Prompt: Question: Tell me a bio of Ruth Fischer.

Ruth Fischer

<s>Ruth Fischer Ruth Fischer (11 December 1895 – 13 March 1961) was an Austrian and German Communist, and a co-founder of the Austrian Communist Party (KPÖ) in 1918. Along with her partner Arkadi Maslow, she led the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) through both the May 1924 and December 1924 federal elections. After being removed from the KPD, she became involved with various anti-Stalinist left-wing groups, and would remain a staunch anti-Stalinist activist for the rest of her life.</s><s>Background. Fischer was born Elfriede Eisler in Leipzig in 1895, the daughter of Marie Edith Fischer and Rudolf Eisler, a professor of philosophy at Leipzig but of Austrian nationality. }} Her father was Jewish and her mother was Lutheran. She was the elder sister to noted film and concert composer Hanns Eisler and fellow communist activist Gerhart Eisler. She studied philosophy, economics and politics at University of Vienna, where her father was working. At an undisclosed time, before March 1921, she adopted her mother's maiden name as part of her writer's name, "Ruth Fischer." According to later records of the British Security Service (MI5

Ruth Fischer

), she also used the names of her partner Maslow and husband Pleuchot.</s><s>Communism. The Austrian Communist Party was founded on 4 November 1918 by Ruth Fischer and Paul Friedländer, a medical student she married in 1917, who later died in a Nazi prison or concentration camp. She claimed in her memoir, "Stalin and German Communism", that she was listed as member number one. Eight days later, she claimed, a crowd of rioters proclaimed her editor of Vienna's largest daily, the "Neue Freie Presse", and she was arrested and charged with treason, but released under amnesty. She opposed the failed attempt to seize power in Austria in June 1919 instigated by the Hungarian communist Erno Bettelheim, and during the recriminations that followed, she left her husband and moved to Berlin. She visited the Comintern representative Karl Radek many times while he was interned in Moabit prison, acting as his contact with the Communist Party of Germany. In a memoir of his year in Berlin, Radek commented: "She gave the impression of being a lively, if uneducated female.. I saw that she could grasp ideas easily, but that they didn't sink in very far, and she could easily fall

Ruth Fischer

under some other influence." In 1921, Fischer became leader of the Berlin branch of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD), and she and Arkadi Maslow emerged as leaders of the left of the communist party, who blamed the party's over-cautious leadership for the failure of the March Action in 1921, and opposed the tactic of a 'united front' with the German Social Democratic Party. The German authorities tried to forcibly repatriate her to Austria. Thus she married the fellow communist Gustav Golke (1889–1937, executed in the Soviet Great Purge), in order to be naturalised as a German. Heinrich Brandler was the national leader of the Communist Party of Germany. In the early months of 1923, Ruth Fischer and urged Brandler to organize an uprising on the model provided by the Bolsheviks in 1917. Together they developed the "theory of the offensive". Fischer denounced the leadership for "making concessions to social democracy", for "opportunism" and for "ideological liquidationism and theoretical revisionism". Chris Harman, author of "The Lost Revolution" (1982) has pointed out: "Articulate and energetic, they were able to gather around them many of the new workers who had joined the party." Although

Ruth Fischer

she appeared to represent a minority view in the Communist Party of Germany at that time, Comintern ordered that she should be co-opted onto its Central Committee in April 1923. In 1923, Fischer appealed to a group of Nazi students, proclaiming that "Those who call for a struggle against Jewish capital are already, gentlemen, class strugglers, even if they don’t know it. You are against Jewish capital and want to fight the speculators. Very good. Throw down the Jewish capitalists, hang them from the lamp-post, stamp on them." Ruth Fischer argued that the Communist Party of Germany leaders were saying: "In no circumstances must we proclaim the general strike. The bourgeoisie will discover our plans and destroy us before we have moved. On the contrary, we must calm the masses, hold back our people in the factories and the unemployed committees until the government thinks the moment of danger has passed." When the leaders of the Communist Party of Germany met leaders in Moscow in September 1923 to discuss the prospect of seizing power that autumn, Leon Trotsky was so disturbed by the antagonism between the different factions that, out of loyalty to Brandler, he proposed that Maslow and Fischer be ordered to stay in Moscow. In the event, it was agreed that Maslow would stay

Ruth Fischer

, but Fischer could return to Germany. After the failure of the Hamburg Uprising, and Maslow's return to Germany, Fischer, Maslow and Ernst Thälmann gained control of the KPD, at Brandler's expense. In April 1924, the 9th party convention elected her and Maslow co-chairpersons of the Communist Party of Germany. In May 1924, she travelled to the UK as a fraternal delegate to a sixth congress of the Communist Party of Great Britain, whom she accused of being too close to the Labour Party, and narrowly avoided being arrested in Manchester. She was elected to the Reichstag under her then legal name Elfriede Golke, and to the Prussian House of Representatives. In January 1925, she was arrested in Austria, after crossing the border illegally on a mission to revive the Austrian communist party. During the power struggle in the Soviet Union following the death of Lenin, the trio backed the Comintern chairman Grigory Zinoviev, who at that time was aligned with Joseph Stalin, against Trotsky and Radek. In June 1924, she led the German delegation to the Fifth Congress of Comintern, where she denounced Trotsky in public, in language not previously heard. At the sixth congress of the KPD

Ruth Fischer

, in 1925, she went on to attack the two most famous martyrs of German communism, Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht for having "burdened us with great errors which we must eradicate." Writing in a party journal, she likened Luxemburg's influence to a syphilis bacillus. By August 1925, Zinoviev and other soviet leaders had decided that Fischer and Maslow were unreliable, and the executive of Comintern passed a resolution attacking them by name, without mentioning Thälmann. She was ordered to stay in Moscow (while Maslow was in prison in Germany), and Thälmann took over the leadership of the German party. When the rift between Zinoviev and Stalin became public, she began meeting Zinoviev to settle their past differences. In February 1926, she was summoned by Stalin, who told her she could return to Germany and be readmitted to the party leadership if she submitted to the party line, which she refused to do. When the executive of Comintern held a special session, private letters she had written, which had been intercepted by the censorship were read out, including one to Maslow, in which she wrote "We are condemned to death, since terror reigns in Leningrad

Ruth Fischer

." From then, she was publicly linked to the anti-Stalinist left, despite her previous clashes with Trotsky. On 19 August 1926, she and Maslow were expelled from the KPD.</s><s>Anti-Stalinism. In Germany, she and Maslow formed a splinter group to the left of the KPD. arguing that Stalin was the leader of a counter-revolution in the USSR, which was ruled by a new class of bureaucrats running a form of state capitalism. She lost her Reichstag seat in 1928, and fled to Paris in 1933 and in August the same year the Nazi government annulled her naturalisation of 1923. When Trotsky founded the Fourth International in 1938, he'set great store' by the accession of Fischer, who visited him frequently in France, though her opposition to Stalinism went further than his. In 1941, Fischer left France for the United States. In 1947, she testified before HUAC against her brothers Gerhart and Hanns. Her testimony against Hanns resulted in his blacklisting and deportation. She testified that Gerhart was an important Comintern agent. In 1948, she published her memoir "Stalin and German Communism" - but the accuracy of her account of events that had happened a quarter of

Ruth Fischer

a century or more before she was writing has been challenged. Rosa Luxemburg's biographer, J.P.Nettl, described the book as "generally unreliable; in places deliberately so." E.H.Carr looked into one of the claims made in the book and concluded that it was "inaccurate in every particular that can be checked." Isaac Deutscher, a biographer of Trotsky and Stalin, described her as a "young, trumpet-tongued woman, without any revolutionary experience or merit, yet idolized by the Communists of Berlin." In 1955, Fischer returned to Paris and published her books "Stalin and German Communism" and "Die Umformung der Sowjetgesellschaft".</s><s>Death and afterwards. Fischer died in Paris in 1961, aged 65, from undisclosed causes. She had one child, Friedrich Gerhart Friedländer (F.G. Friedlander), born in Vienna 1917, later a mathematician, who died in the United Kingdom in 2001. The International Institute of Social History has an archive of her papers.</s><s>See also. - Hanns Eisler - Gerhart Eisler - Arkadi Maslow</s><s>Further reading. - Ruth Fischer Papers, (International

Ruth Fischer

Institute of Social History) - Deutscher, Isaac, "The Prophet Unarmed: Trotsky 1921–1929", Oxford University Press, 1980,</s>


Prompt: Question: Tell me a bio of Ameyaw Debrah.

Ameyaw Debrah

<s>Ameyaw Debrah Ameyaw Kissi Debrah, known professionally as Ameyaw Debrah, is a Ghanaian celebrity blogger, freelance journalist, and reporter. He founded AmeyawDebrah.com, an entertainment website and blog that primarily publishes news about Ghanaian celebrities. He graduated from Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology with a bachelor's degree in publishing. While at KNUST, he won the Best Publishing Student award in 2005. He has made significant contributions to several pan-African websites, including Jamati.com, Orijin-ent.com, and ModernGhana.com. In 2008, he joined GhanaWeb.com as the entertainment editor and launched his own website that same year.</s><s>Early life and education. Debrah attended Adisadel College in Cape Coast, and became an editor for the school's magazine in 1999. He graduated with a bachelor's degree in publishing from Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST). After graduating from KNUST, Debrah completed his National Service Secretariat (NSS) programme at "Ovation International Magazine" in Accra.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:Early career. While at "Ovation",

Ameyaw Debrah

he primarily wrote about the Ghanaian entertainment industry. His writings were published for the publication's international audience. After completing his service with NSS, he became a columnist for "Star" newspaper. In 2007, he devoted his time contributing to the pan-African websites Jamati.com, Orijin-ent.com, and ModernGhana.com. Towards the end of 2007, he joined "Voices of Africa", a media project based in the Netherlands. During his time there, he submitted videos, photos and news from Ghana for Africanews.com. In 2008, he became the entertainment editor for GhanaWeb.com. Later that year, he fully launched his blog AmeyawDebrah.com. He left Ghanaweb in 2012 to pursue his blog full-time. He contributes to StarGist, an entertainment segment on Africa Magic, as a Skype correspondent. He also contributes to content on EbonyLife TV and "Glitz Africa Magazine". He was an ambassador for Malta Guinness' Africa Rising Campaign.</s><s>Career.:AmeyawDebrah.com. The formulation of AmeyawDebrah.com was a result of Debrah's friend hosting and helping him get the domain. Since its inception, the website has

Ameyaw Debrah

found innovative ways to reach readers across the globe. In 2010, the website debuted its iPhone app with the help of MobBase, a web developer. In 2012, the website launched an internet-based talent hunt competition to discover and promote new musical talents in Ghana. In addition, Debrah launched the My Ghana Campaign, a platform that allows readers to record a one-minute video discussing relevant issues in Ghana.</s><s>Career.:Ringier Ghana and Yen.com.gh. In December 2014, Debrah joined Ringier Ghana to launch and manage pulse.com.gh. He left in August 2015 to join Genesis Technology and later launched Yen.com.gh. In September 2015, Debrah worked as the editor-in-chief of a newly established publication called Yen.com.gh. He left the role in September 2017.</s><s>Career.:Managing career. Coptic, a multi-platinum award-winning Ghanaian music producer, appointed Debrah as his manager in Ghana and Africa. Coptic released "The Black Star Line Mixtape Vol 1" (2011), a mixtape that seeks to bring American rappers back to Africa and close to their roots. The mixtape is also Coptic's introduction to the African market. In addition to

Ameyaw Debrah

managing Coptic's interest in Ghana and Africa, Debrah is also in charge of scouting for new up and coming talents that can be signed to Rebel Musik, Coptic's African music production branch. In an interview posted on Peace FM Online, Debrah said he's grateful for the opportunity to work with Coptic and help advance the careers of other Ghanaian and African artists. Debrah also assumed management of multiple-award-winning rapper Pappy Kojo in 2014.</s><s>Ameyaw TV. In 2018, Debrah launched Ameyaw TV, a web portal for various web video formats. After holding auditions for several talented and young aspiring TV presenters, Ameyaw TV rolled out production of three formats currently streaming on tv.ameyawdebrah.com. The formats include Daily Buzz, News in One, and Trend Mill. Other formats such as Trending GH were later introduced and others are expected to be rolled out in 2019.</s><s>Personal life. Ameyaw Debrah married Elsie Darkoa at a wedding ceremony held on March 6, 2018. The couple have a son named Nathan.</s>


Prompt: Question: Tell me a bio of Félix María Zuloaga.

Félix María Zuloaga

<s>Félix María Zuloaga Félix María Zuloaga was a Mexican conservative general and politician who played a key role in the outbreak of the Reform War in early 1860, a war which would see him elevated to the presidency of the nation. President Zuloaga was unrecognized by and fought against the liberals supporters of President Benito Juarez. Zuloaga’s forces quickly gained control over the capital, and the central states of the nation, winning every major engagement during the first year of the war, and even temporarily capturing Juarez and his entire cabinet, but in the end, the liberals were not decisively defeated, still controlled large parts of the nation’s periphery, and Juarez remained securely entrenched in the strategic port of Veracruz. In December 1858, a moderate faction of the conservatives overthrew Zuloaga, hoping to come to a compromise with Juarez. Manuel Robles Pezuela then ascended to the presidency. The liberal government rejected all offers of compromise, and the conservatives then elected Miguel Miramon as president. The ousted Zuloaga still clinging to his claims of the presidency, endorsed Miramon’s election and officially passed the presidency on to him. Zuloaga remained

Félix María Zuloaga

somewhat active in Miramon’s government but eventually retired from the scene. He emerged after the war ended to claim the presidency while conservative guerillas were still active in the countryside, but this came to nothing, and Zuloaga subsequently left the country. He would return during the Second Mexican Empire, but unlike many of his conservative colleagues played no political or military role within the Empire. After the fall of the Empire in 1867, Zuloaga was exiled to Cuba and returned to civilian life eventually returning to Mexico and living until 1895.</s><s>Early life. Felix Zuloaga was born on 31 March 1803 in Álamos, Sonora. On 8 October 1834, he received the rank of colonel of the national guard and was engaged in campaigns against Indians until 1837, when he left the department of Chihuahua, having previously been granted the rank of lieutenant of engineers. He defended the government during the Federalist Revolt of 1840, during which a group of militants seized the National Palace and took President Anastasio Bustamante hostage in order to try and overthrow the government and restore the Constitution of 1824. The following year he joined the Bases of Tacubaya which intended to revise the then current constitution, the S

Félix María Zuloaga

iete Leyes. He was promoted to captain on 5 November 1841 and fought in Yucatan as part of the Caste Wars, after which he moved to Tabasco and was granted the rank of lieutenant colonel. During the Mexican–American War, he was in charge of fortifications in Monterey and in Saltillo, and in 1847 contributed to setting up the defenses on the route from Veracruz to Mexico City. In July 1848, he retired to Chihuahua where he was elected alderman in 1852 and remained in that post until March, 1853 when he returned to service in the military. In November he was promoted to colonel and was named president of the council of war for judging thieves at which post he remained for a few months. In the following two years he served the Santa Anna’s campaign against the liberal revolutionaries of the south led by Juan Alvarez. He fell prisoner at the Hacienda de Nuzco, and the rebel commander Ignacio Comonfort protected him from being sent to a firing squad and actually recruited him to join the liberal cause. When the Plan of Ayutla triumphed, and Santa Anna’s dictatorship was overthrown, Zuloaga was given command of

Félix María Zuloaga

Comonfort’s forces and assigned to the campaign of Sierra de Queretaro.</s><s>La Reforma. Zuloaga’s old commander Ignacio Comonfort ascended to the presidency in December, 1856, and proceeded to administer over one of the most eventful presidencies in 19th century Mexican history. A convention finished drafting a new constitution for the nation in early 1857, only to encounter extreme opposition from conservatives over its unprecedented reforms aimed against the army and the church. Most notable was the opposition to the constitutional codification of the Ley Lerdo, a law which forced collective entities to forcibly sell their properties, affecting both the Catholic Church, and Mexico’s Indigenous communities, who had a tradition of farming on communal lands. Further controversy was inflamed when the government mandated that all civil servants swear an oath to the constitution or lose their jobs. Many Catholics did refuse the oath, but those who did not were excommunicated. Zuloaga was initially loyal to the moderate liberal government of Ignacio Comonfort. He helped command a government effort to put down a conservative rebellion in Puebla. As tensions over the constitution rose, Comonfort left the capital and temporarily resided in Tacubaya where his defenses were commanded

Félix María Zuloaga

by Zuloaga. However, by December, Zuloaga was among those being suspected of plotting against the government, and he was even indicted.</s><s>Plan of Tacubaya. The suspicion was well placed as Zuloaga was plotting with conservative conspirators. After coming to an arrangement with certain governors, the conspirators in a suburb of Mexico City declared the Plan of Tacubaya on the morning of December 17th to set aside the national constitution. The supreme control of the government was to be entrusted to Ignacio Comonfort who was to convoke within three months another constitutional congress for framing another constitution more in line with the national will, to be submitted to a national plebiscite and in the event of its non acceptance to be returned to the congress for an amendment. The president was tso rule with a consultative council composed of one representative from each state. On 17 December, congress made a solemn protest against the Plan of Tacubaya, and declared the Comonfort’s authority had now come to an end. Zuloaga’s brigade occupied the capital and dissolved the congress. Benito Juarez, president of the Supreme Court and Isidoro Olvera, president of the congress were arrested. The ayunt

Félix María Zuloaga

amiento of Mexico City was also dissolved. On 19 December, Comonfort officially announced that he had accepted the Plan of Tacubaya. He released a manifesto explaining his motives, expounding that he viewed the Plan of Tacubaya as an opportunity for a moderate compromise and viewing the alternative as anarchy. Seventy deputies reassembled in Queretaro and aired their protests. A council of state was installed on 25 December in which skeptical voices opined that it was impossible to bring about the reconciliating that Comonfort sought. On 30 December, the strategic state of Vera Cruz abandoned the Plan of Tacubaya, convincing Comonfor that his new government’s position was precarious. Comonfort would resign, passing the presidency over to Benito Juarez whom Comonfort had also released. He gathered his loyal troops and engaged in skirmishes with the Zuloaga government, but most of the loyal garrison eventually abandoned Comonfort, leading him to flee the capital, and eventually the nation.</s><s>Presidency. After triumphing in the minor skirmish with Comonfort, Zuloaga on January 21, published a manifesto promising order in the capital. He then named the individuals who had been chosen to be a part of the

Félix María Zuloaga

junta that was meant to choose the new head of state according to the Plan of Tacubaya. On the 22nd the junta met in the senate chambers and Felix Zuloaga was chosen by twenty six votes, one vote going to Santa Anna, and one vote going to General Echeagaray. The junta then drafted an oath of office, which Zuloaga read the following day, promising to uphold and protect, independence, religion, and unity between all Mexicans, echoing the promises made in the Plan of Iguala. The newly established conservative government was recognized by the foreign diplomatic corps at the capital with the exception of the United States. On the 24th, Zuloaga named his ministers. Luis Gonazaga Cueva was made Minister of the Interior, Hilario Elguero was made Ministry of Government, Manuel Larrainzar was made Minister of Justice and Ecclesiastical Affairs, and Jose de la Parra was made Minister of War, and Jose Hierro Maldonado was made Minister of Development. Zuloaga then named a council of government made up of two representatives from each state. On 28 January, a decree was published nullifying the Ley Lerdo, and calling for the property which had been seized by the church to be returned

Félix María Zuloaga

. Other decrees published on the same day restored to their former employment all civil servants who had lost their jobs in refusing to swear an oath to the constitution of 1857, and also nullified the Ley Juarez. On 31 January, President Zuloaga directed a letter to Pope Pius IX reaffirming his country’s adherence to the Catholic faith. States were declaring their loyalty to either Juarez or Zuloaga and their respective armies were preparing for war. After hostilities broke out Zuloaga, knowing the strategic importance of Veracruz, tried to win over the governor of the state,, who however affirmed his support for the government of Juarez. In the meantime liberal forces in the north were being organized by Santiago Vidaurri while Manuel Doblado led a liberal coalition in the interior headquartered in the town of Celaya. On 10 March 1858, the liberals lost the Battle of Salamanca, which opened up the interior of the country to the conservatives. Juarez at this point was in Guadalajara, when part of the army there mutinied and imprisoned him, at one point threatening his life, until fellow liberal minister and prisoner Guillermo Prieto dissuaded the hostile soldiers from shooting Juarez. As rival factions struggled

Félix María Zuloaga

to control the city, Juarez and other liberal prisoners were released on agreement after which Guadalajara was fully captured by conservatives by the end of March. Juarez now made Santos Degollado the head of his armies, and then decided to head towards Veracruz, embarking from Manzanillo, crossing Panama, and arriving in Veracruz on May, 4 1858. On 24 July, Miramon captured Guanajuato, and San Luis Potosi was captured by the conservatives on 12 September. Vidaurri was defeated at the Battle of Ahualulco on 29 September. By October the conservatives were at the height of their strength. The conservatives controlled the most populous cities of the republic, and the liberal capital of Vera Cruz was cut off from the interior of the country. The liberals however still had the loyalty of significant parts of the north and the south of the country. Juarez was determined to sustain the conflict, entrenched in the strategic port of Vera Cruz, which the conservatives did not have the forces to carry out a naval blockade of. Despite his significant victories in the first few months of the war, the Zuloaga government’s position was far from entirely secure. An attempt to revive the unitary organization of the

Félix María Zuloaga

country by reducing the states to departments as they existed during the Centralist Republic of Mexico, proved to be unpopular. The conservatives were also divided into three factions: the Santanistas, named after supporters of Santa Anna, wanted a more authoritarian government as had exited during the dictatorship of Santa Anna from 1853 to 1855, the Zuloaguistas wanted to retain Zuloaga, and the Fusionists wanted to compromise with the liberals. The Zuloaga government was also struggling to find funds, the contributions of the clergy, forced loans, and increased tariffs not being sufficient to sustain government expenses. The seizure of property was irritating both citizens and foreigners. The Plan of Tacubaya had called for a congress to be summoned in order to draft a constitution, but this was proving to be impractical in the middle of the war. Zuloaga’s cabinet drafted a provisional constitution. In July 1858, the failure of achieving a final victory over the liberals led to a shuffling of the cabinet. Joaquin Castillo y Lanzas was named Minister of Relations. Fernandez de Jauregui was made Minister of Government, Javier Miranda was made Minister of Justice, J. M. Garcia was made Minister of War, Pedro Jorrin was made Minister of the Treasury

Félix María Zuloaga

, and Jose M. Zaldivar was made Minister of Development. A law against conspirators was passed along with restrictions on the press. The conservatives kept achieving victory and on July 24th, Miramon captured Guanajuato. Some moderate liberals now wished to compromise with the conservatives. On 29 September, the conservatives won a significant victory at Ahuahulco against Santigo Vidaurri. By October, 1858, the conservatives were at the height of their strength. In early November, Zuloaga’s minister of Government Jarequi offered to resign but it was not accepted. The liberals then took Guadalajara causing alarm in Mexico City. Zulaoga was holding frequent conferences with the British and French foreign representatives, and the two powers showed themselves disposed to help blockade Juarez. Juarez, however had long gained the good will of the United States, whose minister Forsyth had refused to recognize Zuloaga’s government. On 20 December 1858, about a year since he first came to power, Zuloaga had to face a pronunciamiento against himself. Echeagaray pronounced at Ayutla with a plan to summon a congress to frame a constitution suitable for the nation. Zuloaga

Félix María Zuloaga

passed measures to put down the revolt, assuming personal command of the forces at the capital, and forbidding all interaction with the rebels. He passed a manifesto condemning Echeagaray who was stripped of his post in the army. Manuel Doblado was also arrested. A modified form of the Ayotla Plan was proclaimed by Manuel Robles Pezula on 23 December, and found some military support in the capital. Zuloaga offered to resign if the objection was to him personally, but would not assent if the plan was meant to overthrow his conservative principles. Miramon was offered command of the plan, but he rejected it. As loyal troops kept defecting, Zuloaga resigned before midnight and sought asylum with the British legation in spite of the insurgents promises to keep Zuloaga unharmed. The Plan of Ayotla was actually an offshoot of the aforementioned fusionist party, a moderate faction, which did not seek to abandon conservative principles, but did seek an end to the war by seeking compromise with the liberals. Manuel Robles Pezuela arrived at the national palace on the morning of 24 December, when he assumed the presidency. Robles Pezuela sent commissioners out to gain adherence to his plan, and began to assemble

Félix María Zuloaga

a junta of representatives ignoring, however the conservative hero Miguel Miramon, upsetting conservative hardliners. Robles, however eventually conceded in granting Miramon representation. The Junta assembled on 30 December 1858, and proceeded to elect a president. Miramon won with 50 votes against Robles’ 46, though the latter was authorized to act as provisional president until Miramon arrived in the capital. Meanwhile Zuloaga had taken back his previous resignation, but due to the circumstances, agreed to officially pass on the presidency to Miramon on 31 January 1859. To keep him from changing his mind, Miramon had him sent to the interior. Zuloaga then left the government. Miramon would go on to wage the war energetically and make two attempts to capture Juarez’s capital at Vera Cruz. His second attempt in March 1860, would see his naval forces intercepted by the U.S. navy which was protecting Juarez. Liberal victories then accumulated until Juarez took back the capital on January 1861, though conservative guerilla’s most notably Leonardo Marquez remained active in the countryside.</s><s>Later life. It was amidst this situation, with conservative forces still active, that Zuloaga once more publicly emerged in 1861, once more

Félix María Zuloaga

claiming the presidency, but to no effect. He left the country again the following year. He returned to Mexico in August 1864, during the Second Mexican Empire, but no longer played any role in politics. He survived the fall of the Empire but was exiled to Cuba, returning to his country after the death of Benito Juarez. Zuloaga became a tobacco merchant, living until 1895.</s><s>See also. - List of heads of state of Mexico</s><s>Further reading. - "Zuloaga, Félix María", "Enciclopedia de México", v. 14. Mexico City, 1996,. - García Puron, Manuel, "México y sus gobernantes", v. 2. Mexico City: Joaquín Porrúa, 1984. - Orozco Linares, Fernando, "Gobernantes de México". Mexico City: Panorama Editorial, 1985,.</s>


Prompt: Question: Tell me a bio of Ahmed Mumin Warfa.

Ahmed Mumin Warfa

<s>Ahmed Mumin Warfa Ahmed Mumin Warfa (, ) was a Somali scientist specializing in botany, who with his colleague Mats Thulin discovered "Cyclamen somalense". He served as president (rector) of the Zamzam University of Science and Technology from 2020 until his death.</s><s>Biography.</s><s>Biography.:Somalia. Warfa was a professor at the Somali National University, where he taught biology and agriculture. He also regularly conducted research with colleagues in Somalia, where he jointly discovered several endemic species, notably in the northeastern Bari region. With the outbreak of the civil war in 1991 and the closure of the university, Ahmed became a peacemaker, working as a translator for the United Nations and setting up councils for the reconciliation process in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. His efforts brought him into conflict with several local militia leaders. In 1994, he narrowly escaped an assassination attempt. His children are Sumaya Mumin, Ismail Mumin, Daud Ahmed Mumin, Hibo Mumin, Farah Mumin, Mohamed Mumin, Aisha Mumin, Yusuf Mumin, Dahir Mumin, Halima Mumin, Fadumo Mumin, and Fadumo Mumin.

Ahmed Mumin Warfa

</s><s>Biography.:United States. Warfa subsequently left Somalia for Nairobi, Kenya, from where he then emigrated to the United States, where he taught biology at Salt Lake Community College and Brigham Young University in Utah. He continued to attend conferences on herbology as a keynote speaker or contributor. Warfa was also actively involved in the affairs of Somalia and the Somali diaspora, whether as a reconciliator working for the UN and the Somali President or as an activist raising funds for projects such as Hiiraan University.</s><s>Biography.:Back to Somalia. In 2020, Warfa returned to Mogadishu to serve as rector of the Zamzam University of Science and Technology. Professor Warfa died of complications from COVID-19 on 15 March 2021 in Mogadishu.</s>


Prompt: Question: Tell me a bio of Geraldo de Barros.

Geraldo de Barros

<s>Geraldo de Barros Geraldo de Barros (February 27, 1923 – April 17, 1998) was a Brazilian painter and photographer who also worked in engraving, graphic arts, and industrial design. He was a leader of the concrete art movement in Brazil, co-founding Grupo Ruptura and was known for his trailblazing work in experimental abstract photography and modernism. According to "The Guardian," De Barros was "one of the most influential Brazilian artists of the 20th century." De Barros is best known for his "Fotoformas" (1946-1952), a series of photographs that used multiple exposures, rotated images, and abstracted forms to capture a phenomenological experience of Brazil's exponential urbanization in the mid-twentieth century.</s><s>Early life and education. De Barros was born in the city Chavantes, in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. When he was 16 years old, De Barros began taking pictures using a homemade camera that he built himself. At the time he was interested in experimenting with scratching and manipulating the negatives and images. From 1945 to 1947, De Barros studied drawing and painting with Clóvis Graciano, Collete Pujol

Geraldo de Barros

, and Yoshioka Takaoka, with a focus on figurative and landscape painting. He moved into the world of abstraction and studied European abstract constructivism and art of the 1920s and 1930s. He was particularly influenced by Piet Mondrian and Theo van Doesburg and the De Stijl movement. In 1946, De Barros began studying painting at the Associaçião Paulista de Belas Artes.</s><s>Career. For many years De Barros supported himself by working at Banco do Brasil. In 1946 and 1947, De Barros began to explore photography. In 1948, he co-founded Grupo XV, which was a collective of mostly Japanese painters interested in exploring post-impressionist art. In 1948, De Barros was introduced to the concepts of Gestalt theory, where he focused heavily on form, by the critic Mário Pedrosa. He was also influenced at the time by Paul Klee, Wassily Kandinsky, and the Bauhaus movement in relation to industrial design. In 1949, he started a photography lab with his friend Athaíde de Barros and Thomaz Farkas, and, with the intention of deepening his knowledge, he joined the Foto Cine

Geraldo de Barros

Clube Bandeirante in São Paulo, a group of artists who focused on pictorialism. Artists in this group included German Lorca, José Yalenti, Thomaz Farkas, among others. During this time, De Barros studied photographic experimental practices from Europe and United States in the work of Moholy-Nagy and Man Ray. In 1949, De Barros began teaching and organized the photography laboratory of the São Paulo Museum of Art (MASP). In 1950, De Barros held "Fotoformas" at the Museu de Arte de São Paulo, an exhibition which represented a new era in the process of photography in Brazil. The title was influenced by Gestalt theory. In 1951, received a scholarship from the French government, and taking a one-year leave from his job at Banco do Brasil, he went to Paris to study lithography at the National Superior School of Fine Arts and engraving at Stanley William Hayter's atelier. He went on to attend the Ulm School of Design in Ulm, Germany, where he studied graphic arts with Otl Aicher and met Max Bill. At this point he abandoned his work in photography to focus on concrete art. In

Geraldo de Barros

1952, De Barros co-founded Grupo Ruptura with Judith Lauand, Luiz Sacilotto, Lothar Charoux, Waldemar Cordeiro, among others. He was involved in writing the manifesto that outlined abstract and concrete art. De Barros founded the photography group called Escola Paulista. In 1954, De Barros founded with Frei João Batista a cooperative furniture design company called Unilabor, which was successful and allowed him to leave his job at Banco do Brasil. In 1964, De Barros went on to found in association with Aloísio Bione another furniture design company called Hobjeto. Both Unilabor and Hobjeto went bankrupt due to the political instability and economic hardship of the time. In the 1960s, De Barros worked with Nelson Leirner, putting on pop art events, often including outdoor advertisements that had been removed, re-worked, and replaced in the street. In 1966, De Barros, founded Galeria Rex with Carlos Fajardo, Frederico Nasser, José Rezende Filho, Nelson Leiner, and Wesley Duke Lee as an experiment in the art market and selling art. Although the gallery closed after a year, the Grupo

Geraldo de Barros

Rex and the work of the group continued for over 12 years. In 1977, De Barros returned to geometric art and concepts of concrete art, using Formica as his base material in further exploring industrial design. Geraldo abandoned photography for over 30 years, devoting himself to focus on arts and design. In 1996, his daughter put together an exhibit of photographs from his archive that was held at Musée de l'Elysée in Lausanne, Switzerland, which led to an interest in De Barros' early work in photography. In 1996, after suffering several brain ischemia and with his motor functions totally debilitated, he resumed working in photography, and with the help of his assistant, the photographer Ana Moraes, made a last series of 250 works called "Sobras." It wasn't until 1998 that De Barros' work was exhibited in the United States, at Sicardi-Sanders Gallery in Houston, Texas.</s><s>Death. De Barros died on April 17, 1998, in São Paulo at the age of 75.</s><s>Legacy. Following his death, the legacy of De Barros' work led to an increased coverage and academic and art history-based awareness of his importance and impact as a central figure in

Geraldo de Barros

Brazil's recent art history. Retrospectives were held in Europe and North America.</s><s>Documentary. In 1999, a documentary on De Barros directed by Michel Favre called "Geraldo de Barros: Sobras em Obras" was released. The film was produced by De Barros' daughter, Fabiana de Barros.</s><s>Awards. - 1952: Forth Centenary of the São Paulo City, Brazil, First Prize for Graphic Design - 1953: II Bienal de São Paulo, Brazil, Acquisition Award - 1967: IX Bienal Internacional de São Paulo, Brazil, Acquisition Award - 1991: XXI Bienal Internacional de São Paulo, Brazil, Second Prize</s><s>Selected exhibitions.</s><s>Selected exhibitions.:Selected group exhibitions. - 1951: I Bienal Internacional de Arte de São Paulo (São Paulo) - 1953: II Bienal Internacional de Arte de São Paulo (São Paulo) - 1955: "Incisioni e disegni Brasíliani," Villa Ciani (Lugano) - 1956: XXVIII Biennale di Venezia (Venice) - 1960

Geraldo de Barros

: "konkrete kunst. 50 jahre entwicklung," Helmhaus (Zurich) – traveling exhibition - 1967: IX Bienal Internacional de Arte de São Paulo (São Paulo) - 1967: "Nova objectividade brasileira," Museu de Arte Moderna do Rio de Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro) - 1977: Projeto construtivo brasileiro na arte - 1950–1962: Museu de Arte Moderna do Rio de Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro); Pinacoteca do Estado de São Paulo (São Paulo) - 1979: XV Bienal Internacional de Arte de São Paulo (São Paulo) - 1986: XLII Biennale di Venezia (Venice) - 1991: XXI Bienal Internacional de Arte de São Paulo (São Paulo) - 1992: "Brasilien. Entdeckung und Selbstentdeckung," Kunsthaus Zürich (Zurich) - 1999: "Brasilianische Fotografie 1946–1998. Labirinto e Identidades," Kunstmuseum

Geraldo de Barros

Wolfsburg (Wolfsburg) - 2000: "Heterotopías. Medio siglo sin lugar. 1918–1968," Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía (Madrid) - 2000: "Século 20. Arte do Brasil," Fundação Calouste Gulbenkian, Centro de Arte Moderna José de Azeredo Perdigão (Lisbon) - 2000–2002: "Brasil 1920–1950. De la antropofagia a Brasília," Institut Valencià d’Art Modern, Centre Julio González (Valencia); Museu de Arte Brasileira (São Paulo) - 2002: "Grupo Ruptura. Arte concreta paulista. Revisitando a exposição inaugural," Centro Universitário Maria Antonia da Universidade de São Paulo (São Paulo) - 2003: "Cuasi-corpus. Arte concreto y neoconcreto de Brasil," Museo de Arte Contemporáneo Internacional Rufino Tamayo (Mexico City);

Geraldo de Barros

Museo de Arte Contemporáneo (Monterrey) - 2006: "Cruce de miradas. Visiones de América Latina. Colección Patricia Phelps de Cisneros," Museo del Palacio de Bellas Artes (Mexico City) - 2006: "The Sites of Latin American Abstraction," Cisneros Fontanals Art Foundation (Miami, Florida) – traveling exhibition - 2007: "Desenho construtivista brasileiro," Museu de Arte Moderna do Rio de Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro) - 2007: "The Geometry of Hope. Latin American Abstract Art from the Patricia Phelps de Cisneros Collection," Blanton Museum of Art, The University of Texas at Austin (Austin, Texas); Grey Art Gallery, New York University (New York) - 2007-08: "New Perspectives in Latin American Art, 1930–2006: Selections from a Decade of Acquisitions," Museum of Modern Art (New York) – November 21, 2007 – February 25, 2008 - 2008: "Diálogo concreto – Design e construtivismo no Brasil," Caixa Cultural (Rio de Janeiro) - 2009: "

Geraldo de Barros

Foto Cine Clube Bandeirante. 70 Anos," Centro Cultural São Paulo (São Paulo) - 2009: "Experimentaciones. La experiencia concreta y neoconcreta en la fotografía brasileña," Museo de Arte Contemporáneo Parque Forestal y Espacio ArteAbierto de Fundación Itaú (Santiago) – traveling exhibition - 2010: "Moderna para sempre. Fotografia modernista brasileira na Coleção Itaú," Museu de Arte do Rio Grande do Sul Ado Malagoli (Porto Alegre) - 2010: "Vibración. Moderne Kunst aus Lateinamerika. The Ella Fontanals-Cisneros Collection," Bundeskunsthalle (Bonn) - 2010: "Constructive Spirit. Abstract Art in South and North America, 1920s–50s," Newark Museum (Newark, New Jersey); Amon Carter Museum (Fort Worth, Texas)</s><s>Selected exhibitions.:Selected solo exhibitions. - 1950: "Fotoformas," Museu de Arte de São Paulo Ass

Geraldo de Barros

is Chateaubriand (São Paulo) - 1965: Museo de Arte Moderno (Buenos Aires) [catalogue] - 1976: "12 anos de pintura, 1964 a 1976," Museu de Arte Moderna de Sao Paulo (São Paulo) [catalogue] - 1987: Tschudi Galerie (Glarus, Switzerland) [brochure] - 1993: "Peintre et photographe," Musée de l’Elysée (Lausanne) - 1994: "Fotógrafo," Museu da Imagem e do Som (São Paulo) [catalogue] - 1996: "Precursor," Centro Cultural Banco do Brasil (Rio de Janeiro) [catalogue] - 1999: MMA Collection, Museu de Arte Moderna do Rio de Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro) [catalogue] - 1999–2000: "Fotoformas," Museum Ludwig (Cologne); SESC Pompéia (São Paulo); Musée de l’Elysée (Lausanne) [catalogue] - 2001: "Geraldo de Barros and Lygia Pape," Americas Society (

Geraldo de Barros

New York) [catalogue] - 2005: "Javier Pérez. Geraldo de Barros," Galerie Guy Bärtschi (Geneva) - 2006: "Fotoformas. Fotografías – Photographies," Museu da Imagem e do Som (São Paulo) [catalogue] - 2008: "Free, Freed and Freeing," Sicardi Gallery (Houston, Texas) [catalogue] - 2013: "Fotoformas" / "Sobras," The Photographers' Gallery (London)</s><s>Selected works. - (1949) - (1949) - (1949) - (1949) - "Mouvement giratoire" at Museum of Fine Arts, Houston (1949) - "São Paulo, Brazil, Neg. 50" at Museum of Fine Arts, Houston (1949) - (1948–50) - (1952) - "Concreto" at Museum of Fine Arts, Houston (1953) - "Cartaz para o IV Centenário de São Paulo" at Museum of Fine Arts, Houston (1954)</s><s>Selected works and publications. -  – 5

Geraldo de Barros

. September bis 10. Oktober 1987, Galerie Tschudi, Glarus -  – Catálogo de exposição 25 de janeiro a 24 de março de 1996 -  – Published on the occasion of the exhibition "Geraldo de Barros: Fotoformas," held at Museum Ludwig, Köln, (26.8.1999 - 25.1.2000); SESC Pompeia, Sao Paulo, (3.11.-3.12.1999); Musée de l'Elysée, Lausanne (July-Sept. 2000) -  – Published in conjunction with an exhibition organized by the Americas Society as part of "Forma: Brazil series" held from March 20-May 6, 2001 - -  – Published on the occasion of the exhibition, "Geraldo de Barros," which took place at the Sicard Gallery in Houston Texas from May 28-July 5, 2008 -  – Published on the occasion of the exhibition "Geraldo de Barros: What Remains," held at the Photographers' Gallery, London, 17 January - 7 September 2013 -  – Published on the occasion of the exhibition "Geraldo de Barros: J

Geraldo de Barros

ogos de Dados e Sobras (1980-1990)" held 11 July - 8 Sept., 2013 at Sesc Vila Mariana in São Paulo</s><s>Further reading. - - - - - - - - - - -</s>


Prompt: Question: Tell me a bio of Marcel Hernández.

Marcel Hernández

<s>Marcel Hernández Marcel Hernández Campanioni (born 11 July 1989) is a Cuban professional footballer who plays as a centre-forward for Costa Rican club Cartaginés and the Cuba national team.</s><s>Club career.</s><s>Club career.:Barcelona Atlético. On 10 January 2017. Hernández signed with the new champion team of Liga Dominicana de Fútbol side Barcelona Atlético.</s><s>Club career.:Cibao. Before failing to join the Football Superleague of Kosovo side Trepça'89, he joined Liga Dominicana de Fútbol side Cibao.</s><s>Club career.:Cibao.:Failure to join with Trepça'89. On 23 December 2017. Hernández joined Football Superleague of Kosovo side Trepça'89, but because of some bureaucratic problems it could not join with Trepça'89 even though it is registered by Football Federation of Kosovo as Trepça'89 player and it is expected that during the summer transfer window to join the team.</s><s>International career.</s><s>International career.:Under-23. On 25 June 2011. Hernández making his debut with Cuba

Marcel Hernández

U23 in a 2012 CONCACAF Men's Pre-Olympic Tournament qualification match against Aruba U23 after being named in the starting line-up and scoring two goals during a 7–0 home win.</s><s>International career.:Senior. On 10 November 2010. Hernández made his debut with Cuba in a 2010 Caribbean Cup qualification match against Dominica after being named in the starting line-up and scoring one goal during a 4–2 home win. He represented his country in 4 FIFA World Cup qualification matches On 6 November 2013, he announced his retirement from international football after not was named as part of the Cuba squad for 2013 CONCACAF Gold Cup.</s><s>Honours. Alajuelense - CONCACAF League: 2020 Cuba - Caribbean Cup: 2012 Individual - Liga FPD Top Scorer: Apertura 2020</s>


Prompt: Question: Tell me a bio of Zewde Gebre-Sellassie.

Zewde Gebre-Sellassie

<s>Zewde Gebre-Sellassie "Dejazmatch" Zewde Gebre-Sellassie (12 October 1926 – 15 December 2008) was a prominent nobleman, historian, and former deputy Prime Minister of Ethiopia. He was born in the village of Galdu, in the subdistrict of Mecca, to the north-west of Addis Ababa where his father was relegated.</s><s>Early life. Zewde's father was "Dejazmatch" Gebre Selassie Baria Gabr (governor of Adwa) and his mother was "Leult" Wolete Israel Seyoum. His sister was "Leult" Ijigayehou Asfa Wossen, his grandfather was "Ras" Seyum Mengesha, and his wife was "Woizero" Alem Tsehai Araya. He received his rudimentary education in Addis Ababa under a tutor, and went to school in Jerusalem and Cairo respectively where his mother stayed during the Fascist occupation of Ethiopia. After the liberation, he enrolled at the Haile Selassie I secondary school in Addis Ababa and subsequently joined the University of Exeter, England, where he

Zewde Gebre-Sellassie

studied English literature. This was followed by legal training at St. Anthony's College, Oxford where he became a senior member of the college from 1963 to 1971, at the conclusion of which he was called to the Bar, Lincoln's Inn, London. After a long interval, during which he held various public offices in Ethiopia, he returned to Oxford and earned his PhD in the composite field of history, politics and economics.</s><s>Career. After his return home in the early 1950s, he held various offices, including that of deputy prime minister. Under the imperial government he held the following positions: - Economic attache, later Head of Press, Information and Administration Division, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1951–53 - Director-General of Maritime Affairs, 1953–55 - Deputy Minister, Ministry of Public Works, Transport and Civil Aviation, 1955–57 - Mayor and Governor of Addis Ababa, 1957–59 - Ambassador to Somalia, 1959–60 - Minister of Justice, 1961–63 - Permanent Representative to the United Nations, 1972–74 - Minister of the Interior, March–May 1974 - Minister of Foreign Affairs, May–November 1974 In November 1974, the Provisional Military Administrative Council's (Derg) summary execution of high government officials of the previous

Zewde Gebre-Sellassie

regime forced Zewde to go into exile. He eventually became vice-president of the United Nations Economic and Social Council, and subsequently worked for several years as advisor to the secretariat of the United Nations. Throughout his service, he received national honors from at least seven sovereign states, including the Federal Republic of Germany. Together with some other prominent Ethiopians, he attempted to mediate between Ethiopia and Eritrea in 1998.</s><s>Legacy. Scholars of African history often compare the passing away of a knowledgeable person to a library consumed by conflagration. That is precisely what happened when the Ethiopian luminary, Dr. "Dejazmatch" Zewde Gebre-Sellassie, died of illness in Addis Ababa on 15 December 2008. He harmoniously combined oral tradition with profound western education, readily availing of them to any academic who sought his assistance. His popularity among people from all walks of life was immense. His funeral, which took place at the patriotic cemetery of the Trinity Cathedral, was attended by a huge crowd of mourners. The lawyer "Ato" Tasoma Gebre Mariam, who delivered the eulogy, praised him for his contribution to the various Ethiopian codes of law. A week-long exhibition

Zewde Gebre-Sellassie

of Zewde’s works and photos, accompanied by speeches by scholars and family members, was held in his memory at the main campus of Addis Ababa University.</s><s>Publications. - - "The Conflict of Ethiopia and Eritrea: Causes and Solutions" (Amharic) - -</s><s>References.</s>


Prompt: Question: Tell me a bio of Mohamed Abdi Mohamed.

Mohamed Abdi Mohamed

<s>Mohamed Abdi Mohamed Mohamed Abdi Mohamed (Gandhi) (, ; 1949 – 18 April 2021) was a Somali geologist, anthropologist, historian and politician. He was the former Minister of Defense of Somalia, and the former President of Azania (Jubbaland). In July 2014, Gandhi was appointed Somalia's Ambassador to Canada.</s><s>Biography. Professor Mohamed Abdi Xaji-Mohamed, nicknamed "Gandhi", was a candidate for Somali president 2021. He was a Somali politician, scholar, writer & double Ph.D., holder. He served as a Somali member of Parliament since 2009. Professor Gandhi previously served as a Defense Secretary and Minister of Air and Transportation in the Somali Transitional Federal Government. From childhood, Mohamed was a great student and managed to memorize the Koran at an early age. He excelled in his elementary schooling as well. He was accepted to the most prestigious high school at the time, Jamal Abdelnazer High School, in the Somali capital of Mogadishu, where he graduated as an honor student in 1970. He was one of the top students in his high school and the entire country for that year and was awarded a full scholarship to go to France for higher education. He arrived in

Mohamed Abdi Mohamed

France in October 1972 to attend Besançon University. There he majored in geology and graduated with a B. A. in September 1976. He continued to acquire his Master of Science in Geology in 1979. He obtained his Ph.D. in applied geology in June 1983. The title of his thesis was "Study of Geology and Hydrogeology of the Central Somalia Basin (Somali Democratic Republic)". After graduation, Gandhi started lecturing at the same university. Prof. Gandhi pursued another major (history and civilization of antiquity) and received his second Ph.D. in 1990. Through that decade, the professor continued lecturing at the University of Besançon, France. Prof. Gandhi received his Certificate in Anthropology of Space, March 1992, at the University of New Lisbon, in Portugal under the Erasmus exchange. In addition to that, he received a Higher Degree in Research (HDR) from Besançon University in Besançon, France. Prof. Gandhi was awarded an International Baccalaureate Diploma from the French Academy, and served as a senior program advisor of UNDP Somalia in Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR). Prof. Mohamed Abdi

Mohamed Abdi Mohamed

Gandhi was an active participant in the Somali peace process and was a Lead Consultant in Mapping the Somali Civil Society. He chaired the Technical Committee at the Arta Somali Peace process in Arta, Djibouti, and Somali Peace and Reconciliation Conference held in Kenya. Mohamed Abdi Mohamed was an accomplished author; he has published 12 books and more than 50 scientific articles in various academic journals. He has also edited three studies. Gandhi recently announced that he would be contesting the upcoming President Election 2021 in Somalia.</s><s>Biography.:Professional activities. During his studies in France, Prof. Gandhi returned every year in Somalia to teach and support as a Professor in the Departments of History and Geology at the University of Mogadishu. Since 1987 Professor was a consultant to the National Museum of Somalia (since 1988), which he had set the task of identifying and classifying ancient manuscripts (especially those held by the Sheikhs and clan leaders) to build a directory of literary (oral or written) and objects of art. Prof. Gandhi was the co-founding member of the Association Somali Peace Line, Paris, 1996. Prof. Gandhi worked as a consultant to "Doctors Without Borders" from Switzerland, Spain, and other international organizations between Jan 2006

Mohamed Abdi Mohamed

-Feb 2007, where they built schools and training centers for nurses' clinics in Kulbiyoow, Lower Jubba, and the surrounding area where his beloved mother was born. Besides, Professor Gandhi built a mosque and education center for the midwife-nurse clinic to remember his beloved mother. Professor Gandhi worked as Consultant Expert to UNESCO between 1995 and 1998, where he wrote many books and articles, including: - Somali Translation of Poems for a Poetry of Anthology of African sub-Saharan Africa, published in 1995 under the direction of Bernard Magnier who was conducting an inventory of intellectuals and nongovernmental organizations Somali opening for peace in Somalia published 10/25/1995. - "How to involve women in the Somali peace process," Program for Culture of Peace, UNESCO published 1998. - "Women and the Somali Peace" Program for Culture of Peace, UNESCO published 1998. - "Dictionary of the People", companies from Africa, America, Asia and Oceania, under the direction of Jean-Christophe Tamisier, and Larousse-Bordas, 1998. Professor Gandhi was an Associate Member of the Institute of Science and Techniques of the Ancient World (ISTA), CNRS, ESA 6048 (since 1992), he was

Mohamed Abdi Mohamed

still a supervisor of the research. Prof. Gandhi worked as Research Officer 1st Class March 1999-February 2001 IRD: at the Institute of Development Research (formerly ORSTOM). Gandhi was the Technical Committee Chairman for the Conference for Peace held at Arta in Djibouti (Republic of Djibouti), from March to September 2000. - Consultant for UNOPS, Somali Civil Protection Program 2001 and consultant advisor to the UNDP. Senior Program Advisor, SCPP, UNDP, 2002. - Principal Consultant Mapping of Somali Civil Society Organizations, NOVIB, Somalia, 2002. - Representative of civil society in the peace process in El-Doret and Nairobi (Kenya), October 2002 to November 2004. Administrative activities: Creation of "Somali Studies" in France and Europe edition of collected works. Co-founding member of the French Association of Somali Studies (established 1986) and the European Association of Somali Studies (established 1990). To bring together researchers "Somaliazation" Europe, these associations have organized several seminars and cultural events. Professor Gandhi was responsible for preparing the following events: The first conference of Somali Studies, Paris, IMA, 11–13 July 1988 in collaboration with Mrs. Danièle

Mohamed Abdi Mohamed

Kintz and Mr. Osman Omar Rabah; Second Conference of Somali Studies, Besançon, 8–11 October 1990 and accompanying exhibitions (Dole and Besançon); Forum: "The civil war in Somalia: When and How? Why?", Paris, IMA, 7–8 April 1992; Forum: "Peace and Reconciliation in Somalia," Paris, IMA, 15–17 April 1993; Congress of Somali Studies on the theme "For a Culture of Peace in Somalia," Paris, 25–27 October 1995. During his time as a Defense Minister, Professor Gandhi organized and held a meeting in Washington, D.C. that he aimed to bring together former high-ranking officers from the military, police, custodial and intelligence services for in-depth discussions on both the historical background of the Somali security forces and on the re-establishment and the strengthening of the capacity of the security sector institutions in Somalia. He proposed a 36 thousand strong army led by former Somali senior military to revive the Somali nationhood.</s><s>Political career.</s><s>Political career.:Minister of Defense. On February 21, 2009, Gandhi was appointed Somalia's Minister of Defense by the nation's then head of government, Prime Minister Omar Abdirashid

Mohamed Abdi Mohamed

Ali Sharmarke. He held the position until November 10, 2010.</s><s>Political career.:President of Azania. On April 3, 2011, the establishment of a new autonomous region in southern Somalia was announced. Referred to as "Azania" (formerly Jubaland), the nascent polity was led by Gandhi, who was serving as its first President. According to President Gandhi, "Azania" was selected as the name for the new administration because of its historical importance, as "Azania was a name given to Somalia more than 2,500 years ago and it was given by Egyptian sailors who used to get a lot of food reserves from the Somali Coast[...] Its origin is [an] Arabic word meaning the land of plenty." Gandhi's first stated policy initiative was to remove the Al Shabaab group of militants from the territory. Gandhi held President of Jubaland's position until May 15, 2013, when Ahmed Mohamed Islam was elected to the office.</s><s>Political career.:Ambassador of Somalia to Canada. In July 2014, Gandhi was appointed Somalia's new Ambassador to Canada. The first such envoy in over two decades, he headed the Somali federal government's reopened embassy in Ottawa, Ontario.</s><s>References. - National Civic Forum Founders


Prompt: Question: Tell me a bio of Shaolin (humorist).

Shaolin (humorist)

<s>Shaolin (humorist) Francisco Jozenilton Veloso (8 May 1971 – 14 January 2016), better known by his pseudonym and stage name Shaolin, was a Brazilian cartoonist, caricaturist, humorist, comedian and media presenter.</s><s>Biography. He was born in Coremas, Paraíba. He started his career at the "Teatro Municipal Severino Cabral" in Campina Grande. He also worked as a presenter on "Rádio Campina Grande" and drew cartoons for the newspapers "A Palavra", "Jornal da Paraíba" and "Revista Nordeste".</s><s>Shows. His best-known shows are "Domingão do Faustão", "Show do Tom"; and most recently "Tudo è Possível" ("All is possible") with Ana Hickmann, in which he satirized Brazilian celebrities, for example Leonardo, Joelma (singer in the duo Banda Calypso) and.</s><s>Accident. On 19 January 2011, Shaolin was seriously injured in a traffic accident when his car collided with a truck in Campina Grande on the highway BR-230. Until May he remained in a coma in intensive

Shaolin (humorist)

care, and then left hospital to go home although he had not recovered from his injuries. In September 2012 he began communicating again using movements of his eyelid helped by a machine.</s><s>Family. In December 1994 he married Laudiceia Veloso, with whom he had two children.</s><s>Death. On 14 January 2016, Shaolin died following a myocardial infarction.</s>


Prompt: Question: Tell me a bio of Jesse Chacón.

Jesse Chacón

<s>Jesse Chacón Jesse Alonso Chacón Escamillo (born 9 November 1965) is a Venezuelan politician, engineer, and former military officer. Chacón participated in the November 1992 coup attempt the second attempted coup of that year, when he took part in the occupation of the station of the state television station channel Venezolana de Televisión (VTV), where several workers of the station were killed. Two years after the coup, he was pardoned by president Rafael Caldera. During Hugo Chávez's tenure, he served in many high ranking positions, such as minister of communications, minister of interior and justice and minister of electric power.</s><s>Education. Jesse Chacón graduated from the Military Academy in 1987 obtaining a degree in Military Arts In 1996 he received his degree in systems engineering from the Polytechnic University of the National Armed Forces (UNEFA). He also completed a postgraduate study in Telematics at the National Institute of Telecommunications in France and the Simón Bolívar University in Caracas. While holding the rank of lieutenant he participated in the coup d' etat on 27 November 1992 in Venezuela, which followed the coup in February 1992 earlier that year against the government of President Carlos Andrés Pé

Jesse Chacón

rez. He took part in the occupation of the station of the state television station channel Venezolana de Televisión (VTV), where several workers of the station were killed. A military tribunal sentenced him of 22 years of imprisonment, but two years after the coup president Rafael Caldera pardoned the soldiers involved.</s><s>Public functions. Chacón was born on 9 November 1965 and studied Military Art and Sciences at the Military Academy of Venezuela (the 'Instituto Politécnico de la Fuerza Armada Nacional', or Polytechnic Institute of the National Armed Forces). As a lieutenant in the military, he participated in the November 1992 attempted coup (the second attempted coup of that year), for which he spent time in jail. He participated in the occupation of the station of the state television station channel Venezolana de Televisión (VTV), where several workers of the station were killed. In 1999 Chacón worked at the General Administration of Operations of the National Commission of Telecommunications (Conatel) coordinating the working teams that prepared the Organic Law on Telecommunications and the National Plan of Telecommunications. In May 2001 he was appointed General Director of Conatel..In July 2003 Jesse Chacón was appointed as the

Jesse Chacón

first Minister of Communications. He was Director of Communications for the option of “No” in the campaign for the recall referendum in 2004. Chacon acted as Minister of Interior and Justice between 2004  to January 2007, under the presidency of Hugo Chávez. While in this post he achieved the creation of the National Commission on Police Reform (CONAREPOL). On January 9, 2007 Chacón was appointed as Minister of Telecommunications and Informatics. During his administration the Venezuelan State could nationalize the provider company of phone and internet services CANTV, He presided over the closure of television broadcaster RCTV. In January 2008 Jesse Chacón was appointed Minister of the Secretariat of the Presidency, where he supported the administration of president Hugo Chávez. He held the post of Minister of Communications again between December 2008 and April 2009, which was named at the time Ministry of the People's Power for Communication and Information (MINCI). Chacón was the head of Publicity and Propaganda of the Socialist United Party of Venezuela for the option “YES” in the campaign for the constitutional amendment. In April 2009 Chacón is appointed as Minister for Science, Technology and Intermediate Industries until December 6, 2009. He submitted his resignation after the arrest

Jesse Chacón

of his brother Arné Chacón for his alleged links with an investigation started after the intervention of seven financial institutions in Venezuela. In April 2013, Jesse Chacón is appointed as Minister of Electric Power. By the end of 2015 President Nicolás Maduro appointed Jesse Chacón as ambassador in Austria.</s><s>See also. - Cabinet of Hugo Chávez</s>


Prompt: Question: Tell me a bio of Abdullahi Mohammad Ahmad Hassan.

Abdullahi Mohammad Ahmad Hassan

<s>Abdullahi Mohammad Ahmad Hassan Abdullahi Mohammad Ahmad Hassan () (born January 1928, died 22 June 2022) was a veteran Sudanese politician who was a member of parliament, a government minister and diplomat.Hassan, Abdullahi. "From Sea to Sea..But Any Goals?" Saudi Research & Publishing Company (SRPC), 10 July 2003. Web. 13 Nov. 2010. https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ar&u=http://www.aawsat.com/leader.asp%3Fsection%3D3%26article%3D180918%26issueno%3D8990&ei=LhbfTOacKYq4sAPZj6z5Cg&sa=X&oi=translate&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBwQ7gEwAA&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%2522%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A8%25D8%25AF%2B%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2584%25

Abdullahi Mohammad Ahmad Hassan

D9%2587%2B%25D9%2585%25D8%25AD%25D9%2585%25D8%25AF%2B%25D8%25A3%25D8%25AD%25D9%2585%25D8%25AF%2B%25D8%25AD%25D8%25B3%25D9%2586%2522%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26hs%3DmLk%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26prmd%3Div. Originally in Arabic.</s><s>Biography. Abdullahi was born in 1928 in the town of Barah in the state of North Kurdufan in Sudan. His family later moved and settled in Al-Ubayyid. At an early age he was sent to a Koranic school () after which he followed the British education system in implementation by the British at the time. In 1947 he joined the newly established Hantoub Secondary School () and later went on to study at and graduate in May 1955 from the Faculty of

Abdullahi Mohammad Ahmad Hassan

Arts at the University College of Khartoum. After graduating he was posted as a history teacher in the town of Tonj in the south of Sudan. In August 1955 he was re-posted to as a history teacher at Khour Taqatt Secondary School () just weeks before the first uprising of the Anyanya Movement in the South. In August 1958 he resigned his post as a teacher and moved to Khartoum where he started his business in commercial advertisements and feasibility studies. At this time he also carried out some journalism work for the two biggest newspapers at the time ("Al-Umma" and "Al-Nile"). In 1958 he opposed the new military government of General Aboud who seized power in a coup d'état. He was politically intimidated by the new government in Khartoum and his newly formed business suffered as a result. An opportunity arose in 1959 when he was approached by a local committee from Al-Ubayyid requesting him to establish and run an intermediate level school. He moved to Al-Ubayyid and establish Kurdufan Ahliya Intermdiate School () and ran it as its headmaster. He was approached in 1961 by Alsayeed Sidique Abdulrahman Almahadi to take charge

Abdullahi Mohammad Ahmad Hassan

and run the Almahadi Intermediate School for Girls () in Omdurman. He took charge of the school the same year and overhauled it to become one of the most sought-after schools in the city. He resigned from the school in 1963 because of tensions with the head of the school board over the way financial funds were released by the board and over his strict discipline rules. After resigning he worked for the American Embassy until 1964 as their chief translator.</s><s>Political career. Abdullahi grew up in a Sudan that was under the occupation of the British Empire and from a young age joined in the sentiments of the youth that was disgruntled by the occupation, and was calling for the withdrawal of the British from Sudan. In March 1949 Babikir Karrar Al-Nour (), Mohammad Yousif Mohammad (), Mohammad Mohammad Ali (), Adam Fadl-Allah () and Yousif Hassan Said () established the Islamic Liberation Movement () at the University of Khartoum. The goal of the movement was to liberate Sudan from British occupation and to establish an Islamic state in the country. Babikr Karar Al-Nour was a former and a very active and popular student at Hantoob Secondary School. After the establishment of the movement, and in

Abdullahi Mohammad Ahmad Hassan

June 1949, Karrar visited Hantoob Secondary School to canvass for members for his movement. Abdullahi was one of the 30 students who joined the movement that day. Before the establishment of the Islamic Liberation Movement, the Communist Party had a strong hold on the student union at the university and among the secondary schools in Sudan. Abdullahi joined the university in 1951, in 1952 the Islamic Liberation Movement won the student union election. Abdudllahi was a major recruitment driver for the movement and managed to recruit Hassan Al-Turabi, Mohammad Suar Aldahab, Ibrahim Abou Hasaneen, and Abdalhameed Abdalmajid. In 1954, Sudan politics was at a crossroads between the union of Sudan with Egypt or complete independence. In 1954 two main political bodies were formed and later became a member of the Umma Party. Sudan officially achieved its independence in 1956; the first prime minister was Ismail al-Azhari and later on Abdallah Khalil. The democratic government was overthrown in a coup d'état by Ibrahim Abboud in 1958. Abdullahi joined the ranks of the opposition and in 1964 the students of the University of Khartoum, the civil servants and transport workers staged demonstrations and acts of

Abdullahi Mohammad Ahmad Hassan

civil disobedience that forced the government of Ibrahim Abboud to resign. Abdullahi was elected a second time as a Member of Parliament in the second Sudanese democracy under the leadership of al-Azhari, and the government of al-Azhari was overthrown in 1969 by Gaafar Nimeiry. Abdullahi again joined the opposition under the leadership of Sadiq al-Mahdi and was exiled to Saudi Arabia but later on moved to the United Kingdom. He returned to Sudan in 1979 after a National Reconciliation took place between the leaders of the opposition and Nimeiry. Upon his return to Sudan he was appointed in the newly established office that overlooked the affairs of the Ansar (). In 1984 Abdullahi was among the few politicians who Nimeiry arrested and imprisoned in Kober Prison until 6 April 1985 when Nimeiry was ousted by Abdel Rahman Swar al-Dahab. Swar Al-Dahab called upon the political parties to reform and elections took place a year later in 1986. Abdullahi was elected for the third time as a Member of Parliament representing the Umma Party. In 1986 the Umma Party won the election but did not have the majority vote to have full control of the government. Sadiq al-Mahdi

Abdullahi Mohammad Ahmad Hassan

was elected the Prime Minister, after which he formed a coalition government. Abdullahi was appointed as Minister of Culture and Information and was the official spokesman for the government. Political turmoil brought the first reshuffle of the government and Abdullahi was appointed as Minister of Foreign Trade. The government was reshuffled a second time and he was appointed as Councilor and Advisor to the Prime Minister. The unstable coalition government of Prime Minister Sadiq al-Mahdi was ousted by Omar Al-Bashir in a bloodless military coup on 30 June 1989. Abdullahi was arrested and imprisoned in Kober Prison but later released and was put under house arrest. Later he was appointed by Al-Bashir as Minister of Education, Culture and Information and the Official Government Spokesman and deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs and later appointed as ambassador of the Sudan to Italy, Spain, Greece and San Marino. During his time as ambassador he continually disagreed with the government and in 1995 was instructed to return indefinitely to the Sudan. He chose to travel to the UK where he became a political observer, analyst, lecturer, author and columnist. He lives in London but often spends time in Sudan.</s>


Prompt: Question: Tell me a bio of Roxana Miranda.

Roxana Miranda

<s>Roxana Miranda Roxana del Pilar Miranda Meneses (born 24 April 1967) is a Chilean activist and politician, candidate for President of Chile for the 2013 election, representing the Partido Igualdad.</s><s>Biography. Miranda was born in Buin on 24 April 1967, to Francisco Miranda Araya, municipal worker, and Orfilia de las Mercedes Meneses Roa, seamstress. Her father died when she was six years old. She completed her secondary studies at the Liceo Comercial de San Bernardo, where she also held positions as student leader in the school's "student council". She married Iván Luis Vargas García in San Bernardo on 10 January 1994. The couple have four children.</s><s>Political career. Miranda has been involved with the Asociación de Deudores Habitacionales (Association of House Debtors, ANDHA Chile), as national leader of the organization, which in recent times has been renamed ANDHA Chile a Luchar Democrático. In 2009 she ran for a deputy seat representing the District No. 30; however, she lost the election, ending up in the seventh place, with 4,332 votes (2.85 per cent).

Roxana Miranda

Miranda was a candidate for mayor of San Bernardo in 2008, as an independent, but lost the election, by only getting 3,558 votes (4.24%) out of 83,825. She ran again for the same position in the 2012 election, but obtained fewer votes than the previous municipal election (1,831 –2.77%– out of 65,944 votes). Later, she became president of the Partido Igualdad (Equality Party). She was proclaimed presidential candidate representing the party for the 2013 president election, on 20 January of that year. By the end of May of that year, it became known that the candidacies of Miranda and Marcel Claude were negotiating to "unify themselves" into only one candidacy, however, Miranda ruled out she was resigning her candidacy before the election. On 29 May 2013, Miranda gave the Electoral Service of Chile the requested signatures to legalize the Partido Igualdad, and as a consequence, formalizing her candidacy. Miranda presented, the last presidential candidate to do so, on 5 November 2013, which was centered in four areas related to social reforms. The 125-page document was introduced by Miranda Meneses "with proud (...) to begin, through the next four years, the profound

Roxana Miranda

transformation of Chile," and described it as a "plebeian program, of the people who wakes up and begins to organize itself to struggle for a better country". The four main areas of Roxana Miranda's program were titled: "Superación del capitalismo" (Overcoming capitalism), "Que el pueblo mande" (Let the people rule), "Recuperación de nuestros derechos" (recovering our rights), and "El buen vivir" (Good living). She lost the election.</s>


Prompt: Question: Tell me a bio of Chacho Gaytán.

Chacho Gaytán

<s>Chacho Gaytán Gonzalo "Chacho" Gaytán is a Mexican music composer, producer, musical arranger, musical director and conductor. He is best known for being the co-founder and keyboardist of the Mexican pop band Sentidos Opuestos, along with colleague Alessandra Rosaldo. He is also the brother of actress and singer Bibi Gaytan and brother-in-law of actor and singer Eduardo Capetillo.</s><s>Career. As a musical producer, he was nominated for a Latin Grammy Award in 2000 for Best Latin Children's Album for "Ellas Cantan a Cri-Cri". As musical director, he is best known for his musical direction in "West Side Story" and for his musical arrangement, orchestration and conducting of orchestras in Mexico, having presented his work at The Palace of Fine Arts in Mexico City with the National Philharmonic Orchestra. He has worked with Fernando de la Mora, in concert with the Campeche Philharmonic Orchestra. Gaytán is the founder of Mexican jazz band, Manzana Jazz Band. He is currently director of Azteca Music, a TV network in Mexico. He is also a co-founder and the musical producer and director

Chacho Gaytán

of "MYST".</s><s>Discography. - "Un día después" (2007)</s>


Prompt: Question: Tell me a bio of Fernando da Costa Novaes.

Fernando da Costa Novaes

<s>Fernando da Costa Novaes Fernando da Costa Novaes (April 6, 1927 – March 24, 2004) was a Brazilian ornithologist who worked on the Amazonian bird fauna.</s><s>Education. In 1971 he was granted his doctorate from the State University of São Paulo at Rio Claro, with the thesis "Estudo ecológico das aves em uma área de vegetação secundária do baixo rio Amazonas, Estado do Pará".</s><s>Career. Novaes was based at the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, in Belém, where he assembled the second largest bird skin and skeleton collection in Brazil. This collection has been renamed in his honor. His major contributions were in defining the Amazon region's faunal boundaries and affinities, as well as clarifying taxonomic problems. In 1954, Novaes was granted a Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation fellowship to study in the US, at the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, of the University of California at Berkeley, with the renowned ornithologist Alden H. Miller. Novaes's many publications are listed in the obituaries by O

Fernando da Costa Novaes

ren and Silva. He is commemorated in the name of the Alagoas foliage-gleaner, "Philydor novaesi".</s><s>Selected publications. - "Acta Amazonica" - 1976: "As aves do rio Aripuanã, Estado de Mato Grosso e Amazonas," 6(4): 61-85. - 1981: "Área de Vertebrados do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi," 11(1): 183-188. - "Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias" - 1952: With J.M. Carvalho. "A new species of Megninia from the roseate spoonbill (Analgesidae, Analgesinae)," (1): 1-12. - 1961: "Sobre Thamnophilus palliatus (Licht.), com especial referência ao leste do Brasil. (Formicariidae, Aves)," 33(1): 111-117. - "Anais da Sociedade Sul-Riograndense de Ornitologia" - 1980: "Observações sobre Proc

Fernando da Costa Novaes

nias alba (Hermann), Araponga-branca," 1: 4-6. - 1981: "Sobre algumas aves do litoral do Estado do Pará," 2: 5-8. - 1982: "Observações sobre o comportamento de Thamnophilus amazonicus Sclater (Passeriformes, Formicariidae)," 3: 1-5. - "Ararajuba" - 1991: With M.F.C. Lima. "Variação geográfica e anotações sobre morfologia e biologia de Selenidera gouldii (Piciformes: Ramphastidae)," 2: 59-63. - "Arquivos de Zoologia" - 1960: "Sobre uma coleção de Aves do Sudeste do Estado do Pará," 11(6): 133-146. - "The Auk" - 1959: "Quiscalus lugubris in Brasil," 76(2): 242. - "Biological Conservation" - 1986: With D.C. Oren.

Fernando da Costa Novaes

"Observations on the Golden Parakeet Aratinga guarouba in Northern Brazil," 36: 329-337. - "Boletim do Museu Nacional Zoologia" - 1952: "Algumas adendas à ornitologia de Goiás, Brasil," (117): 1-7. - "Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi" - 1957: "Notas sobre a ecologia do bacurau Hydropsalis climaco¬cerca Tschudi (Caprimulgidae, Aves). Notas de ornitologia amazônica 1. Gêneros Formicarius e Phlegopsis," (8): 1-9. - 1957: With J.M. Carvalho. "Observações sobre a nidificação de Glaucis hirsuta (Gmelin) (Trochilidae, Aves)," (1): 1-12. - 1957: "Contribuição à ornitologia do noroeste do Acre," (9): 1-30. - 1958: "As aves e as

Fernando da Costa Novaes

comunidades bióticas no alto rio Juruá, Território do Acre," (14): 1-13. - 1959: "Variação geográfica e o problema da espécie nas aves do grupo Ramphocelus carbo," (22): 1-63. - 1963: "Uma nova subespécie de Turdus ignobilis Sclater no Estado do Pará e sobre a ocorrência de Turdus amaurochalinus Cabanis na região de Belém," (40): 1-4. - 1964: "Uma nova raça geográfica de Piprites chloris (Temminck) do Estado do Pará (Pipridae, Aves)," (47): 1-5. - 1965: "Notas sobre algumas aves da Serra Parima, Território de Roraima (Brasil)," (54): 1-10. - 1967: "Sobre algumas aves pouco conhecidas na Amazônia bras

Fernando da Costa Novaes

ileira," (64): 1-8. - 1969: "Análise ecológica de uma avifauna da região do rio Acará, Estado do Pará," (69): 1-52. - 1970: "Distribuição ecológica e abundância das aves em um trecho da mata do baixo rio Guamá (Estado do Pará)," (71): 1-54. - 1978: "Sobre algumas aves pouco conhecidas da Amazônia brasileira II," (90): 1-15. - 1980: "Observações sobre a avifauna do alto curso do rio Paru de Leste, Estado do Pará," (100): 1-58. - 1981: "A estrutura da espécie nos periquitos do gênero Pionites Heine (Psittacidae, Aves)," (106): 1-21. - "Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club" - 1985: With D.C. Oren. "

Fernando da Costa Novaes

A new subspecies of White Bellbird Procnias alba (Hermann) Southeastern Amazonia," 105(1): 23-25. - 1991: "A new subspecies of Grey-cheeked Nunlet Nonnula ruficapilla from Brazilian Amazonia," 111(4): 187-188. - "The Condor" - 1959: "Procellaria aequinoctialis on Amazon River in Brazil," 61(4): 299. - 1984: With P. Roth and D.C. Oren. "The White Bellbird (Procnias alba) in the Serra dos Carajás, Southeastern Para, Brazil," 26: 343-344. - "Goeldiana zoologia" - 1992: "Bird observations in the State of Piauí, Brazil," 17: 1-5. - "Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia" - 1961: "Sobre as raças geográficas de Philydor rufus (Vieillot) no Brasil (Furnariidae, Aves)," 14(24): 227-235. - "Publicações Avulsas

Fernando da Costa Novaes

do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi" - 1973: With T. Pimentel. "Observações sobre a avifauna dos Campos de Bragança, Estado do Pará," 20: 229-246. - 1973: "Aves de uma vegetação secundária na foz do Amazonas," 21: 1-88. - 1974: "Ornitologia do Território do Amapá I," 25: 1-121. - 1978: "Ornitologia do Território do Amapá II," 29: 1-75. - "Revista Brasileira de Biologia" - 1949: "Variação nos tucanos brasileiros do gênero Ramphastos L. (Ramphastidae, Piciformes)," 9(3): 285-296. - 1950: "Sobre as aves de Sernambetiba," 10(2): 199-208. - 1952: "Resultados ornitológicos da "Expedição João Alberto" à ilha da Trindade," 12(2): 219-228.

Fernando da Costa Novaes

- 1952: With J.M. Carvalho. "A new genus and species of feather mite (Pterolichinae, Analgesidae)," 24(3): 303-306. - 1953: "Sobre a validade de Syndactyla mirandae (Snethlage, 1928) (Furnariidae, Aves)," 14(1): 75-76. - 1953: "A new species of Neumanniella from the tataupa tinamou (Sarcoptiformes, Analgesidae)," 13(2): 203-204. - 1953: "A new race of tody-tyrant from southeastern Brasil (Tyrannidae, Aves)," 13(3): 235-236. - 1960: "Sobre Ramphotrigon megacephala (Swainson) (Tyrannidae, Aves)," 20(2): 217-221. - 1960: "As raças geográficas de Thamnophilus doliatus (Linnaeus) no Brasil. (Formicariidae, Aves)," 20(4): 415-424. - 1961: "Distribuição e

Fernando da Costa Novaes

diferenciação geográfica de Automolus leucopthalmus (Wied.) e Automolus infuscatus (Sclater) (Furnariidae, Aves)," 21(2): 179-192. - 1968: "Variação geográfica em Platyrinchus saturatus Salvin & Godman (Aves, Tyrannidae)," 28(2): 115-119. - "Revista Brasileira de Zoologia" - 1991: With M.F.C. Lima. "As aves do rio Peixoto de Azevedo, Mato Grosso, Brasil," 7(3): 351-381. - "Revista Científica" - 1950: "Sobre alguns termos da sistemática zoológica," 1(4): 10-14. - "Summa Brasiliensis Biologiae" - 1947: "Notas sobre os Conopophagidae do Museu Nacional (Passeriformes, Aves)," 1(13): 243-250.</s><s>References.</s>


Prompt: Question: Tell me a bio of Flávio Rocha.

Flávio Rocha

<s>Flávio Rocha Flávio Gurgel Rocha (born 14 February 1958) is a Brazilian former federal deputy and businessman, current CEO and Chairman of Lojas Riachuelo, one of the largest retailers in the country.</s><s>Biography. Born on the 14th of February 1958, Flávio Rocha is the current CEO of apparel retailer Lojas Riachuelo and of its financial services subsidiary, Midway Financeira. His family also owns Confecções Guararapes, the group’s industrial company, as well as Transportadora Casa Verde, the Group's logistics subsidiary. Riachuelo is one of 15 biggest employers of the country, with over 40,000 employees (2017). In 1986, was elected federal deputy for Rio Grande do Norte for the National Reconstruction Party (PRN), being reelected in 1990 for the Liberal Party (PL). In 1994, he attempted to run for The Presidency with the PL, but later formed a coalition to support the winning party, the PSDB, led by Fernando Henrique Cardoso. Rocha and his wife are members of the neo-Pentecostal church.</s><s>Political

Flávio Rocha

profile. Rocha defends the free market as a natural vehicle to fight corruption, and is one of the main defenders of economic liberalism in Brazil. He defends a smaller and more efficient Government. In 2016, he received the Entrepreneur of the Year award from the magazine "Isto É Dinheiro" in the Retail category. A former federal deputy between 1987 and 1995, Rocha was one of the first businessmen to support the "impeachment" of former president Dilma Rousseff and the candidacy of João Doria to become mayor of São Paulo. In January 2018, Rocha launched the manifest ""Brasil 200"", which defends a liberal economic agenda and conservatism in social values. The name is a reference to the 200 years of independence of Brazil.</s>


Prompt: Question: Tell me a bio of Santiago Vergini.

Santiago Vergini

<s>Santiago Vergini Santiago Vergini (born 3 August 1988) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a centre-back.</s><s>Club career.</s><s>Club career.:Early career. Born in Máximo Paz, Constitución Department, Santa Fe, Vergini was a Vélez Sársfield youth graduate, but only appeared with the reserves in the lower leagues. In June 2009 he signed a two-year deal with Paraguayan side Club Olimpia, and made his professional debut on 13 September, in a 0–2 home loss against Club Libertad. Vergini scored his first goal on 7 November, netting the second in a 2–1 home win against Sportivo Luqueño. He finished his first professional year with 12 appearances and one goal, as his side finished fifth. On 1 September 2010 Vergini was loaned to Lega Pro Prima Divisione team Verona, in a one-year deal. He appeared in 15 matches, scoring a goal against Bassano Virtus.</s><s>Club career.:Newell's Old Boys. On 26 July 2011 Vergini signed for Newell's Old Boys. He made his debut for the club on 2

Santiago Vergini

September, playing the full 90 minutes in a 0–0 home draw against Colón de Santa Fe. An undisputed starter for "La Lepra", Vergini appeared in 32 matches and scored three goals in 2011–12 (against Olimpo, Banfield and Unión Santa Fe). He was again ever-present in the following campaign, as his side reached the semi-finals of 2013 Copa Libertadores.</s><s>Club career.:Estudiantes. On 1 August 2013, after being linked to a possible move to FC Barcelona, Vergini joined Estudiantes de La Plata. He appeared in 17 matches, scoring one goal (against Godoy Cruz on 16 November).</s><s>Club career.:Sunderland. On 20 January 2014, Vergini secured a loan move to Premier League side Sunderland for the remainder of the 2013–14 season. He made his league debut on 8 February, replacing Fabio Borini in the first half against Hull City after the dismissal of regular centre-back Wes Brown. Vergini made his first start on 22 February away to Arsenal. He was also an unused substitute as Sunderland lost the 2014 Football League Cup Final 3–1 to Manchester City at the Wembley Stadium on 2 March.

Santiago Vergini

After several games playing in central defence, manager Gus Poyet slotted Vergini into the right back position due to injuries. He helped Sunderland avoid relegation to finish 14th in the Premier League. On 7 August 2014, he re-signed for Sunderland on a season-long loan for the 2014–15 campaign, with the deal becoming a permanent two-year contract after the Black Cats avoided relegation. In October 2014, Vergini scored an own goal during a Premier League game against Southampton, volleying from the edge of the penalty area past goalkeeper Vito Mannone. Luke Perry of the BBC described it as "one of the Premier League's most spectacular own goals". It was the first goal in an 8–0 away defeat for the Black Cats.</s><s>Club career.:Sunderland.:Getafe (loan). On 16 July 2015 Vergini was loaned to Spanish La Liga side Getafe CF in a season-long deal with a view to a permanent transfer.</s><s>Club career.:Boca Juniors. In June 2016, Vergini returned to his home country and signed with Boca Juniors, for an undisclosed fee.</s><s>Club career.:Bursaspor. On 28 August 2018 he has signed a two

Santiago Vergini

-year deal with Bursaspor.</s><s>Club career.:San Lorenzo. Ahead of the 2019–20 season, Vergini returned to Argentina and signed a 3-year contract with San Lorenzo de Almagro.</s><s>International career. Vergini earned his first cap for Argentina in a 1–2 Superclásico de las Américas loss at Brazil on 20 September 2012, after coming on as a 73rd-minute substitute for Lisandro López. He returned to the team on 14 October 2014, playing the entirety of a 7–0 friendly away win against Hong Kong and again in November 2014, starting in a 2–1 success over Croatia at the Boleyn Ground.</s><s>Career statistics.</s><s>Career statistics.:International.</s><s>Honours. Newell's Old Boys - Primera División: Torneo Final 2013, Torneo Inicial 2013 Runner-up Sunderland - Football League Cup 2013–14 Runner-up</s>


Prompt: Question: Tell me a bio of Alexandre Hohagen.

Alexandre Hohagen

<s>Alexandre Hohagen Alexandre Hohagen is a Brazilian executive with over 20 years of experience managing F500 companies in Latin America (Dow Chemical, HBO, UOL, Google, Facebook). Hohagen was responsible for starting two global technology companies in Latin America and the US Hispanic markets. He started the operations of Google in the region in 2005 and then Facebook in 2011. In 2010, Hohagen became one of the first international VPs at Google, managing operations of the company in over 8 countries in the region. Hohagen is currently the CEO of Nobox, investor and partner at Ampfy, Botmaker, MarketUP, investor at Hyper, Busbud and Everypost, besides other investments VC funds and real estate in Brazil, US and Europe. Hohagen left the corporate world in 2015, after spending 5,5 years building Facebook in Latin America and US Hispanic markets. In his tenure, Hohagen was responsible to open and manage operations in more than 5 countries, with a team of 500 employees.</s><s>Education. Hohagen has a degree in communications from Faculdades Integradas Alcantara Machado, masters in people management from the University of São Paulo and post -graduate degrees in Business Administration

Alexandre Hohagen

from the International Institute for Management Development (IMD, Switzerland) and IIHR in the Netherlands.</s><s>Career.</s><s>Career.:Early career. He began his career managing public relations for Dow Chemical Brazil In 1995, he coordinated the Human Resources department for Boehringer Ingelheim and later the ABN Amro Bank. Beginning in 2000, he held several positions at UOL (Universo Online) including the Human Resources Director, Vice-President of advertising and e-commerce, and Director of Electronic Commerce. He then became General Manager of HBO Brazil and oversaw the operations of the HBO Premium Channel and the Warner Channel. In 2008, he was nominated as an "Executivo de Valor" (Top Executive) in the IT and service sectors by the major Brazilian business newspaper Valor Economico.</s><s>Career.:Google. In 2005, Hohagen joined Google as the General Manager for Brazil and held this position until August 2008. At this time, Google named Brazil as the location for Google's Latin American headquarters and Hohagen as the Managing Director of Google Latin America. Since becoming the Latin American Managing Director of Google, Hohagen has made several major business moves for Google Latin America. Not long after the promotion,

Alexandre Hohagen

Hohagen signed a term of behavior adjustment with federal prosecutors to cooperatives in the Fight Against pedophilia on the Internet. Google's social network, Orkut, which was very popular at the time in Latin America, had quickly been overrun by child pornography. Hohagen's act of signing the Conduct Adjustment Term not only showed Google's commitment to Brazilian law, but also Hohagen's commitment to eradicating online pedophilia. The filter Hohagen and Google implemented on Google's Orkut social network, is said to have reduced child pornography on the site by over 70%. He oversaw the implementation of Google Public Transport for Rio de Janeiro on Google Maps in 2009. In 2010, he announced the "Doodle for Google" contest, in which children ages six to fifteen where invited to submit a remake of the Google logo inspired by the theme "Brazil’s Future". For every entry Google received, the company planted a tree in a forest on the border of São Paulo and Paraná, Brazil. The winner of the contest received a laptop, a trip to the forest, and their design featured on Google for 24 hours.</s><s>Career.:Facebook. In 2011, Hohagen was hired as the first employee and Vice President of Facebook

Alexandre Hohagen

for Latin America and US Hispanics.</s><s>References. - Facebook Launches Dedicated U.S. Hispanic Brand Offer - Alexandre Hohagen Moves to Miami Offices - Hispanicize Wire - November 7, 2013</s>


Prompt: Question: Tell me a bio of Ivan Toms.

Ivan Toms

<s>Ivan Toms Ivan Toms (11 July 1952 – 25 March 2008) was a South African physician, who battled the Apartheid era government as a prominent anti-Apartheid and anti-conscription activist. At the time of his death in 2008, Toms was serving as the Director of Health for the city of Cape Town, South Africa.</s><s>Early life. Ivan Toms was born in Cape Town on 11 July 1952. He received his medical degree from the University of Cape Town in 1976. He attended Glenwood High School in Durban from 1965 to 1969. He was deputy Head Prefect in 1969.</s><s>Conscription. Toms was drafted into the national service in the South African Defence Force (SADF), as a non-combatant doctor in 1978. He opposed the goals of the SADF, but refused to leave South Africa. He spent much of his six months as a doctor in Namibia, which was then known as South West Africa and was controlled by South Africa. Once he returned to Cape Town, Toms set up a medical clinic in the squatter settlement of Crossroads, which is located about 15 km outside of the city in the Cape Flats area. He was the only doctor who served the

Ivan Toms

Crossroads' population of approximately 60,000 people. In September 1983, Toms witnessed a three-week-long confrontation between the Crossroads community and the South African police and security forces, who were trying to tear down "illegal" buildings in the settlement. After witnessing the violence and brutality of the raid, Toms vowed never to serve in the SADF again, even in a non-combatant capacity. He went public with his opinions on what he had witnessed and became a founding member of the End Conscription Campaign (ECC) in 1983. Toms' co-founders of the ECC included other prominent anti-conscription activists including Nan Cross. Toms went on a three-week-long hunger strike in February 1985 to protest the government's decision to bulldoze the Crossroads shanty town. The destruction of Crossroads resulted in violence and the deaths of several people as residents tried to resist the destruction. Toms commented during his hunger strike that, "As a Christian, I am obliged to say no, to say never again will I put on that SADF uniform." The SADF officially took control of Toms' health clinic in 1986. The following year, in July 1987, Toms defied the SADF

Ivan Toms

when he was called up for one month of compulsory service. He was sentenced to 21 months in prison in 1988 for defying the order and ultimately served nine months in Pollsmoor Prison.</s><s>Gay rights activism. Toms had been involved with gay rights activism in South Africa. He was a founding member of the Lesbians and Gays Against Oppression (LAGO) in 1987. Toms was also subject to homophobic attacks by his enemies.</s><s>Post-Apartheid. Ivan Toms became the national co-ordinator of the National Progressive Primary Healthcare Network in 1991 at the end of the Apartheid era. The AIDS virus was beginning to sweep through South Africa at the time. Toms, as the national co-ordinator, began to implement a series of programs to combat the spread of AIDS and HIV in the country. He was considered a pioneer in the advocacy of the use of antiretroviral drugs to fight the disease. He became director of the Students' Health and Welfare Centres Organisation in 1993, which is a non-governmental organization which runs medical clinics staffed by students in poor areas. He continued to work for non-governmental charities until 1996, when he became the Health Director in the City of Cape Town. His name is

Ivan Toms

remembered in the Ivan Toms Centre for Men's Health (Cape Town) in Greenpoint, Cape Town, which works in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of sexually transmitted infections. South African President Thabo Mbeki awarded Ivan Toms with the Order of the Baobab in 2006 for his stance against Apartheid and his public service for South Africans in need.</s><s>Death. Ivan Toms died unexpectedly of meningitis at his home in Mowbray on 25 March 2008, at the age of 55. He was honored by prominent South African political figures, including Archbishop Emeritus Desmond Tutu and the Mayor of Cape Town, Helen Zille. Archbishop Tutu described himself as "devastated" by the news of Toms' death and paid tribute to him saying, "I thank God that I knew him. Knowing him makes (one) feel proud. This is a prime example of someone who had ubuntu. He was utterly selfless." His funeral, which was attended by hundreds of people including Archbishop Tutu, was held at St. George's Cathedral in Cape Town.</s>