and. He soon settled in Bucharest, where at the end of November he became a clerk and copyist for the National Theater. Throughout this period, he continued to write and publish poems. He also paid his rent by translating hundreds of

Mihai Eminescu

pages of a book by Heinrich Theodor Rötscher, although this never resulted in a completed work. Also at this time he began his novel "Geniu pustiu" ("Wasted Genius"), published posthumously in 1904 in an unfinished form. On 1 April 1869, he was one of the co-founders of the "Orient" literary circle, whose interests included the gathering of Romanian folklore and documents relating to Romanian literary history. On 29 June, various members of the "Orient" group were commissioned to go to different provinces. Eminescu was assigned Moldavia. That summer, he quite by chance ran into his brother Iorgu, a military officer, in Cișmigiu Gardens, but firmly rebuffed Iorgu's attempt to get him to renew his ties to his family. Still in the summer of 1869, he left Pascaly's troupe and traveled to Cernăuţi and Iaşi. He renewed ties to his family; his father promised him a regular allowance to pursue studies in Vienna in the fall. As always, he continued to write and publish poetry; notably, on the occasion of the death of the former ruler of Wallachia, Barb

Mihai Eminescu

u Dimitrie Știrbei, he published a leaflet, "La moartea principelui Știrbei" ("On the Death of Prince Știrbei").</s><s>Life.:1870s. From October 1869 to 1872 Eminescu studied at the University of Vienna. Not fulfilling the requirements to become a university student (as he did not have a baccalaureate degree), he attended lectures as a so-called "extraordinary auditor" at the Faculty of Philosophy and Law. He was active in student life, befriended Ioan Slavici, and came to know Vienna through Veronica Micle; he became a contributor to "Convorbiri Literare" ("Literary Conversations"), edited by "Junimea" ("The Youth"). The leaders of this cultural organisation, Petre P. Carp, Vasile Pogor, Theodor Rosetti, Iacob Negruzzi and Titu Maiorescu, exercised their political and cultural influence over Eminescu for the rest of his life. Impressed by one of Eminescu's poems, "Venere şi Madonă" ("Venus and Madonna"), Iacob

Mihai Eminescu

Negruzzi, the editor of "Convorbiri Literare", traveled to Vienna to meet him. Negruzzi would later write how he could pick Eminescu out of a crowd of young people in a Viennese café by his "romantic" appearance: long hair and gaze lost in thoughts. In 1870 Eminescu wrote three articles under the pseudonym "Varro" in "Federaţiunea" in Pest, on the situation of Romanians and other minorities in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He then became a journalist for the newspaper "Albina" ("The Bee") in Pest. From 1872 to 1874 he continued as a student in Berlin, thanks to a stipend offered by "Junimea". From 1874 to 1877, he worked as director of the Central Library in Iași, substitute teacher, school inspector for the counties of Iași and Vaslui, and editor of the newspaper "Curierul de Iași" ("The Courier of Iaşi"), all thanks to his friendship with Titu Maiorescu, the leader of Junimea and rector of the University of Iași.

Mihai Eminescu

He continued to publish in "Convorbiri Literare". He also was a good friend of Ion Creangă, a writer, whom he convinced to become a writer and introduced to the "Junimea" literary club. In 1877 he moved to Bucharest, where until 1883 he was first journalist, then (1880) editor-in-chief of the newspaper "Timpul" ("The Time"). During this time he wrote "Scrisorile", "Luceafărul", "Odă în metru antic" etc. Most of his notable editorial pieces belong to this period, when Romania was fighting the Ottoman Empire in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 and throughout the diplomatic race that eventually brought about the international recognition of Romanian independence, but under the condition of bestowing Romanian citizenship to all subjects of Jewish faith. Eminescu opposed this and another clause of the Treaty of Berlin: Romania's having to give southern Bessarabia to Russia in exchange for Northern Dobruja, a former Ottoman province on the Black Sea.</s><s>Life.:Later life and death. The 1880s were a time of crisis and deterioration in the poet's life, culminating with his

Mihai Eminescu

death in 1889. The details of this are still debated. From 1883 – when Eminescu's personal crisis and his more problematic health issues became evident – until 1886, the poet was treated in Austria and Italy, by specialists that managed to get him on his feet, as testified by his good friend, writer Ioan Slavici. In 1886, Eminescu suffered a nervous breakdown and was treated by Romanian doctors, in particular Julian Bogdan and Panait Zosin. Immediately diagnosed with syphilis, after being hospitalized in a nervous diseases hospice within the Neamț Monastery, the poet was treated with mercury. Firstly, massages in Botoșani, applied by Dr. Itszak, and then in Bucharest at Dr. Alexandru A. Suțu's sanatorium, where between February–June 1889 he was injected with mercuric chloride. Professor Doctor Irinel Popescu, corresponding member of the Romanian Academy and president of the Academy of Medical Sciences of Romania, states that Eminescu died because of mercury poisoning. He also says that the poet was "treated" by a group of incompetent doctors and held in misery, which also shortened his life. Mercury was prohibited as treatment of syphilis in Western

Mihai Eminescu

Europe in the 19th century, because of its adverse effects. Mihai Eminescu died at 4 am, on 15 June 1889 at the Caritas Institute, a sanatorium run by Dr. Suțu and located on Plantelor Street Sector 2, Bucharest. Eminescu's last wish was a glass of milk, which the attending doctor slipped through the metallic peephole of the "cell" where he spent the last hours of his life. In response to this favor he was said to have whispered, "I'm crumbled". The next day, on 16 June 1889 he was officially declared deceased and legal papers to that effect were prepared by doctors Suțu and Petrescu, who submitted the official report. This paperwork is seen as ambiguous, because the poet's cause of death is not clearly stated and there was no indication of any other underlying condition that may have so suddenly resulted in his death. In fact both the poet's medical file and autopsy report indicate symptoms of a mental and not physical disorder. Moreover, at the autopsy performed by Dr. Tomescu and then by Dr. Marinescu from the laboratory at Babeș-Bolyai University, the brain could not be studied, because a nurse inadvertently forgot

Mihai Eminescu

it on an open window, where it quickly decomposed. One of the first hypotheses that disagreed with the post mortem findings for Eminescu's cause of death was printed on 28 June 1926 in an article from the newspaper "Universul". This article forwards the hypothesis that Eminescu died after another patient, Petre Poenaru, former headmaster in Craiova, hit him in the head with a board. Dr. Vineș, the physician assigned to Eminescu at Caritas argued at that time that the poet's death was the result of an infection secondary to his head injury. Specifically, he says that the head wound was infected, turning into an erysipelas, which then spread to the face, neck, upper limbs, thorax, and abdomen. In the same report, cited by Nicolae Georgescu in his work, "Eminescu târziu", Vineș states that ""Eminescu's death was not due to head trauma occurred 25 days earlier and which had healed completely, but was the consequence of an older endocarditis (diagnosed by late professor N. Tomescu)"". Contemporary specialists, primarily physicians who have dealt with the Eminescu case, reject both

Mihai Eminescu

hypotheses on the cause of death of the poet. According to them, the poet died of cardio-respiratory arrest caused by mercury poisoning. Eminescu was wrongly diagnosed and treated, aiming his removal from public life, as some eminescologists claim. Eminescu was diagnosed since 1886 by Dr. Julian Bogdan from Iași as syphilitic, paralytic and on the verge of dementia due to alcohol abuse and syphilitic gummas emerged on the brain. The same diagnosis is given by Dr. Panait Zosin, who consulted Eminescu on 6 November 1886 and wrote that patient Eminescu suffered from a "mental alienation", caused by the emergence of syphilis and worsened by alcoholism. Further research showed that the poet was not suffering from syphilis.</s><s>Works. Nicolae Iorga, the Romanian historian, considers Eminescu the godfather of the modern Romanian language, in the same way that Shakespeare is seen to have directly influenced the English language. He is unanimously celebrated as the greatest and most representative Romanian poet. "Poems and Prose of Mihai Eminescu" (editor:, publisher: The Center for Romanian Studies, Iași, Oxford, and

Mihai Eminescu

Portland, 2000, ) contains a selection of English-language renditions of Eminescu's poems and prose.</s><s>Works.:Poetry. His poems span a large range of themes, from nature and love to hate and social commentary. His childhood years were evoked in his later poetry with deep nostalgia. Eminescu's poems have been translated in over 60 languages. His life, work and poetry strongly influenced the Romanian culture and his poems are widely studied in Romanian public schools. His most notable poems are: - "", first poem of Mihai Eminescu - "Ce-ți doresc eu ție, dulce Românie" - "Somnoroase păsărele" - "Pe lângă plopii fără soț" - "Doina" (the name is a traditional type of Romanian song), 1884 - "Lacul" ("The Lake"), 1876 - "Luceafărul" ("The Vesper"), 1883 - "Floare albastră" ("Blue Flower"), 1884 - "Dorința" ("Desire"), 1884

Mihai Eminescu

- "Sara pe deal" ("Evening on the Hill"), 1885 - "O, rămai" ("Oh, Linger On"), 1884 - "Epigonii" ("Epigones"), 1884 - "Scrisori" ("Letters" or "Epistles-Satires") - "Și dacă" ("And if..."), 1883 - "Odă în metru antic" ("Ode in Ancient Meter"), 1883 - "Mai am un singur dor" ("I Have Yet One Desire"), 1883 - "Glossă" ("Gloss"), 1883 - "La Steaua" ("To The Star"), 1886 - "Memento mori", 1872 - "Povestea magului călător în stele"</s><s>Works.:Prose. - "Sarmanul Dionis" ("Poor Dionis"), 1872 - "Cezara", 1876 - "Avatarii Faraonului Tla", postum - "Geniu pustiu" ("Deserted genius"), novel, posthumous</s><s>Works.:Presence in

Mihai Eminescu

English language anthologies. - "Testament – Anthology of Modern Romanian Verse / Testament – Antologie de Poezie Română Modernă – Bilingual Edition English & Romanian" – Daniel Ioniță (editor and translator) with Eva Foster and Daniel Reynaud – Minerva Publishing 2012 and 2015 (second edition) – - "Testament – Anthology of Romanian Verse – American Edition -" monolingual English language edition – Daniel Ioniță (editor and principal translator) with Eva Foster, Daniel Reynaud and Rochelle Bews – Australian-Romanian Academy for Culture – 2017 – - "The Bessarabia of My Soul / Basarabia Sufletului Meu -" a collection of poetry from the Republic of Moldova – bilingual English/Romanian – Daniel Ioniță and Maria Tonu (editors), with Eva Foster, Daniel Reynaud and Rochelle Bews – MediaTon, Toronto, Canada – 2018 – - T"estment – 400 Years of Romanian Poetry – 400 de ani de poezie românească" – bilingual edition – Daniel Ioniță (editor and principal translator) with Daniel

Mihai Eminescu

Reynaud, Adriana Paul & Eva Foster – Editura Minerva, 2019 – - "Romanian Poetry from its Origins to the Present" – bilingual edition English/Romanian – Daniel Ioniță (editor and principal translator) with Daniel Reynaud, Adriana Paul and Eva Foster – Australian-Romanian Academy Publishing – 2020 – ;</s><s>Romanian culture. Eminescu was only 20 when Titu Maiorescu, the top literary critic in Romania, dubbed him "a real poet", in an essay where only a handful of the Romanian poets of the time were spared Maiorescu's harsh criticism. In the following decade, Eminescu's notability as a poet grew continually thanks to (1) the way he managed to enrich the literary language with words and phrases from all Romanian regions, from old texts, and with new words that he coined from his wide philosophical readings; (2) the use of bold metaphors, much too rare in earlier Romanian poetry; (3) last but not least, he was arguably the first Romanian writer who published in all Romanian provinces and was constantly interested in the problems of Romanians everywhere. He defined himself as a Romantic, in a poem addressed "To My Critics" ("Criticil

Mihai Eminescu

or mei"), and this designation, his untimely death as well as his bohemian lifestyle (he never pursued a degree, a position, a wife or fortune) had him associated with the Romantic figure of the genius. As early as the late 1880s, Eminescu had a group of faithful followers. His 1883 poem "Luceafărul" was so notable that a new literary review took its name after it. The most realistic psychological analysis of Eminescu was written by I. L. Caragiale, who, after the poet's death published three short articles on this subject: "In Nirvana", "Irony" and "Two notes". Caragiale stated that Eminescu's characteristic feature was the fact that "he had an excessively unique nature". Eminescu's life was a continuous oscillation between introvert and extrovert attitudes. The portrait that Titu Maiorescu made in the study "Eminescu and poems" emphasizes Eminescu's introvert dominant traits. Titu Maiorescu promoted the image of a dreamer who was far away from reality, who did not suffer because of the material conditions that he lived in, regardless of all the ironies and eul

Mihai Eminescu

ogies of his neighbour, his main characteristic was "abstract serenity". In reality, just as one can discover from his poems and letters and just as Caragiale remembered, Eminescu was seldom influenced by boisterous subconscious motivations. Eminescu's life was but an overlap of different-sized cycles, made of sudden bursts that were nurtured by dreams and crises due to the impact with reality. The cycles could last from a few hours or days to weeks or months, depending on the importance of events, or could even last longer, when they were linked to the events that significantly marked his life, such as his relation with Veronica, his political activity during his years as a student, or the fact that he attended the gatherings at the "Junimea" society or the articles he published in the newspaper "Timpul". He used to have a unique manner of describing his own crisis of jealousy.</s><s>Romanian culture.:National poet. Eminescu was soon proclaimed Romania's national poet, not because he wrote in an age of national revival, but rather because he was received as an author of paramount significance by Romanians in all provinces. Even today, he is considered the national poet of Romania, Moldova, and of the

Mihai Eminescu

Romanians who live in Bukovina ().</s><s>Romanian culture.:Iconography. Eminescu is omnipresent in today's Romania. His statues are everywhere; his face was on the 1000-lei banknotes issued in 1991, 1992, and 1998, and is on the 500-lei banknote issued in 2005 as the highest-denominated Romanian banknote (see Romanian leu); Eminescu's Linden Tree is one of the country's most famous natural landmarks, while many schools and other institutions are named after him. The anniversaries of his birth and death are celebrated each year in many Romanian cities, and they became national celebrations in 1989 (the centennial of his death) and 2000 (150 years after his birth, proclaimed Eminescu's Year in Romania). Several young Romanian writers provoked a huge scandal when they wrote about "their" demystified idea of Eminescu and went so far as to reject the "official" interpretation of his work.</s><s>Romanian culture.:International legacy. A monument jointly dedicated to Eminescu and Allama Iqbal was erected in Islamabad, Pakistan on 15 January 2004, commemorating Pakistani-Romanian ties, as well as the dialogue between civilizations which is possible through the

Mihai Eminescu

cross-cultural appreciation of their poetic legacies. Composer Rodica Sutzu used Eminescu's text for her song “Gazel, opus 15.” In 2004, the Mihai Eminescu Statue was erected in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. On April 8, 2008, a crater on the planet Mercury was named for him. A boulevard passing by the Romanian embassy in Sofia, Bulgaria is named after Eminescu. In 2021, the Dutch artist Kasper Peters performs a theater show entitled "Eminescu", dedicated to the poet. On January 15, 2023, the first monument in Spain in honor of Mihai Eminescu was erected in the city of Rivas-Vaciamadrid. A memorial bench is located in front of the library. Federico Garcia Lorca at the city's Constitution Square.</s><s>Political views. Due to his conservative nationalistic views, Eminescu was easily adopted as an icon by the Romanian right. After a decade when Eminescu's works were criticized as "mystic" and "bourgeois", Romanian Communists ended by adopting Eminescu as "the" major Romanian poet. What opened the door for this thaw was the poem "Î

Mihai Eminescu

mpărat și proletar" ("Emperor and proletarian") that Eminescu wrote under the influence of the 1870–1871 events in France, and which ended in a Schopenhauerian critique of human life. An expurgated version only showed the stanzas that could present Eminescu as a poet interested in the fate of proletarians. It has also been revealed that Eminescu demanded strong anti-Jewish legislation on the German model, saying, among other things, that "the Jew does not deserve any rights anywhere in Europe because he is not working." This was not, however, an unusual stance to take in the cultural and literary milieu of his age.</s><s>See also. - Mihai Eminescu National Theater</s><s>References.</s><s>References.:Bibliography. - George Călinescu, "La vie d'Eminescu", Bucarest: Univers, 1989, 439 p. - Marin Bucur (ed.), "Caietele Mihai Eminescu", București, Editura Eminescu, 1972 - Murărașu, Dumitru (1983), "Mihai Eminescu. Viaț

Mihai Eminescu

a și Opera", Bucharest: Eminescu. - Petrescu, Ioana Em. (1972), "Eminescu. Modele cosmologice și viziune poetică", Bucharest: Minerva. - Dumitrescu-Bușulenga, Zoe (1986), "Eminescu și romantismul german", Bucharest: Eminescu. - Bhose, Amita (1978), "Eminescu şi India", Iași: Junimea. - Ițu, Mircia (1995), "Indianismul lui Eminescu", Brașov: Orientul Latin. - Vianu, Tudor (1930), "Poezia lui Eminescu", Bucharest: Cartea Românească. - Negoițescu, Ion (1970), "Poezia lui Eminescu", Iași: Junimea. - Simion, Eugen (1964), "Proza lui Eminescu", Bucharest: Editura pentru literatură.</s>


Prompt: Question: Tell me a bio of Vujadin Savić.

Vujadin Savić

<s>Vujadin Savić Vujadin Savić (; born 1 July 1990) is a retired Serbian footballer.</s><s>Club career.</s><s>Club career.:Early career. Savić was eight years old when he began training for the Red Star Belgrade, where he passed all age categories. Between 2007 and 2009 he played for Rad before returning to Red Star where he would play in the first squad until 2010 when he moved to France and signed with Bordeaux. In January 2012, he went on loan to Dynamo Dresden for the rest of the 2011–12 season.</s><s>Club career.:Watford. On 23 January 2015 Savić signed for English Championship club Watford until the end of the season. However, he was one of three released by Watford following their promotion to the Premier League in 2015, and left without making an appearance for the club.</s><s>Club career.:Sheriff Tiraspol. In 2015, Savić joined Sheriff Tiraspol, where he made a total of 40 appearances and 4 goals in all competitions over two seasons. He scored a bicycle kick in a league match against Zaria Bălți on 19 September 2015.</s><s>Club career.:Return to Red Star Bel

Vujadin Savić

grade. In June 2017, Savić returned to his home club, Red Star Belgrade, on a two-year contract. In his first season back in Belgrade, Red Star became the first team in history to make it to the 2018 Europa League knockout phase from the first qualifying round. It was also Red Star's first season surviving the group stage of a UEFA competition in 26 years. During the 2017 season, coach Vladan Milojević played Savić in reputable defensive partnerships with Srđan Babić and Damien Le Tallec. With Savić, Red Star conceded only two goals in the 2017 Europa League group stage; it was the second best defense in the Europa League group stage behind eventual semi-finalists Red Bull Salzburg. In May 2018, Savić was elected in the best 11 players for the 2017–18 Serbian SuperLiga season, by clubs captains' and managers' choice. The following season, Savić managed to guide Red Star to their first ever UEFA Champions League appearance. During the qualifying rounds, playing mostly in tandem with Miloš Degenek, Red Star managed to concede only three goals. In absence of club captain Nenad Milijaš, Savić capt

Vujadin Savić

ained Red Star in all four of the games he featured in. In two out of those four games, both home against Napoli and Liverpool, Red Star managed to keep a clean sheet. He played the first half against Liverpool at Anfield but was substituted at half-time due to injury. He missed the remaining two games against Napoli in Naples and Paris Saint-Germain in Belgrade also because of injury. On 25 January 2019, Savić extended his contract with Red Star until summer 2022.</s><s>Club career.:APOEL. On 14 July 2019, Cypriot club APOEL officially announced Savić's signing. Savić joined APOEL from Red Star on a free transfer, with a provision that Red Star be paid half of the sum of his next transfer. He signed a three-year contract. In late August 2019, he underwent surgery for a groin injury. On 15 February 2021, Savić was loaned to Slovenian PrvaLiga side Olimpija Ljubljana for the remainder of the 2020–21 Slovenian PrvaLiga season.</s><s>International career. Savić represented Serbia at the 2009 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship. In March 2018, Savi

Vujadin Savić

ć got a first call to the Serbia national football team under coach Mladen Krstajić, for friendly games against Morocco and Nigeria. He failed to make a debut due to injury.</s><s>Personal life. Vujadin is a son of Serbian former professional footballer Dušan Savić. He has four children with unmarried spouse Mirka Vasiljević, who is an actress. Savić was named after Serbian coach and former player Vujadin Boškov. He is also nicknamed "Giška" after his relative Đorđe Božović.</s><s>Career statistics.</s><s>Career statistics.:Club.</s><s>Honours.</s><s>Honours.:Club. Red Star Belgrade - Serbian SuperLiga: 2017–18, 2018–19 - Serbian Cup: 2009–10 Sheriff - National Division: 2015–16, 2016–17 - Moldovan Cup: 2016–17 - Moldovan Super Cup: 2016 APOEL - Cyprus Super Cup: 2019 Olimpija Ljubljana - Slovenian Cup: 2020–21</s><s>Honours.:Individual. - Serbian SuperLiga Team of the Season: 2017–18</s>