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The intracellular parasite Theileria parva protects infected T cells from apoptosis.
Parasites have evolved a plethora of strategies to ensure their survival. The intracellular parasite Theileria parva secures its propagation and spreads through the infected animal by infecting and transforming T cells, inducing their... | {
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Downregulation of Wilms' tumor gene (WT1) is not a prerequisite for erythroid or megakaryocytic differentiation of the leukemic cell line K562.
The Wilms' tumor gene (WT1) encodes a transcription factor of the zinc finger type. A high expression of WT1 has been detected in a range of acute leukemias, and WT1 is downre... | {
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GATA-1 and erythropoietin cooperate to promote erythroid cell survival by regulating bcl-xL expression.
The transcription factor GATA-1 is essential for normal erythropoiesis. By examining in vitro-differentiated embryonic stem cells, we showed previously that in the absence of GATA-1, committed erythroid precursors f... | {
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NF-kappaB functions as both a proapoptotic and antiapoptotic regulatory factor within a single cell type.
Recently NF-kappaB has been shown to have both proapoptotic and antiapoptotic functions. In T cell hybridomas, both T cell activators and glucocorticoids induce apoptosis. Here we show that blockade of NF-kappaB a... | {
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"text": "Fas Ligand",
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{
"text": "FasL",
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3-deazaadenosine, a S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase inhibitor, has dual effects on NF-kappaB regulation. Inhibition of NF-kappaB transcriptional activity and promotion of IkappaBalpha degradation.
Previously we reported that 3-deazaadenosine (DZA), a potent inhibitor and substrate for S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase... | {
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STAT1 activation during monocyte to macrophage maturation: role of adhesion molecules.
Human monocytes isolated from peripheral blood of healthy donors show a time-dependent differentiation into macrophages upon in vitro cultivation, closely mimicking their in vivo migration and maturation into extravascular tissues. ... | {
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Stimulation of neutrophil interleukin-8 production by eosinophil granule major basic protein.
We evaluated the ability of eosinophil granule major basic protein (MBP) to stimulate interleukin (IL)-8 production by neutrophils. MBP over the concentration range of 0.1 to 10 microM stimulated the release of up to approxim... | {
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{
"text": "eosinophil granule major basic protein",
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PPARgamma activation induces the expression of the adipocyte fatty acid binding protein gene in human monocytes.
The peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand activated transcription factors, plays a key role in the anti-diabetic actions of the... | {
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{
"text": "peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor gamma",
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Reactive oxygen intermediate-release of fibre-exposed monocytes increases inflammatory cytokine-mRNA level, protein tyrosine kinase and NF-kappaB activity in co-cultured bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B).
Some pulmonary diseases like bronchitis or asthma bronchiale are mediated by inflammatory mechanisms in bronchi... | {
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"text": "IL-1beta",
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{
"text": "TNF-alpha",
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Host defense mechanisms triggered by microbial lipoproteins through toll-like receptors.
The generation of cell-mediated immunity against many infectious pathogens involves the production of interleukin-12 (IL-12), a key signal of the innate immune system. Yet, for many pathogens, the molecules that induce IL-12 produ... | {
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{
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{
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Cell activation and apoptosis by bacterial lipoproteins through toll-like receptor-2.
Apoptosis is implicated in the generation and resolution of inflammation in response to bacterial pathogens. All bacterial pathogens produce lipoproteins (BLPs), which trigger the innate immune response. BLPs were found to induce apo... | {
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{
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... | {
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Tissue-specific regulation of the ecto-5'-nucleotidase promoter. Role of the camp response element site in mediating repression by the upstream regulatory region.
We have isolated the 5' region of the ecto-5'-nucleotidase (low K(m) 5'-NT) gene and established that a 969-base pair (bp) fragment confers cell-specific ex... | {
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NF-kappaB-mediated up-regulation of Bcl-x and Bfl-1/A1 is required for CD40 survival signaling in B lymphocytes.
Activation of CD40 is essential for thymus-dependent humoral immune responses and rescuing B cells from apoptosis. Many of the effects of CD40 are believed to be achieved through altered gene expression. In... | {
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Distinctive gene expression patterns in human mammary epithelial cells and breast cancers.
cDNA microarrays and a clustering algorithm were used to identify patterns of gene expression in human mammary epithelial cells growing in culture and in primary human breast tumors. Clusters of coexpressed genes identified thro... | {
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Bcl-2-mediated drug resistance: inhibition of apoptosis by blocking nuclear factor of activated T lymphocytes (NFAT)-induced Fas ligand transcription.
Bcl-2 inhibits apoptosis induced by a variety of stimuli, including chemotherapy drugs and glucocorticoids. It is generally accepted that Bcl-2 exerts its antiapoptotic... | {
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{
"text": "Bcl-2",
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... | {
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Retinoblastoma protein expression leads to reduced Oct-1 DNA binding activity and enhances interleukin-8 expression.
Tumor cell lines with a defective retinoblastoma gene are unable to transcribe the HLA class II genes in response to IFN-gamma treatment, and reconstitution of functional Rb rescues IFN-gamma-induced cl... | {
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"text": "Oct-1",
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Protein kinase C and calcineurin synergize to activate IkappaB kinase and NF-kappaB in T lymphocytes.
The nuclear factor of kappaB (NF-kappaB) is a ubiquitous transcription factor that is key in the regulation of the immune response and inflammation. T cell receptor (TCR) cross-linking is in part required for activati... | {
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{
"text": "IkappaBalpha kinase",
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{
"text": "p90(rsk)",
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C/EBPbeta and GATA-1 synergistically regulate activity of the eosinophil granule major basic protein promoter: implication for C/EBPbeta activity in eosinophil gene expression.
Eosinophil granule major basic protein (MBP) is expressed exclusively in eosinophils and basophils in hematopoietic cells. In our previous stu... | {
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Thymocyte-thymic epithelial cell interaction leads to high-level replication of human immunodeficiency virus exclusively in mature CD4(+) CD8(-) CD3(+) thymocytes: a critical role for tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-7.
This work aims at identifying the thymocyte subpopulation able to support human immunodeficien... | {
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"text": "CD4",
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"text": "interleukin-7",
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IL-2-independent activation and proliferation in human T cells induced by CD28.
Although the role of CD28 in T cell costimulation is firmly established, the mechanisms by which it exerts its costimulatory actions are less clear. In many circumstances it is difficult to distinguish the effects of CD28 from subsequent a... | {
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Suppression of TNFalpha-mediated NFkappaB activity by myricetin and other flavonoids through downregulating the activity of IKK in ECV304 cells.
Flavonoids are a group of naturally-occurring phenolic compounds in the plant kingdom, and many flavonoids are found with vascular protective properties. Nevertheless how the... | {
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"text": "TNFalpha",
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"text": "tumor necrosis factor-alpha",
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{
"text": "TNFalpha",
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Induction of a functional vitamin D receptor in all-trans-retinoic acid-induced monocytic differentiation of M2-type leukemic blast cells.
Different types of acute myeloid leukemia blast cells were induced to differentiate in vitro with all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) and vitamin D3 (VD). M0/M1 leukemic cells are not s... | {
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Signal transduction pathways triggered by the FcepsilonRIIb receptor (CD23) in human monocytes lead to nuclear factor-kappaB activation.
BACKGROUND: Alveolar macrophages play a key role in the initiation of the inflammatory reaction of allergic asthma. Alveolar macrophages and peripheral blood monocytes are activated ... | {
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"text": "FcepsilonRIIb receptor",
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{
"text": "CD23 receptor",
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Dopamine stimulates expression of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 via NF-kappaB in cells of the immune system.
Recent studies have reported that lymphocytes produce, transport and bind dopamine present in plasma. However, the action of dopamine on HIV-1 gene expression in cells of the immune system has not yet... | {
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"text": "tumor necrosis factor-alpha",
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{
"text": "TNF-alpha",
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{
"text": "TNF-alpha",
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AML1 (CBFalpha2) cooperates with B cell-specific activating protein (BSAP/PAX5) in activation of the B cell-specific BLK gene promoter.
AML1 plays a critical role during hematopoiesis and chromosomal translocations involving AML1 are commonly associated with different forms of leukemia, including pre-B acute lymphobla... | {
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{
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c-Maf induces monocytic differentiation and apoptosis in bipotent myeloid progenitors.
The transcriptional mechanisms that drive colony-forming unit granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM) myeloid progenitors to differentiate into cells of either the granulocytic or monocytic lineage are not fully understood. We have shown th... | {
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"text": "c-Maf",
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{
"text": "c-Maf",
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{
"text": "c-Myb",
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{
"text": "c-Myb",
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Nuclear factor-kappaB-dependent induction of interleukin-8 gene expression by tumor necrosis factor alpha: evidence for an antioxidant sensitive activating pathway distinct from nuclear translocation.
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) is a pluripotent activator of inflammation by inducing a proinflammatory cytoki... | {
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"text": "interleukin-8",
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{
"text": "tumor necrosis factor alpha",
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Neutrophil maturation and the role of retinoic acid.
Neutrophil maturation occurs in well defined morphological stages that correlate with the acquisition of molecular markers associated with neutrophil function. A variety of factors are known to play a role in terminal neutrophil maturation, including the vitamin A d... | {
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Induction of Bcl-x(L) expression by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Tax through NF-kappaB in apoptosis-resistant T-cell transfectants with Tax.
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) Tax is thought to play a pivotal role in immortalization of T cells. We have recently shown that the expression of Tax protected... | {
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"protein": [
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"text": "Bcl-x(L)",
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Interferons inhibit activation of STAT6 by interleukin 4 in human monocytes by inducing SOCS-1 gene expression.
Interferons (IFNs) inhibit induction by IL-4 of multiple genes in human monocytes. However, the mechanism by which IFNs mediate this inhibition has not been defined. IL-4 activates gene expression by inducin... | {
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"text": "tyrosine",
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{
"text": "tyrosine",
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{
"text": "nu... | {
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Increased IkappaB expression and diminished nuclear NF-kappaB in human mononuclear cells following hydrocortisone injection.
We have recently demonstrated that hydrocortisone and other glucocorticoids inhibit reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by mononuclear (MNC) and polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNL). Since N... | {
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Renal cell carcinoma-derived gangliosides suppress nuclear factor-kappaB activation in T cells.
Activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NFkappaB) is impaired in T cells from patients with renal cell carcinomas (RCCs). In circulating T cells from a subset of patients with RCCs, the suppression of ... | {
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Affinity-driven peptide selection of an NFAT inhibitor more selective than cyclosporin A [see comments]
The flow of information from calcium-mobilizing receptors to nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT)-dependent genes is critically dependent on interaction between the phosphatase calcineurin and the transcriptio... | {
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Leukotriene B4 stimulates c-fos and c-jun gene transcription and AP-1 binding activity in human monocytes.
We have examined the effect of leukotriene B4 (LTB4), a potent lipid proinflammatory mediator, on the expression of the proto-oncogenes c-jun and c-fos. In addition, we looked at the modulation of nuclear factors... | {
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Transcription factor activation and functional stimulation of human monocytes.
Activation of expression of genes encoding transcription factors: c-fos and c-jun and formation of AP1 transcriptional complex in human monocytes was investigated. It was found that lipopolysaccharide induced strongly both c-fos and c-jun e... | {
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Interferon-gamma potentiates the antiviral activity and the expression of interferon-stimulated genes induced by interferon-alpha in U937 cells.
Binding of type I interferon (IFN-alpha/beta) to specific receptors results in the rapid transcriptional activation, independent of protein synthesis, of IFN-alpha-stimulated... | {
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A lymphoid cell-specific nuclear factor containing c-Rel-like proteins preferentially interacts with interleukin-6 kappa B-related motifs whose activities are repressed in lymphoid cells.
The proto-oncoprotein c-Rel is a member of the nuclear factor kappa B transcription factor family, which includes the p50 and p65 s... | {
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The promoter of the CD19 gene is a target for the B-cell-specific transcription factor BSAP.
The CD19 protein is expressed on the surface of all B-lymphoid cells with the exception of terminally differentiated plasma cells and has been implicated as a signal-transducing receptor in the control of proliferation and dif... | {
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SRC-related proto-oncogenes and transcription factors in primary human T cells: modulation by cyclosporin A and FK506.
Activation of T lymphocytes induces transcription of genes encoding for lymphokines. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) gene expression is controlled transcriptionally by the cooperative activity of specific trans-... | {
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The development of functionally responsive T cells.
The work reviewed in this article separates T cell development into four phases. First is an expansion phase prior to TCR rearrangement, which appears to be correlated with programming of at least some response genes for inducibility. This phase can occur to some ext... | {
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Regulation of c-jun expression during induction of monocytic differentiation by okadaic acid.
The present work has examined the effects of okadaic acid, an inhibitor of type 1 and 2A protein phosphatases, on the regulation of c-jun expression during monocytic differentiation of U-937 leukemia cells. The results demons... | {
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Activation of NF-kappa B by interleukin 2 in human blood monocytes.
We report here that interleukin 2 (IL-2) acts on human blood monocytes by enhancing binding activity of the transcription factor NF-kappa B to its consensus sequence in the 5' regulatory enhancer region of the IL-2 receptor alpha chain (p55). Similarl... | {
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The regulation of the human tumor necrosis factor alpha promoter region in macrophage, T cell, and B cell lines.
The 1311-base pair human tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha promoter region was fused to the luciferase (Luc) reporter gene and studied in a transient transfection system in three TNF producing cell lines, t... | {
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Redox status of cells influences constitutive or induced NF-kappa B translocation and HIV long terminal repeat activity in human T and monocytic cell lines.
We have tested the hypothesis that cellular activation events occurring in T lymphocytes and monocytes and mediated through translocation of the transcription fac... | {
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Natural variants of the HIV-1 long terminal repeat: analysis of promoters with duplicated DNA regulatory motifs.
Sequence variation in the long terminal repeat (LTR) region of HIV-1 was analyzed in viral isolates of 17 infected individuals. Two classes of LTR size variants were found. One HIV-1 variant was detected co... | {
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Transcription of the hypersensitive site HS2 enhancer in erythroid cells.
In the human genome, the erythroid-specific hypersensitive site HS2 enhancer regulates the transcription of the downstream beta-like globin genes 10-50 kilobases away. The mechanism of HS2 enhancer function is not known. The present study employ... | {
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Phorbol ester reduces constitutive nuclear NF kappa B and inhibits HIV-1 production in mature human monocytic cells.
NF kappa B is a potent mediator of specific gene expression in human monocytes and has been shown to play a role in transcription of the HIV-1 genome in promonocytic leukemias. There is little informati... | {
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Targeted degradation of c-Fos, but not v-Fos, by a phosphorylation-dependent signal on c-Jun.
The proto-oncogene products c-Fos and c-Jun heterodimerize through their leucine zippers to form the AP-1 transcription factor. The transcriptional activity of the heterodimer is regulated by signal-dependent phosphorylation ... | {
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Alpha-lipoic acid is a potent inhibitor of NF-kappa B activation in human T cells.
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) results from infection with a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The long terminal repeat (LTR) region of HIV proviral DNA contains binding sites for nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B), and th... | {
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Activation of lymphokine genes in T cells: role of cis-acting DNA elements that respond to T cell activation signals.
Activation of T cells is initiated by the recognition of antigen on antigen presenting cells to exert the effector functions in immune and inflammatory responses. Two types of helper T cell (Th) clones... | {
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I kappa B/MAD-3 masks the nuclear localization signal of NF-kappa B p65 and requires the transactivation domain to inhibit NF-kappa B p65 DNA binding.
The active nuclear form of the NF-kappa B transcription factor complex is composed of two DNA binding subunits, NF-kappa B p65 and NF-kappa B p50, both of which share e... | {
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Simple derivation of TFIID-dependent RNA polymerase II transcription systems from Schizosaccharomyces pombe and other organisms, and factors required for transcriptional activation.
Resolution of whole cell extract through two chromatographic steps yields a single protein fraction requiring only the addition of TFIID ... | {
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NF-kappa B-dependent induction of the NF-kappa B p50 subunit gene promoter underlies self-perpetuation of human immunodeficiency virus transcription in monocytic cells.
The molecular mechanisms underlying the sustained nuclear translocation of NF-kappa B observed in U937 monocytic cells chronically infected with human... | {
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TAR-independent transactivation by Tat in cells derived from the CNS: a novel mechanism of HIV-1 gene regulation.
The Tat protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is essential for productive infection and is a potential target for antiviral therapy. Tat, a potent activator of HIV-1 gene expression, serve... | {
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Mitogen stimulation of T-cells increases c-Fos and c-Jun protein levels, AP-1 binding and AP-1 transcriptional activity.
We have analysed the effect of mitogenic lectins on c-Fos and c-Jun protein levels as well as on activator protein-1 (AP-1) binding and enhancer activity in Jurkat T-cells. Both c-Fos and c-Jun prot... | {
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{
"text": "c-Fos",
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{
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... | {
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Okadaic acid is a potent inducer of AP-1, NF-kappa B, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in human B lymphocytes.
Treatment of human B lymphocytes with an optimal concentration of okadaic acid, an inhibitor of phosphatases 1 and 2A, resulted in the induction of the transcription factor, AP-1 and a marked increase in NF-ka... | {
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"text": "2A",
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A novel Ets-related transcription factor, Elf-1, binds to human immunodeficiency virus type 2 regulatory elements that are required for inducible trans activation in T cells.
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2 are structurally related retroviruses which both cause AIDS in humans. Although both virus... | {
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"text": "Elf-1",
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{
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{
"text": "Elf-1",
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"text": "Elf-1",
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Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Nef protein inhibits NF-kappa B induction in human T cells.
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) can establish a persistent and latent infection in CD4+ T lymphocytes (W.C.Greene, N.Engl.J. Med.324:308-317, 1991; S.M.Schnittman, M.C.Psallidopoulos, H.C. Lane, L.Thompson, M.Ba... | {
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"text": "CD4",
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A novel mitogen-inducible gene product related to p50/p105-NF-kappa B participates in transactivation through a kappa B site.
A Rel-related, mitogen-inducible, kappa B-binding protein has been cloned as an immediate-early activation gene of human peripheral blood T cells. The cDNA has an open reading frame of 900 amin... | {
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Transcriptional regulation during T-cell development: the alpha TCR gene as a molecular model.
The regulation of gene expression during lymphocyte differentiation is a complex process involving interactions between multiple positive and negative transcriptional regulatory elements. In this article, transcriptional reg... | {
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An 11-base-pair DNA sequence motif apparently unique to the human interleukin 4 gene confers responsiveness to T-cell activation signals.
We have identified a DNA segment that confers responsiveness to antigen stimulation signals on the human interleukin (IL) 4 gene in Jurkat cells. The human IL-4 gene, of 10 kilobase... | {
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Activation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 enhancer is not dependent on NFAT-1.
The function of a putative NFAT-1 site in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 enhancer has been analyzed. Activation by the T-cell antigen receptor is minimal in Jurkat cells and is mediated by the kappa B sites. The putativ... | {
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Interleukin 6-induced differentiation of a human B cell line into IgM-secreting plasma cells is mediated by c-fos.
The role of the protooncogene c-fos in interleukin (IL) 6-induced B cell differentiation was assessed. Treatment of SKW 6.4 cells with IL 6 induced a transient and early stimulation of c-fos sense mRNA ex... | {
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Binding of erythroid and non-erythroid nuclear proteins to the silencer of the human epsilon-globin-encoding gene.
To clarify the molecular mechanisms involved in the developmental control of hemoglobin-encoding genes we have been studying the expression of these genes in human cells in continuous culture. We have pre... | {
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"text": "DNaseI",
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T cell-specific negative regulation of transcription of the human cytokine IL-4.
IL-4 secreted by activated T cells is a pleiotropic cytokine affecting growth and differentiation of diverse cell types such as T cells, B cells, and mast cells. We investigated the upstream regulatory elements of the human IL-4 promoter.... | {
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Human T cell activation through the activation-inducer molecule/CD69 enhances the activity of transcription factor AP-1.
The induction of the AP-1 transcription factor has been ascribed to the early events leading to T cell differentiation and activation. We have studied the regulation of AP-1 activity in human periph... | {
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"text": "activation-inducer molecule",
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{
"text": "CD69",
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The B cell-specific nuclear factor OTF-2 positively regulates transcription of the human class II transplantation gene, DRA.
The promoter of the major histocompatibility class II gene DRA contains an octamer element (ATTTGCAT) that is required for efficient DRA expression in B cells. Several DNA-binding proteins are k... | {
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"text": "ATTTGCAT",
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{
"text": "DRA",
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{
... | {
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Specific NF-kappa B subunits act in concert with Tat to stimulate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transcription.
NF-kappa B is a protein complex which functions in concert with the tat-I gene product to stimulate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transcription. To determine whether specific members of the NF-kapp... | {
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"protein": [
{
"text": "Tat",
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{
"text": "tat-I",
"start": 186,
"end": 191
},
{
"text": "Tat-I",
"start": 434,
"end": 439
},
{
"text": "p49(100)",
... | {
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Heterodimerization and transcriptional activation in vitro by NF-kappa B proteins.
The NF-kappa B family of transcription proteins represents multiple DNA binding, rel related polypeptides that contribute to regulation of genes involved in immune responsiveness and inflammation, as well as activation of the HIV long t... | {
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"text": "rel",
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{
"text": "p50",
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Oct2 transactivation from a remote enhancer position requires a B-cell-restricted activity.
Previous cotransfection experiments had demonstrated that ectopic expression of the lymphocyte-specific transcription factor Oct2 could efficiently activate a promoter containing an octamer motif. Oct2 expression was unable to ... | {
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"text": "Oct2",
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{
"text": "Oct2",
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{
"text": "Oct2",
"start": 290,
"end": 294
},
{
"text": "Oct2",
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Transcription factor AP-2 activates gene expression of HTLV-I.
The HTLV-I LTR contains three conserved regulatory elements known as 21 base pair repeats which are required for stimulation of gene expression by the transactivator protein tax. Mutagenesis indicates that the 21 bp repeats can be subdivided into three mot... | {
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"positive regulation": [
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The human myelomonocytic cell line U-937 as a model for studying alterations in steroid-induced monokine gene expression: marked enhancement of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated interleukin-1 beta messenger RNA levels by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3.
The active metabolite of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3],... | {
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{
"text": "interleukin-1 beta",
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},
{
"text": "interleukin-1 beta",
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},
{
"text": "IL-1 beta",
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... | {
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NF-kappa B activation by tumor necrosis factor alpha in the Jurkat T cell line is independent of protein kinase A, protein kinase C, and Ca(2+)-regulated kinases.
NF-kappa B is a DNA-binding regulatory factor able to control transcription of a number of genes, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) genes. In T c... | {
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"text": "tumor necrosis factor alpha",
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{
"text": "tumor necrosis factor alpha",
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},
{
"text": "TNF alpha",
"start": 438,
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USF-related transcription factor, HIV-TF1, stimulates transcription of human immunodeficiency virus-1.
The transcription factor HIV-TF1, which binds to a region about 60 bp upstream from the enhancer of the human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), was purified from human B cells. HIV-TF1 had a molecular weight of 39,00... | {
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"text": "USF",
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{
"text": "HIV-TF1",
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},
{
"text": "HIV-TF1",
"start": 129,
"end": 136
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{
"text": "HIV-TF1",
... | {
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Nuclear transcription factors that bind to elements of the IL-2 promoter. Induction requirements in primary human T cells.
Prior studies have identified several elements that contribute to the activity of the IL-2 promoter in the stimulated T cell line, Jurkat. The sites and their corresponding nuclear binding factors... | {
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"text": "promoter",
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"text": "IL-2",
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... | {
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An erythroid specific enhancer upstream to the gene encoding the cell-type specific transcription factor GATA-1.
The transcription factor GATA-1 is expressed in a subset of hemopoietic cells, where it mediates the cell-type specific expression of several genes. We have cloned the mouse and human GATA-1 genes. A region... | {
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"protein": [
{
"text": "GATA-1",
"start": 105,
"end": 111
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{
"text": "GATA-1",
"start": 139,
"end": 145
},
{
"text": "GATA-1",
"start": 470,
"end": 476
},
{
"text": "GATA-1",... | {
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Clone pAT 133 identifies a gene that encodes another human member of a class of growth factor-induced genes with almost identical zinc-finger domains.
We report the structure and regulation of a gene represented by clone pAT 133, which is induced upon transition from a resting state (G0) through the early phase of the... | {
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"protein": [
{
"text": "EGR1",
"start": 769,
"end": 773
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{
"text": "EGR2",
"start": 786,
"end": 790
},
{
"text": "EGR1",
"start": 1442,
"end": 1446
},
{
"text": "EGR2",
... | {
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Every enhancer works with every promoter for all the combinations tested: could new regulatory pathways evolve by enhancer shuffling?
The promoters and enhancers of cell type-specific genes are often conserved in evolution, and hence one might expect that a given enhancer has evolved to work best with its own promoter... | {
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Towards a molecular understanding of T-cell differentiation.
Lymphoid differentiation is one of the best studied examples of mammalian development. Here Hans Clevers and Michael Owen describe how the cloning of the genes that encode T-cell-specific membrane proteins allows the identification of transcription factors t... | {
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],
"json_structures": ... |
Transcription factor requirements for U2 snRNA-encoding gene activation in B lymphoid cells.
Transcription of a human U2 small nuclear RNA(snRNA)-encoding gene in HeLa cells requires a distal enhancer element, which is composed of one octamer motif (Oct) and three Sp 1-binding sites. To study the transcription factor ... | {
"entities": {
"protein": [
{
"text": "Sp 1",
"start": 266,
"end": 270
},
{
"text": "Sp 1",
"start": 615,
"end": 619
},
{
"text": "OTF-1",
"start": 982,
"end": 987
},
{
"text": "OTF-2",
... | {
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},
{
"label": "protein",
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],
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Kappa B-specific DNA binding proteins are differentially inhibited by enhancer mutations and biological oxidation.
Kappa B (kappa B) enhancer binding proteins isolated from the nuclei of activated human T cells produce two distinct nucleoprotein complexes when incubated with the kappa B element from the interleukin-2 ... | {
"entities": {
"protein": [
{
"text": "interleukin-2 receptor-alpha",
"start": 306,
"end": 334
},
{
"text": "IL-2R alpha",
"start": 336,
"end": 347
},
{
"text": "p50",
"start": 432,
"end": 435
},
{
... | {
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Activity of the kappa B enhancer of the interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain in somatic cell hybrids is accompanied by the nuclear localization of NF-kappa B.
The two nuclear proteins NF-kappa B (consisting of subunits p50 and p65) and the DNA-binding subunit of NF-kappa B (p50) by itself, also called KBF1, are constitu... | {
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"entity": [
{
"text": "nucleus",
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"end": 365
}
],
"protein": [
{
"text": "interleukin-2 receptor alpha",
"start": 40,
"end": 68
},
{
"text": "p50",
"start": 218,
"end": 221
... | {
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{
"label": "protein",
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],
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Stimulation of interferon beta gene transcription in vitro by purified NF-kappa B and a novel TH protein.
The human interferon beta (IFN-beta) regulatory element consists of multiple enhanson domains which are targets for transcription factors involved in inducible expression of the promoter. To further characterize t... | {
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"entity": [
{
"text": "enhanson domains",
"start": 184,
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],
"protein": [
{
"text": "interferon beta",
"start": 15,
"end": 30
},
{
"text": "interferon beta",
"start": 117,
"end"... | {
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{
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Characterization of an immediate-early gene induced in adherent monocytes that encodes I kappa B-like activity.
We have cloned a group of cDNAs representing mRNAs that are rapidly induced following adherence of human monocytes. One of the induced transcripts (MAD-3) encodes a protein of 317 amino acids with one domain... | {
"entities": {
"protein": [
{
"text": "MAD-3",
"start": 261,
"end": 266
},
{
"text": "KBF1",
"start": 477,
"end": 481
},
{
"text": "p50",
"start": 482,
"end": 485
},
{
"text": "MAD-3",
... | {
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{
"label": "protein",
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],
"json_structures": ... |
Platelet-activating factor induces phospholipid turnover, calcium flux, arachidonic acid liberation, eicosanoid generation, and oncogene expression in a human B cell line.
Platelet-activating factor is a potent mediator of the inflammatory response. Studies of the actions of platelet-activating factor have centered ma... | {
"entities": {
"protein": [
{
"text": "c-fos",
"start": 1499,
"end": 1504
},
{
"text": "c-jun",
"start": 1509,
"end": 1514
},
{
"text": "5-lipoxygenase",
"start": 1664,
"end": 1678
},
{
"text... | {
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Inhibition of protein phosphatases by okadaic acid induces AP1 in human T cells.
To examine the role of protein phosphatases in T cell activation, Jurkat cells were treated with okadaic acid, an inhibitor of type 1 and 2A phosphatases, and nuclear extracts were examined for the presence of AP1 as a measure of early T ... | {
"entities": {
"protein": [
{
"text": "phytohemagglutinin",
"start": 632,
"end": 650
},
{
"text": "c-jun",
"start": 846,
"end": 851
},
{
"text": "junD",
"start": 853,
"end": 857
},
{
"text": ... | {
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{
"label": "protein",
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Transactivation of the human immunodeficiency virus promoter by human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) strains GS and Z-29 in primary human T lymphocytes and identification of transactivating HHV-6(GS) gene fragments.
Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) can activate the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) promoter and accelerate cytopath... | {
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],
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Regulation of M-CSF expression by M-CSF: role of protein kinase C and transcription factor NF kappa B.
Macrophage-colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), also referred to as CSF-1, regulates the survival, growth, differentiation and functional activity of monocytes by binding to a single class of high-affinity cell surface... | {
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"protein": [
{
"text": "M-CSF",
"start": 14,
"end": 19
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{
"text": "M-CSF",
"start": 34,
"end": 39
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{
"text": "Macrophage-colony-stimulating factor",
"start": 104,
"end": 140
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{
... | {
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HIV1 infection of human monocytes and macrophages promotes induction or translocation of NF-KB-related factors.
In 1991, we demonstrated, using electrophoretic mobility shift assays, that 3 different factors (termed B1, B2 and B3) with affinity for the KB-enhancer target sequence were specifically detected in nuclear ... | {
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Induction of NF-kappa B during monocyte differentiation is associated with activation of HIV-gene expression.
Cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage are important targets of HIV infection. We report here that the phenotypic differentiation of monocyte cell lines induced by phorbol esters or tumour necrosis factor al... | {
"entities": {
"protein": [
{
"text": "tumour necrosis factor alpha",
"start": 295,
"end": 323
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{
"text": "TNF alpha",
"start": 325,
"end": 334
},
{
"text": "TNF alpha",
"start": 774,
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},
... | {
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{
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Expression of c-jun, jun B and jun D proto-oncogenes in human peripheral-blood granulocytes.
We have found that purified human peripheral-blood granulocytes express constitutively significant levels of proto-oncogenes c-jun, jun B and jun D mRNA. Upon functional activation of granulocytes by 4 beta-phorbol 12-myristat... | {
"entities": {
"protein": [
{
"text": "c-jun",
"start": 14,
"end": 19
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{
"text": "jun B",
"start": 21,
"end": 26
},
{
"text": "jun D",
"start": 31,
"end": 36
},
{
"text": "c-jun",
"... | {
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"description": "A generic non-protein physical entity used as an event site or location argument."
},
{
"label": "protein",
"description": "A gene or gene-product mention, represented by the GENIA Protein label."
}
],
"json_structures": ... |
Transforming growth factor-beta suppresses human B lymphocyte Ig production by inhibiting synthesis and the switch from the membrane form to the secreted form of Ig mRNA.
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) inhibits B cell Ig secretion and reduces B cell membrane Ig expression. The addition of TGF-beta to human... | {
"entities": {
"protein": [
{
"text": "IL-2",
"start": 400,
"end": 404
},
{
"text": "kappa L chain",
"start": 504,
"end": 517
},
{
"text": "lambda L chain",
"start": 523,
"end": 537
},
{
"tex... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "entity",
"description": "A generic non-protein physical entity used as an event site or location argument."
},
{
"label": "protein",
"description": "A gene or gene-product mention, represented by the GENIA Protein label."
}
],
"json_structures": ... |
Inhibition of HIV-1 replication and NF-kappa B activity by cysteine and cysteine derivatives.
HIV-1 proviral DNA contains two binding sites for the transcription factor NF-kappa B. HIV-1-infected individuals have, on average, abnormally high levels of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) and abnormally low plasma ... | {
"entities": {
"protein": [
{
"text": "tumour necrosis factor alpha",
"start": 253,
"end": 281
},
{
"text": "TNF alpha",
"start": 283,
"end": 292
},
{
"text": "chloramphenicol acetyl-transferase",
"start": 861,
... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "entity",
"description": "A generic non-protein physical entity used as an event site or location argument."
},
{
"label": "protein",
"description": "A gene or gene-product mention, represented by the GENIA Protein label."
}
],
"json_structures": ... |
A nuclear factor NF-GM2 that interacts with a regulatory region of the GM-CSF gene essential for its induction in responses to T-cell activation: purification from human T-cell leukemia line Jurkat cells and similarity to NF-kappa B.
Activation of T cells by antigen, lectin, or a combination of phorbol-12-myristate ac... | {
"entities": {
"entity": [
{
"text": "enhancers",
"start": 1240,
"end": 1249
}
],
"protein": [
{
"text": "GM-CSF",
"start": 71,
"end": 77
},
{
"text": "granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor",
"start":... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "entity",
"description": "A generic non-protein physical entity used as an event site or location argument."
},
{
"label": "protein",
"description": "A gene or gene-product mention, represented by the GENIA Protein label."
}
],
"json_structures": ... |
Synergism between two distinct elements of the HTLV-I enhancer during activation by the trans-activator of HTLV-I.
We have conducted functional studies of the enhancer elements of human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) using the human T-cell lines Jurkat and MOLT 4, which are negative for HTLV-I, and MT-2 and TL-... | {
"entities": {
"protein": [
{
"text": "p40tax",
"start": 560,
"end": 566
},
{
"text": "cyclic-AMP responsive element binding factor",
"start": 603,
"end": 647
},
{
"text": "CREB",
"start": 649,
"end": 653
... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "entity",
"description": "A generic non-protein physical entity used as an event site or location argument."
},
{
"label": "protein",
"description": "A gene or gene-product mention, represented by the GENIA Protein label."
}
],
"json_structures": ... |
Inhibition of phorbol ester-induced monocytic differentiation by dexamethasone is associated with down-regulation of c-fos and c-jun (AP-1).
Previous studies have shown that treatment of human myeloid leukemia cells with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) is associated with induction of monocytic differentiati... | {
"entities": {
"protein": [
{
"text": "c-fos",
"start": 117,
"end": 122
},
{
"text": "c-jun",
"start": 127,
"end": 132
},
{
"text": "c-jun",
"start": 345,
"end": 350
},
{
"text": "c-fos",
... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "entity",
"description": "A generic non-protein physical entity used as an event site or location argument."
},
{
"label": "protein",
"description": "A gene or gene-product mention, represented by the GENIA Protein label."
}
],
"json_structures": ... |
Evaluation of the role of ligand and thermal activation of specific DNA binding by in vitro synthesized human glucocorticoid receptor.
We have used a DNA-binding/immunoprecipitation assay to analyze the capacity of human glucocorticoid receptor (hGR), generated in rabbit reticulocyte lysates, to bind DNA. In vitro tra... | {
"entities": {},
"json_structures": {}
} | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "entity",
"description": "A generic non-protein physical entity used as an event site or location argument."
},
{
"label": "protein",
"description": "A gene or gene-product mention, represented by the GENIA Protein label."
}
],
"json_structures": ... |
One base pair change abolishes the T cell-restricted activity of a kB-like proto-enhancer element from the interleukin 2 promoter.
The inducible, T cell-specific enhancers of murine and human Interleukin 2 (Il-2) genes contain the kB-like sequence GGGATTTCACC as an essential cis-acting enhancer motif. When cloned in m... | {
"entities": {
"protein": [
{
"text": "interleukin 2",
"start": 107,
"end": 120
},
{
"text": "Interleukin 2",
"start": 193,
"end": 206
},
{
"text": "Il-2",
"start": 208,
"end": 212
},
{
"text... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "entity",
"description": "A generic non-protein physical entity used as an event site or location argument."
},
{
"label": "protein",
"description": "A gene or gene-product mention, represented by the GENIA Protein label."
}
],
"json_structures": ... |
Negative regulation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 expression in monocytes: role of the 65-kDa plus 50-kDa NF-kappa B dimer.
Although monocytic cells can provide a reservoir for viral production in vivo, their regulation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transcription can be either latent, restric... | {
"entities": {
"protein": [
{
"text": "65-kDa",
"start": 96,
"end": 102
},
{
"text": "50-kDa",
"start": 108,
"end": 114
},
{
"text": "65-kDa",
"start": 695,
"end": 701
},
{
"text": "50-kDa",
... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "entity",
"description": "A generic non-protein physical entity used as an event site or location argument."
},
{
"label": "protein",
"description": "A gene or gene-product mention, represented by the GENIA Protein label."
}
],
"json_structures": ... |
Isolation of a candidate repressor/activator, NF-E1 (YY-1, delta), that binds to the immunoglobulin kappa 3' enhancer and the immunoglobulin heavy-chain mu E1 site.
We have determined that the developmental control of immunoglobulin kappa 3' enhancer (kappa E3') activity is the result of the combined influence of posi... | {
"entities": {
"protein": [
{
"text": "NF-E1",
"start": 46,
"end": 51
},
{
"text": "YY-1",
"start": 53,
"end": 57
},
{
"text": "delta",
"start": 59,
"end": 64
},
{
"text": "NF-E1",
"s... | {
"entities": [
{
"label": "entity",
"description": "A generic non-protein physical entity used as an event site or location argument."
},
{
"label": "protein",
"description": "A gene or gene-product mention, represented by the GENIA Protein label."
}
],
"json_structures": ... |
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