README.md

---
library_name: pytorch
license: other
tags:
- android
pipeline_tag: image-to-image

---

![](https://qaihub-public-assets.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qai-hub-models/models/ddcolor/web-assets/model_demo.png)

# DDColor: Optimized for Mobile Deployment
## Colorize image from the black-and-white image


DDColor is a coloring algorithm that produces natural, vivid color results from incoming black and white images.

This model is an implementation of DDColor found [here](https://github.com/piddnad/DDColor/).


This repository provides scripts to run DDColor on Qualcomm® devices.
More details on model performance across various devices, can be found
[here](https://aihub.qualcomm.com/models/ddcolor).



### Model Details

- **Model Type:** Model_use_case.image_editing
- **Model Stats:**
  - Model checkpoint: ddcolor_paper_tiny.pth
  - Input resolution: 224x224
  - Number of parameters: 56.3M
  - Model size (float): 215 MB
  - Model size (w8a8): 54.8 MB

| Model | Precision | Device | Chipset | Target Runtime | Inference Time (ms) | Peak Memory Range (MB) | Primary Compute Unit | Target Model
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DDColor | float | QCS8275 (Proxy) | Qualcomm® QCS8275 (Proxy) | TFLITE | 248.698 ms | 1 - 352 MB | NPU | [DDColor.tflite](https://huggingface.co/qualcomm/DDColor/blob/main/DDColor.tflite) |
| DDColor | float | QCS8275 (Proxy) | Qualcomm® QCS8275 (Proxy) | QNN_DLC | 1990.164 ms | 1 - 444 MB | NPU | [DDColor.dlc](https://huggingface.co/qualcomm/DDColor/blob/main/DDColor.dlc) |
| DDColor | float | QCS8450 (Proxy) | Qualcomm® QCS8450 (Proxy) | TFLITE | 168.888 ms | 1 - 263 MB | NPU | [DDColor.tflite](https://huggingface.co/qualcomm/DDColor/blob/main/DDColor.tflite) |
| DDColor | float | QCS8450 (Proxy) | Qualcomm® QCS8450 (Proxy) | QNN_DLC | 1246.016 ms | 0 - 248 MB | NPU | [DDColor.dlc](https://huggingface.co/qualcomm/DDColor/blob/main/DDColor.dlc) |
| DDColor | float | QCS8550 (Proxy) | Qualcomm® QCS8550 (Proxy) | TFLITE | 159.228 ms | 0 - 37 MB | NPU | [DDColor.tflite](https://huggingface.co/qualcomm/DDColor/blob/main/DDColor.tflite) |
| DDColor | float | QCS8550 (Proxy) | Qualcomm® QCS8550 (Proxy) | QNN_DLC | 1122.164 ms | 0 - 45 MB | NPU | [DDColor.dlc](https://huggingface.co/qualcomm/DDColor/blob/main/DDColor.dlc) |
| DDColor | float | QCS9075 (Proxy) | Qualcomm® QCS9075 (Proxy) | TFLITE | 612.742 ms | 1 - 354 MB | NPU | [DDColor.tflite](https://huggingface.co/qualcomm/DDColor/blob/main/DDColor.tflite) |
| DDColor | float | QCS9075 (Proxy) | Qualcomm® QCS9075 (Proxy) | QNN_DLC | 1115.818 ms | 0 - 710 MB | NPU | [DDColor.dlc](https://huggingface.co/qualcomm/DDColor/blob/main/DDColor.dlc) |
| DDColor | float | SA7255P ADP | Qualcomm® SA7255P | TFLITE | 248.698 ms | 1 - 352 MB | NPU | [DDColor.tflite](https://huggingface.co/qualcomm/DDColor/blob/main/DDColor.tflite) |
| DDColor | float | SA7255P ADP | Qualcomm® SA7255P | QNN_DLC | 1990.164 ms | 1 - 444 MB | NPU | [DDColor.dlc](https://huggingface.co/qualcomm/DDColor/blob/main/DDColor.dlc) |
| DDColor | float | SA8255 (Proxy) | Qualcomm® SA8255P (Proxy) | TFLITE | 159.59 ms | 0 - 36 MB | NPU | [DDColor.tflite](https://huggingface.co/qualcomm/DDColor/blob/main/DDColor.tflite) |
| DDColor | float | SA8255 (Proxy) | Qualcomm® SA8255P (Proxy) | QNN_DLC | 1122.822 ms | 0 - 43 MB | NPU | [DDColor.dlc](https://huggingface.co/qualcomm/DDColor/blob/main/DDColor.dlc) |
| DDColor | float | SA8295P ADP | Qualcomm® SA8295P | TFLITE | 176.513 ms | 0 - 242 MB | NPU | [DDColor.tflite](https://huggingface.co/qualcomm/DDColor/blob/main/DDColor.tflite) |
| DDColor | float | SA8295P ADP | Qualcomm® SA8295P | QNN_DLC | 1232.732 ms | 1 - 402 MB | NPU | [DDColor.dlc](https://huggingface.co/qualcomm/DDColor/blob/main/DDColor.dlc) |
| DDColor | float | SA8650 (Proxy) | Qualcomm® SA8650P (Proxy) | TFLITE | 159.237 ms | 0 - 38 MB | NPU | [DDColor.tflite](https://huggingface.co/qualcomm/DDColor/blob/main/DDColor.tflite) |
| DDColor | float | SA8650 (Proxy) | Qualcomm® SA8650P (Proxy) | QNN_DLC | 1124.211 ms | 0 - 41 MB | NPU | [DDColor.dlc](https://huggingface.co/qualcomm/DDColor/blob/main/DDColor.dlc) |
| DDColor | float | SA8775P ADP | Qualcomm® SA8775P | TFLITE | 612.742 ms | 1 - 354 MB | NPU | [DDColor.tflite](https://huggingface.co/qualcomm/DDColor/blob/main/DDColor.tflite) |
| DDColor | float | SA8775P ADP | Qualcomm® SA8775P | QNN_DLC | 1115.818 ms | 0 - 710 MB | NPU | [DDColor.dlc](https://huggingface.co/qualcomm/DDColor/blob/main/DDColor.dlc) |
| DDColor | float | Samsung Galaxy S24 | Snapdragon® 8 Gen 3 Mobile | TFLITE | 115.014 ms | 0 - 377 MB | NPU | [DDColor.tflite](https://huggingface.co/qualcomm/DDColor/blob/main/DDColor.tflite) |
| DDColor | float | Samsung Galaxy S24 | Snapdragon® 8 Gen 3 Mobile | QNN_DLC | 847.726 ms | 0 - 846 MB | NPU | [DDColor.dlc](https://huggingface.co/qualcomm/DDColor/blob/main/DDColor.dlc) |
| DDColor | float | Samsung Galaxy S25 | Snapdragon® 8 Elite For Galaxy Mobile | TFLITE | 94.763 ms | 1 - 310 MB | NPU | [DDColor.tflite](https://huggingface.co/qualcomm/DDColor/blob/main/DDColor.tflite) |
| DDColor | float | Samsung Galaxy S25 | Snapdragon® 8 Elite For Galaxy Mobile | QNN_DLC | 840.905 ms | 1 - 434 MB | NPU | [DDColor.dlc](https://huggingface.co/qualcomm/DDColor/blob/main/DDColor.dlc) |
| DDColor | float | Snapdragon 8 Elite Gen 5 QRD | Snapdragon® 8 Elite Gen5 Mobile | TFLITE | 73.571 ms | 1 - 330 MB | NPU | [DDColor.tflite](https://huggingface.co/qualcomm/DDColor/blob/main/DDColor.tflite) |
| DDColor | float | Snapdragon 8 Elite Gen 5 QRD | Snapdragon® 8 Elite Gen5 Mobile | QNN_DLC | 708.725 ms | 1 - 664 MB | NPU | [DDColor.dlc](https://huggingface.co/qualcomm/DDColor/blob/main/DDColor.dlc) |
| DDColor | float | Snapdragon X Elite CRD | Snapdragon® X Elite | QNN_DLC | 1161.306 ms | 296 - 296 MB | NPU | [DDColor.dlc](https://huggingface.co/qualcomm/DDColor/blob/main/DDColor.dlc) |
| DDColor | w8a8 | Dragonwing RB3 Gen 2 Vision Kit | Qualcomm® QCS6490 | TFLITE | 653.671 ms | 113 - 242 MB | CPU | [DDColor.tflite](https://huggingface.co/qualcomm/DDColor/blob/main/DDColor_w8a8.tflite) |
| DDColor | w8a8 | QCS8275 (Proxy) | Qualcomm® QCS8275 (Proxy) | TFLITE | 3047.28 ms | 0 - 351 MB | NPU | [DDColor.tflite](https://huggingface.co/qualcomm/DDColor/blob/main/DDColor_w8a8.tflite) |
| DDColor | w8a8 | QCS8450 (Proxy) | Qualcomm® QCS8450 (Proxy) | TFLITE | 1700.149 ms | 0 - 424 MB | NPU | [DDColor.tflite](https://huggingface.co/qualcomm/DDColor/blob/main/DDColor_w8a8.tflite) |
| DDColor | w8a8 | QCS8550 (Proxy) | Qualcomm® QCS8550 (Proxy) | TFLITE | 1609.53 ms | 0 - 33 MB | NPU | [DDColor.tflite](https://huggingface.co/qualcomm/DDColor/blob/main/DDColor_w8a8.tflite) |
| DDColor | w8a8 | QCS9075 (Proxy) | Qualcomm® QCS9075 (Proxy) | TFLITE | 1631.545 ms | 0 - 350 MB | NPU | [DDColor.tflite](https://huggingface.co/qualcomm/DDColor/blob/main/DDColor_w8a8.tflite) |
| DDColor | w8a8 | RB5 (Proxy) | Qualcomm® QCS8250 (Proxy) | TFLITE | 829.323 ms | 35 - 97 MB | CPU | [DDColor.tflite](https://huggingface.co/qualcomm/DDColor/blob/main/DDColor_w8a8.tflite) |
| DDColor | w8a8 | SA7255P ADP | Qualcomm® SA7255P | TFLITE | 3047.28 ms | 0 - 351 MB | NPU | [DDColor.tflite](https://huggingface.co/qualcomm/DDColor/blob/main/DDColor_w8a8.tflite) |
| DDColor | w8a8 | SA8255 (Proxy) | Qualcomm® SA8255P (Proxy) | TFLITE | 1611.308 ms | 0 - 39 MB | NPU | [DDColor.tflite](https://huggingface.co/qualcomm/DDColor/blob/main/DDColor_w8a8.tflite) |
| DDColor | w8a8 | SA8295P ADP | Qualcomm® SA8295P | TFLITE | 1938.979 ms | 0 - 399 MB | NPU | [DDColor.tflite](https://huggingface.co/qualcomm/DDColor/blob/main/DDColor_w8a8.tflite) |
| DDColor | w8a8 | SA8650 (Proxy) | Qualcomm® SA8650P (Proxy) | TFLITE | 1610.256 ms | 0 - 22 MB | NPU | [DDColor.tflite](https://huggingface.co/qualcomm/DDColor/blob/main/DDColor_w8a8.tflite) |
| DDColor | w8a8 | SA8775P ADP | Qualcomm® SA8775P | TFLITE | 1631.545 ms | 0 - 350 MB | NPU | [DDColor.tflite](https://huggingface.co/qualcomm/DDColor/blob/main/DDColor_w8a8.tflite) |
| DDColor | w8a8 | Samsung Galaxy S24 | Snapdragon® 8 Gen 3 Mobile | TFLITE | 1223.884 ms | 0 - 366 MB | NPU | [DDColor.tflite](https://huggingface.co/qualcomm/DDColor/blob/main/DDColor_w8a8.tflite) |
| DDColor | w8a8 | Samsung Galaxy S25 | Snapdragon® 8 Elite For Galaxy Mobile | TFLITE | 1161.027 ms | 0 - 350 MB | NPU | [DDColor.tflite](https://huggingface.co/qualcomm/DDColor/blob/main/DDColor_w8a8.tflite) |
| DDColor | w8a8 | Snapdragon 7 Gen 4 QRD | Snapdragon® 7 Gen 4 Mobile | TFLITE | 472.892 ms | 105 - 355 MB | CPU | [DDColor.tflite](https://huggingface.co/qualcomm/DDColor/blob/main/DDColor_w8a8.tflite) |
| DDColor | w8a8 | Snapdragon 8 Elite Gen 5 QRD | Snapdragon® 8 Elite Gen5 Mobile | TFLITE | 1165.779 ms | 0 - 351 MB | NPU | [DDColor.tflite](https://huggingface.co/qualcomm/DDColor/blob/main/DDColor_w8a8.tflite) |




## Installation


Install the package via pip:
```bash
# NOTE: 3.10 <= PYTHON_VERSION < 3.14 is supported.
pip install "qai-hub-models[ddcolor]"
```


## Configure Qualcomm® AI Hub Workbench to run this model on a cloud-hosted device

Sign-in to [Qualcomm® AI Hub Workbench](https://workbench.aihub.qualcomm.com/) with your
Qualcomm® ID. Once signed in navigate to `Account -> Settings -> API Token`.

With this API token, you can configure your client to run models on the cloud
hosted devices.
```bash
qai-hub configure --api_token API_TOKEN
```
Navigate to [docs](https://workbench.aihub.qualcomm.com/docs/) for more information.



## Demo off target

The package contains a simple end-to-end demo that downloads pre-trained
weights and runs this model on a sample input.

```bash
python -m qai_hub_models.models.ddcolor.demo
```

The above demo runs a reference implementation of pre-processing, model
inference, and post processing.

**NOTE**: If you want running in a Jupyter Notebook or Google Colab like
environment, please add the following to your cell (instead of the above).
```
%run -m qai_hub_models.models.ddcolor.demo
```


### Run model on a cloud-hosted device

In addition to the demo, you can also run the model on a cloud-hosted Qualcomm®
device. This script does the following:
* Performance check on-device on a cloud-hosted device
* Downloads compiled assets that can be deployed on-device for Android.
* Accuracy check between PyTorch and on-device outputs.

```bash
python -m qai_hub_models.models.ddcolor.export
```



## How does this work?

This [export script](https://aihub.qualcomm.com/models/ddcolor/qai_hub_models/models/DDColor/export.py)
leverages [Qualcomm® AI Hub](https://aihub.qualcomm.com/) to optimize, validate, and deploy this model
on-device. Lets go through each step below in detail:

Step 1: **Compile model for on-device deployment**

To compile a PyTorch model for on-device deployment, we first trace the model
in memory using the `jit.trace` and then call the `submit_compile_job` API.

```python
import torch

import qai_hub as hub
from qai_hub_models.models.ddcolor import Model

# Load the model
torch_model = Model.from_pretrained()

# Device
device = hub.Device("Samsung Galaxy S25")

# Trace model
input_shape = torch_model.get_input_spec()
sample_inputs = torch_model.sample_inputs()

pt_model = torch.jit.trace(torch_model, [torch.tensor(data[0]) for _, data in sample_inputs.items()])

# Compile model on a specific device
compile_job = hub.submit_compile_job(
    model=pt_model,
    device=device,
    input_specs=torch_model.get_input_spec(),
)

# Get target model to run on-device
target_model = compile_job.get_target_model()

```


Step 2: **Performance profiling on cloud-hosted device**

After compiling models from step 1. Models can be profiled model on-device using the
`target_model`. Note that this scripts runs the model on a device automatically
provisioned in the cloud.  Once the job is submitted, you can navigate to a
provided job URL to view a variety of on-device performance metrics.
```python
profile_job = hub.submit_profile_job(
    model=target_model,
    device=device,
)
        
```

Step 3: **Verify on-device accuracy**

To verify the accuracy of the model on-device, you can run on-device inference
on sample input data on the same cloud hosted device.
```python
input_data = torch_model.sample_inputs()
inference_job = hub.submit_inference_job(
    model=target_model,
    device=device,
    inputs=input_data,
)
    on_device_output = inference_job.download_output_data()

```
With the output of the model, you can compute like PSNR, relative errors or
spot check the output with expected output.

**Note**: This on-device profiling and inference requires access to Qualcomm®
AI Hub Workbench. [Sign up for access](https://myaccount.qualcomm.com/signup).



## Run demo on a cloud-hosted device

You can also run the demo on-device.

```bash
python -m qai_hub_models.models.ddcolor.demo --eval-mode on-device
```

**NOTE**: If you want running in a Jupyter Notebook or Google Colab like
environment, please add the following to your cell (instead of the above).
```
%run -m qai_hub_models.models.ddcolor.demo -- --eval-mode on-device
```


## Deploying compiled model to Android


The models can be deployed using multiple runtimes:
- TensorFlow Lite (`.tflite` export): [This
  tutorial](https://www.tensorflow.org/lite/android/quickstart) provides a
  guide to deploy the .tflite model in an Android application.


- QNN (`.so` export ): This [sample
  app](https://docs.qualcomm.com/bundle/publicresource/topics/80-63442-50/sample_app.html)
provides instructions on how to use the `.so` shared library  in an Android application.


## View on Qualcomm® AI Hub
Get more details on DDColor's performance across various devices [here](https://aihub.qualcomm.com/models/ddcolor).
Explore all available models on [Qualcomm® AI Hub](https://aihub.qualcomm.com/)


## License
* The license for the original implementation of DDColor can be found
  [here](https://github.com/piddnad/DDColor/blob/master/LICENSE).
* The license for the compiled assets for on-device deployment can be found [here](https://qaihub-public-assets.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/qai-hub-models/Qualcomm+AI+Hub+Proprietary+License.pdf)



## References
* [DDColor: Towards Photo-Realistic Image Colorization via Dual Decoders](https://arxiv.org/abs/2201.03545)
* [Source Model Implementation](https://github.com/piddnad/DDColor/)



## Community
* Join [our AI Hub Slack community](https://aihub.qualcomm.com/community/slack) to collaborate, post questions and learn more about on-device AI.
* For questions or feedback please [reach out to us](mailto:[email protected]).