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5,122 | CT scan | Warfarin | Calcific tendinitis | Bronchial carcinoid tumor | Homogentisate oxidase | 4 | A 74-year-old man presents to the emergency department with sudden-onset abdominal pain that is most painful around the umbilicus. The pain began 16 hours ago and has no association with meals. He has not been vomiting, but he has had several episodes of bloody loose bowel movements. He was hospitalized 1 week ago f... | This patient's symptoms are most likely being caused by inflammation of which of the following structures? | A 35-year-old man presents to pulmonary function clinic for preoperative evaluation for a right pneumonectomy. His arterial blood gas at room air is as follows:
pH: 7.34
PaCO2: 68 mmHg
PaO2: 56 mmHg
Base excess: +1
O2 saturation: 89%
What underlying condition most likely explains these findings? |
1,854 | Aspirin and clopidogrel | CT scanning | Levothyroxine therapy | Hemangioblastoma | Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) | 3 | A 53-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician with joint pain. She reports a 6-month history of progressive pain in her hands that is worse around her knuckles. The pain is symmetric bilaterally and seems to improve after she starts working in the morning at her job in a local grocery store. She has als... | Which of the following is the most appropriate pharmacotherapy?" | A 5-year-old boy is brought in by his parents for recurrent abdominal pain. The child has been taken out of class 5 times this past week for abdominal pain that resulted in him being sent home. The mother reports that her son's stools have remained unchanged during this time and are brown in color, without blood, and w... |
3,925 | Release of vascular endothelial growth factor | Calcitriol | HLA-DR2 | Cystic fibrosis | Vaginal cancer | 1 | A 8-month-old boy is brought to the physician for the evaluation of shortening of his arms and legs. The parents report that they have also noticed that their son's head is progressively enlarging. The patient was born at term via vaginal delivery. There is no personal or family history of serious illness. His immu... | Which of the following is the most likely explanation for these findings? | A 48-year old man comes to the physician for the evaluation of an 8-month history of fatigue and profuse, watery, odorless diarrhea. He reports that he has had a 10.5-kg (23-lb) weight loss during this time. Physical examination shows conjunctival pallor and poor skin turgor. Laboratory studies show:
Hemoglobin 9.8 g/d... |
9,953 | Decreased pH | PrPSC Sheets | ↑ NADH/NAD+; ALT:AST ≥ 2:1; ß-oxidation ↓; ß-hydroxybutyrate ↓; lactic acid ↓ | CT scan of the head | Amyloid plaques | 0 | A 34-year-old man presents to a clinic with complaints of abdominal discomfort and blood in the urine for 2 days. He has had similar abdominal discomfort during the past 5 years, although he does not remember passing blood in the urine. He has had hypertension for the past 2 years, for which he has been prescribed me... | Microscopic examination of this density is most likely to confirm which of the following diagnoses? | An 8-year-old boy is brought to the pediatrician because his mother is concerned about recent behavioral changes. His mother states that she has started to notice that he is slurring his speech and seems to be falling more than normal. On exam, the pediatrician observes the boy has pes cavus, hammer toes, and kyposcoli... |
4,147 | Phenylalanine hydroxylase | Prolyl hydroxylase | Vitamin D binding protein | Tinea capitis | Trichotillomania | 4 | A 2-year-old boy is presented to the pediatrician due to poor weight gain and easy fatigability. His mother states that the patient barely engages in any physical activity as he becomes short of breath easily. The prenatal and birth histories are insignificant. Past medical history includes a few episodes of upper r... | This patient’s condition is most strongly characterized by which of the following? | A 40-year-old G1P0010 presents to the clinic with nausea and vomiting 8 weeks after a spontaneous abortion at 10 weeks gestation. She admits to heavy drinking (7–8 glasses of wine per day) for the last 20 years; however, after the pregnancy loss, she increased her drinking to 8–9 glasses per day. Hepatomegaly, right up... |
2,397 | Increase oral hydration and fiber intake | Cellular retention of sodium | Secondary syphilis | Degranulation of eosinophils | Urgent blood transfusion | 2 | A 1-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his parents for the evaluation of recurrent seizures. He is at the 5th percentile for height and 10th percentile for weight. Examination shows coarse pale hair, inelastic hypopigmented skin, and generalized hypotonia. Laboratory studies show low serum ceruloplasmin lev... | What is the most likely diagnosis? | A 40-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 2-week history of anal pain that occurs during defecation and lasts for several hours. She reports that she often strains during defecation and sees bright red blood on toilet paper after wiping. She typically has 3 bowel movements per week. Physical examination s... |
1,754 | Left-sided heart failure | Glioblastoma | Hematuria | Pick bodies | Begin cognitive behavioral therapy | 0 | A 42-year-old man presents for evaluation of vitamin D deficiency with possible osteomalacia. The patient had a pathologic fracture 3 weeks ago and was found to have dangerously low levels of vitamin D with normal serum calcium levels. Bone density has been drastically affected, leading to the fracture this patient e... | Further evaluation of this patient is most likely to show which of the following findings?" | A 22-year-old man comes to the physician because of headaches and blurry vision for the past 6 months. He also reports frequent episodes of vomiting over the last month. His father has died of renal cell carcinoma at the age of 37 years. Examination shows 20/40 vision bilaterally. Fundoscopic examination shows bilatera... |
2,295 | H2 receptors of the stomach | HLA-B8 | Herpes simplex virus | Colonoscopy | Sestamibi scan only | 1 | A 35-year-old man presents to pulmonary function clinic for preoperative evaluation for a right pneumonectomy. | Which of the following changes would produce the same effect on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve as this athlete's training did? | A 30-year-old woman presents to the clinic for a 3-month history of painful hair loss. She was in her usual state of health until about 3 months ago when she started to develop some painfully itchy spots across her scalp. Since that time these spots have lost hair and scarred, with new spots continuing to form. On furt... |
9,781 | Cervical radiculopathy | Group B streptococcus | Lysyl oxidase | D2 receptors of the basal ganglia | Cor pulmonale | 4 | A 65-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 2-month history of persistent pain in her right shoulder. The pain is localized to the top of the shoulder and is worse with movement. She has stiffness in the right shoulder that is worse in the morning and usually lasts 20 minutes. The patient reports that sh... | Which of the following trinucleotide repeats is this child most likely to possess? | A 34-year-old man presents to a clinic with complaints of abdominal discomfort and blood in the urine for 2 days. He has had similar abdominal discomfort during the past 5 years, although he does not remember passing blood in the urine. He has had hypertension for the past 2 years, for which he has been prescribed medi... |
1,838 | Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) | ↑ NAD+/NADH; ALT:AST ≥ 2:1; ß-oxidation ↑; ß-hydroxybutyrate, no change; lactic acid ↓ | Liver disease | IV acyclovir | GCC | 4 | A 40-year-old G1P0010 presents to the clinic with nausea and vomiting 8 weeks after a spontaneous abortion at 10 weeks gestation. She admits to heavy drinking (7–8 glasses of wine per day) for the last 20 years; however, after the pregnancy loss, she increased her drinking to 8–9 glasses per day. Hepatomegaly, right ... | Which of the following is the best next step in management? | A 35-year-old woman comes to your office with a variety of complaints. As part of her evaluation, she undergoes laboratory testing which reveals the presence of anti-centromere antibodies. All of the following symptoms and signs would be expected to be present EXCEPT: |
2,622 | ↑ NADH/NAD+; AST:ALT ≥ 2:1; ß-oxidation ↓; ß-hydroxybutyrate ↑; lactic acid ↑ | Exploratory laparoscopy | Oligodendroglioma | Hypercoagulable state | Biceps tendinitis | 3 | A 58-year-old man is brought to the emergency department after a witnessed tonic-clonic seizure. His wife says he has had a persistent dry cough for 6 months. During this time period, he has also had fatigue and a 4.5-kg (10-lb) weight loss. The patient has no history of serious illness and does not take any medicat... | Which of the following is the definitive test to assess the patient condition? | An 8-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department because of shortness of breath and dry cough for 2 days. His symptoms began after he helped his father clean the basement. He is allergic to shellfish. Respirations are 26/min. Physical examination shows diffuse end-expiratory wheezing and decreased inspiratory-t... |
7,637 | Acute respiratory distress syndrome | Alveoli | Exploratory laparotomy | PTH | Heartburn and regurgitation | 2 | A 72-year-old man presents to the emergency department after a fall. The patient was found lying down on the floor in his room in his retirement community. The patient has a past medical history of Alzheimer dementia and a prosthetic valve. His current medications include donepezil and warfarin. His temperature is ... | Which of the following is the most appropriate next step in management? | A 1-year-old boy is brought to the physician by his parents for the evaluation of recurrent seizures. He is at the 5th percentile for height and 10th percentile for weight. Examination shows coarse pale hair, inelastic hypopigmented skin, and generalized hypotonia. Laboratory studies show low serum ceruloplasmin levels... |
7,085 | Decreased urine osmolarity | Alpha 1 receptors of the bladder neck | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | Deep vein thrombosis | Hypercoagulability studies | 1 | A 48-year old man comes to the physician for the evaluation of an 8-month history of fatigue and profuse, watery, odorless diarrhea. He reports that he has had a 10.5-kg (23-lb) weight loss during this time. Physical examination shows conjunctival pallor and poor skin turgor. Laboratory studies show:
Hemoglobin 9.8 ... | Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis in this patient? | A 79-year-old man is brought to the emergency department after he noted the abrupt onset of weakness accompanied by decreased sensation on his left side. His symptoms developed rapidly, peaked within 1 minute, and began to spontaneously resolve 10 minutes later. Upon arrival in the emergency room 40 minutes after the i... |
6,667 | Squamous cell lung carcinoma | Decreased temperature | Decreased 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate | Budd-chiari syndrome | HLA-DR4 | 2 | A 35-year-old woman presents to the ER with shortness of breath, cough, and severe lower limb enlargement. The dyspnea was of sudden onset, started a week ago, and increased with exercise but did not disappear with rest. Her cough was dry, persistent, and non-productive. She has a family history of maternal hyperten... | What is the most likely diagnosis? | A 70-year-old woman, gravida 5, para 5, comes to the physician for the evaluation of sensation of vaginal fullness for the last six months. During this period, she has had lower back and pelvic pain that is worse with prolonged standing or walking. The patient underwent a hysterectomy at the age of 35 years because of ... |
8,370 | Calcifediol | Antigen contact with presensitized T-lymphocytes | Perform a stool culture | Posterior midline of the anal canal, proximal to the pectinate line | Episodic hypertension | 2 | A 24-year-old professional athlete is advised to train in the mountains to enhance his performance. After 5 months of training at an altitude of 1.5 km (5,000 feet), he is able to increase his running pace while competing at sea-level venues. | Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? | A 65-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 2-month history of persistent pain in her right shoulder. The pain is localized to the top of the shoulder and is worse with movement. She has stiffness in the right shoulder that is worse in the morning and usually lasts 20 minutes. The patient reports that she i... |
9,525 | Medulloblastoma | Atrophic vaginitis | CAG | Crosslinking of preformed IgE antibodies | Lateral aspect of the anal canal, distal to the pectinate line | 3 | A 68-year-old man is admitted to the intensive care unit after open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. The patient has received 4 units of packed red blood cells during the surgery. During the first 24 hours following the procedure, he has only passed 200 mL of urine. He has congestive heart failure and hypertension.... | A lumbar puncture is performed with the following results:
Opening pressure: Normal
Fluid color: Clear
Cell count: Increased lymphocytes
Protein: Slightly elevated
Which of the following is the most likely cause of this patient's symptoms? | A 8-month-old boy is brought to the physician for the evaluation of shortening of his arms and legs. The parents report that they have also noticed that their son's head is progressively enlarging. The patient was born at term via vaginal delivery. There is no personal or family history of serious illness. His immuniza... |
3,631 | HLA-B27 | Leukocyte casts | Lewy bodies | ↑ NAD+/NADH; AST:ALT ≥ 2:1; ß-oxidation ↑; ß-hydroxybutyrate ↓; lactic acid ↓ | Replication of the attenuated vaccine strain | 3 | A 35-year-old woman comes to your office with a variety of complaints. As part of her evaluation, she undergoes laboratory testing which reveals the presence of anti-centromere antibodies. | Which is the most likely pathological finding present in this patient? | A 44-year-old with a past medical history significant for human immunodeficiency virus infection presents to the emergency department after he was found to be experiencing worsening confusion. The patient was noted to be disoriented by residents and staff at the homeless shelter where he resides. On presentation he rep... |
4,202 | Pleural cavity | Calcium deposits on digits | Anterior midline of the anal canal, distal to the pectinate line | Low urine sodium | NM receptors of the quadriceps femoris muscle | 1 | A 44-year-old with a past medical history significant for human immunodeficiency virus infection presents to the emergency department after he was found to be experiencing worsening confusion. The patient was noted to be disoriented by residents and staff at the homeless shelter where he resides. On presentation he r... | Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? | A 5-day-old male newborn is brought to the emergency department 1 hour after having a seizure. It lasted approximately 1 minute, and involved blinking and lip-smacking movements as well as left-sided jerking of the hand and foot. His mother says she measured a temperature of 38.2°C (100.7°F) at that time. He has had in... |
3,594 | Mesenteric angiography | Rotator cuff tear | Respiratory bronchioles | Begin treatment with ciprofloxacin | Acquired cystic kidney disease | 3 | A 55-year-old man presents to the physician with tiredness, lethargy, bone pain, and colicky right abdominal pain for 1 month. He has no comorbidities. He does not have any significant past medical history. His height is 176 cm (5 ft 7 in), weight is 88 kg (194 lb), and his BMI is 28.47 kg/m2. The physical examinat... | After a conversation with the child exploring his symptoms, which of the following is the next step in management for this child? | A 24-year-old professional athlete is advised to train in the mountains to enhance his performance. After 5 months of training at an altitude of 1.5 km (5,000 feet), he is able to increase his running pace while competing at sea-level venues. Which of the following changes would produce the same effect on the oxygen-he... |
3,572 | Alopecia areata | CT scan of the neck | Bone scan (DEXA) | Enterocele | Lung adenocarcinoma | 2 | A 36-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his wife 20 minutes after having a seizure. Over the past 3 days, he has had a fever and worsening headaches. This morning, his wife noticed that he was irritable and demonstrated strange behavior; he put the back of his fork, the salt shaker, and the lid of... | Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? | A 53-year-old woman presents to her primary care physician with joint pain. She reports a 6-month history of progressive pain in her hands that is worse around her knuckles. The pain is symmetric bilaterally and seems to improve after she starts working in the morning at her job in a local grocery store. She has also l... |
6,952 | 99mTc sestamibi scan with ultrasound of the neck | Coronary artery disease | Ventricular septal defect (VSD) | Glucocerebrosidase | Increased partial pressure of oxygen | 0 | A 70-year-old woman, gravida 5, para 5, comes to the physician for the evaluation of sensation of vaginal fullness for the last six months. During this period, she has had lower back and pelvic pain that is worse with prolonged standing or walking. The patient underwent a hysterectomy at the age of 35 years because o... | These receptors are structurally most similar to which of the following receptors? | A 42-year-old man presents for evaluation of vitamin D deficiency with possible osteomalacia. The patient had a pathologic fracture 3 weeks ago and was found to have dangerously low levels of vitamin D with normal serum calcium levels. Bone density has been drastically affected, leading to the fracture this patient exp... |
9,425 | Pallor, cyanosis, and erythema of the hands | Cholelithiasis | Large cell lung carcinoma | Subacromial bursitis | IV vancomycin | 1 | A 30-year-old woman presents to the clinic for a 3-month history of painful hair loss. She was in her usual state of health until about 3 months ago when she started to develop some painfully itchy spots across her scalp. Since that time these spots have lost hair and scarred, with new spots continuing to form. On f... | The lack of what compound is most responsible for the formation of this disease? | A 74-year-old man presents to the emergency department with sudden-onset abdominal pain that is most painful around the umbilicus. The pain began 16 hours ago and has no association with meals. He has not been vomiting, but he has had several episodes of bloody loose bowel movements. He was hospitalized 1 week ago for ... |
3,718 | IV ganciclovir | Atrial septal defect (ASD) | Breakdown of endothelial tight junctions | CTG | Bisphosphonate therapy
" | 0 | An investigator is studying the principles of cell-to-cell signaling of the autonomic nervous system. It is found that the adrenal medulla has receptors that, when activated, result in the immediate opening of Na+, Ca2+, and K+ channels, which subsequently leads to the secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine. | Which of the following is most likely the primary mechanism of the development of edema in this patient? | A 2-year-old boy is presented to the pediatrician due to poor weight gain and easy fatigability. His mother states that the patient barely engages in any physical activity as he becomes short of breath easily. The prenatal and birth histories are insignificant. Past medical history includes a few episodes of upper resp... |
286 | Immune complex formation and deposition | Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) | IV ceftriaxone | Ultrasound of the neck only | Ependymoma | 3 | A 5-day-old male newborn is brought to the emergency department 1 hour after having a seizure. It lasted approximately 1 minute, and involved blinking and lip-smacking movements as well as left-sided jerking of the hand and foot. His mother says she measured a temperature of 38.2°C (100.7°F) at that time. He has had... | Decreased activity of which of the following enzymes is most likely responsible for this patient's condition? | A 65-year-old man was picked up by the security personnel for voiding urine and defecating at an inappropriate place in the community. On questioning, he was making offensive remarks and behaving inappropriately. On physical examination, the physician observed an ataxic gait and amnesia. Initial urine drug screen is ne... |
9,045 | Reassurance | GAA | Infectious vulvovaginitis | Coarctation of aorta | ↑ NADH/NAD+; ALT:AST ≥ 2:1; ß-oxidation ↓; ß-hydroxybutyrate ↓; lactic acid ↑ | 4 | A 13-month-old girl is brought to the physician because of a pruritic rash for 2 days. The girl's mother says she noticed a few isolated skin lesions on her trunk two days ago that appear to be itching. The girl received her routine immunizations 18 days ago. Her mother has been giving her ibuprofen for her symptoms... | All of the following symptoms and signs would be expected to be present EXCEPT: | A 58-year-old man is brought to the emergency department after a witnessed tonic-clonic seizure. His wife says he has had a persistent dry cough for 6 months. During this time period, he has also had fatigue and a 4.5-kg (10-lb) weight loss. The patient has no history of serious illness and does not take any medication... |
9,654 | CGG | Bronchiectasis | Hyperinsulinemia | Simple renal cysts | Terminal bronchioles | 0 | An 8-year-old boy is brought to the emergency department because of shortness of breath and dry cough for 2 days. His symptoms began after he helped his father clean the basement. He is allergic to shellfish. Respirations are 26/min. Physical examination shows diffuse end-expiratory wheezing and decreased inspirato... | This patient's symptoms are most likely caused by tissue injury in which of the following locations? | A 72-year-old man presents to the emergency department after a fall. The patient was found lying down on the floor in his room in his retirement community. The patient has a past medical history of Alzheimer dementia and a prosthetic valve. His current medications include donepezil and warfarin. His temperature is 97.7... |
4,833 | Drug abuse | Anterior midline of the anal canal, proximal to the pectinate line | M2 receptors of heart | Distal trachea | Complete blood count | 4 | An 8-year-old boy is brought to the pediatrician because his mother is concerned about recent behavioral changes. His mother states that she has started to notice that he is slurring his speech and seems to be falling more than normal. On exam, the pediatrician observes the boy has pes cavus, hammer toes, and kyposco... | Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? | A 36-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by his wife 20 minutes after having a seizure. Over the past 3 days, he has had a fever and worsening headaches. This morning, his wife noticed that he was irritable and demonstrated strange behavior; he put the back of his fork, the salt shaker, and the lid of t... |
8,768 | Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) | Small cell lung carcinoma | Plain abdominal X-rays | Neisseria meningitidis | Increased hydrostatic pressure | 0 | A 40-year-old woman comes to the physician because of a 2-week history of anal pain that occurs during defecation and lasts for several hours. She reports that she often strains during defecation and sees bright red blood on toilet paper after wiping. She typically has 3 bowel movements per week. Physical examinatio... | Which of the following interventions is most appropriate for this patient's condition? | A 55-year-old man presents to the physician with tiredness, lethargy, bone pain, and colicky right abdominal pain for 1 month. He has no comorbidities. He does not have any significant past medical history. His height is 176 cm (5 ft 7 in), weight is 88 kg (194 lb), and his BMI is 28.47 kg/m2. The physical examination ... |
7,839 | Cryptococcus | Check the stool for fecal red blood cells and leukocytes | Medullary cystic disease | Increased carbon monoxide inhalation | Tuberculosis | 3 | A 65-year-old man was picked up by the security personnel for voiding urine and defecating at an inappropriate place in the community. On questioning, he was making offensive remarks and behaving inappropriately. On physical examination, the physician observed an ataxic gait and amnesia. Initial urine drug screen is... | Further evaluation of this patient is most likely to reveal which of the following findings? | A 68-year-old man is admitted to the intensive care unit after open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair. The patient has received 4 units of packed red blood cells during the surgery. During the first 24 hours following the procedure, he has only passed 200 mL of urine. He has congestive heart failure and hypertension. Cu... |
9,469 | Achlorhydria | Growth hormone therapy | Blanching vascular abnormalities | Carotid stenting | Obesity | 0 | A 79-year-old man is brought to the emergency department after he noted the abrupt onset of weakness accompanied by decreased sensation on his left side. His symptoms developed rapidly, peaked within 1 minute, and began to spontaneously resolve 10 minutes later. Upon arrival in the emergency room 40 minutes after the... | Which of the following findings is most likely to be true in her condition? | An investigator is studying the principles of cell-to-cell signaling of the autonomic nervous system. It is found that the adrenal medulla has receptors that, when activated, result in the immediate opening of Na+, Ca2+, and K+ channels, which subsequently leads to the secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine. These... |
5,978 | Posterior midline of the anal canal, distal to the pectinate line | Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) | Low molecular weight heparin | Fresh frozen plasma | 25-hydroxycholecalciferol | 3 | A 5-year-old boy is brought in by his parents for recurrent abdominal pain. The child has been taken out of class 5 times this past week for abdominal pain that resulted in him being sent home. The mother reports that her son's stools have remained unchanged during this time and are brown in color, without blood, and... | What is the most appropriate next step in his management? | A 35-year-old woman presents to the ER with shortness of breath, cough, and severe lower limb enlargement. The dyspnea was of sudden onset, started a week ago, and increased with exercise but did not disappear with rest. Her cough was dry, persistent, and non-productive. She has a family history of maternal hypertensio... |
9,107 | Bartholin gland cyst | Pyrimethamine | Reactivation of virus dormant in dorsal root ganglion | HLA-DR3 | Proteinuria | 0 | A 22-year-old man comes to the physician because of headaches and blurry vision for the past 6 months. He also reports frequent episodes of vomiting over the last month. His father has died of renal cell carcinoma at the age of 37 years. Examination shows 20/40 vision bilaterally. Fundoscopic examination shows bila... | His arterial blood gas at room air is as follows:
pH: 7.34
PaCO2: 68 mmHg
PaO2: 56 mmHg
Base excess: +1
O2 saturation: 89%
What underlying condition most likely explains these findings? | A 13-month-old girl is brought to the physician because of a pruritic rash for 2 days. The girl's mother says she noticed a few isolated skin lesions on her trunk two days ago that appear to be itching. The girl received her routine immunizations 18 days ago. Her mother has been giving her ibuprofen for her symptoms. T... |
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