Nishef/SmolLM2-360M-Full_KTO_20251225_020028-merged

SmolLM2-360M - Kto

Model Description

This model is a Merged Standalone Model fine-tuned from HuggingFaceTB/SmolLM2-360M using the Kto training method.

Kahneman-Tversky Optimization - Binary preference optimization based on Prospect Theory

This model was developed as part of thesis research on LLM Alignment using Preference Optimization Methods.

Model Details

Property	Value
Base Model	HuggingFaceTB/SmolLM2-360M
Training Method	Kto
Model Type	Merged Standalone Model
Training Date	December 2025
Framework	PyTorch + Transformers + PEFT

Benchmark Results

Benchmark	Score
HellaSwag (10-shot)	0.394
TruthfulQA (0-shot MC2)	0.474
MMLU-Mini (5-shot)	0.254

Comparative Analysis

The following chart compares this method against other training approaches on the same base model:

Training Configuration

Parameter	Value
Epochs	1
Batch Size	2
Gradient Accumulation	8
Effective Batch Size	16
Learning Rate	2e-4
Max Sequence Length	512
LoRA Rank	16
LoRA Alpha	32
Dataset	UltraFeedback Binarized

Usage

Direct Loading (Merged Model)

from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer

model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("SmolLM2-360M")
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("SmolLM2-360M")

# Generate text
inputs = tokenizer("Hello, how are you?", return_tensors="pt")
outputs = model.generate(**inputs, max_new_tokens=100)
print(tokenizer.decode(outputs[0]))

Training Methodology

Kto

Kahneman-Tversky Optimization - Binary preference optimization based on Prospect Theory

Key Features:

• Binary feedback signals (thumbs up/down)
• No need for paired preference data
• Reference model for KL divergence regularization
• Prospect Theory-inspired loss function

Citation

If you use this model in your research, please cite:

@misc{smollm2_360m_kto_2025,
  title = {SmolLM2-360M Fine-tuned with Kto},
  author = {Thesis Research},
  year = {2025},
  publisher = {HuggingFace},
  url = {https://huggingface.co/Nishef/SmolLM2-360M-Full_KTO_20251225_020028}
}

Repository Structure

.
├── adapter_config.json      # LoRA configuration
├── adapter_model.safetensors # Model weights
├── tokenizer files          # Tokenizer configuration
├── eval_summary.csv         # Evaluation results
├── thesis_plots/            # Visualization assets
│   ├── benchmark_results.png
│   └── training_loss.png
└── README.md               # This file

Acknowledgments

• Base Model: HuggingFaceTB/SmolLM2-360M
• Training Framework: Hugging Face Transformers
• Fine-tuning Library: PEFT

License

This model is released under the Apache 2.0 license.

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This model was created as part of thesis research on LLM alignment using preference optimization methods.