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Richard Russell, sermon notebook cover (American Antiquarian Society) | Meredith Neuman
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Both the size and the binding of Richard Russell’s sermon notebook are unusual for 17th-century New England. The book is significantly larger than most extant sermon notebook, and it is bound in limp vellum.
You can still see the remnant of a vellum tie that was used to keep the book closed. Ties and clasps on early books protected NOT the written text from prying eyes but rather the material of the book itself. Keeping the tightly closed protected the leaves inside from vermin that would have found the organic material in the paper delicious. The leaves of a tightly closed book were less like to expand and contract with changes in heat and humidity, and so the spine of the book was protected as well.
Sermon notebooks often survive because they are passed down in families. A later owner inscribed Russell’s notebook in 1774 “Thomas Abbot / Ejus Liber” (Latin for “Thomas Abbot His Book,” an early possessive form that preceded the modern form “Thomas Abbot’s book”).
Courtesy of the American Antiquarian Society.
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Across Five Aprils | Novelguide
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This study guide Across Five Aprils is a novel by Irene Hunt, set in the Civil War era. Jethro Creighton, the main character, was Irene Hunt's real grandfather.
Please click on the literary analysis category you wish to be displayed. Back and Next buttons can guide you through all the sections or you can choose to jump from section to section using the links below or the links at the left.
Author: Irene Hunt
Published: January 8, 2002
Pages: 224 pages
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balance Archives - 1st Choice Physical Therapy
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At some point in life, most people will experience dizziness. There are many causes for dizziness but it’s often due to a problem with the vestibular system, located in the inner ear.
Dizziness can be treated without medication or surgery.
Here are the five main distinctions of inner ear-related dizziness:
- Vertigo is a sensation of spinning or turning. The most common vertigo is Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo where tiny calcium crystals in the inner ear move around causing the sensation of vertigo.
- Lightheadedness or wooziness is feeling faint, such as what might happen when you stand up quickly. It can often result from an inner ear disorder in a gravity sensor called the otolith organ or be associated with your blood pressure.
- Motion sickness is a form of dizziness that makes you feel nauseous. It can occur from any kind of movement such as on a boat or sitting in the back seat of a car. It can also result from a concussion or ear infection.
- Disequilibrium is an unsteady feeling when standing or walking. It’s like getting off a ride at Disney Land and being unable to walk straight. People using canes and walkers often have this form of imbalance.
- Behavioral dizziness results from feeling anxious or panicked about being dizzy. It’s a psychological reaction to an existing issue that causes dizziness symptoms to get worse. This, too, can be treated with physical therapy.
While medications are often prescribed for dizziness, it is possible to reduce or eliminate it through physical therapy. For example, balance and vestibular physical therapy helps you recover the weakened vestibular system and use your other senses such as vision and touch to compensate for the loss of balance. In simple terms, the brain recalibrates and reeducates itself. The balance system is similar to muscles–you can lose it if you don’t use it. Training the balance system takes time, patience and practice. The first few weeks are always challenging but within a month, most patients feel better and experience dramatic improvement. The number of sessions needed varies by person and disorder severity but most people see significant improvement in less than two months.
Depending on the cause, physical therapy approaches to dizziness include:
- Balance Retraining: For patients whose dizziness is due to disequilibrium, practical solutions to common problems are offered. For example, how to negotiate walking on uneven surfaces such as thick carpet or lawns. Movement coordination and improve participation in everyday activities are high priorities.
- Repositioning/Canalith Maneuvers: This therapy is specifically for patients with Benign Paroxysmal Positioning Vertigo. Using special hands-on techniques, a physical therapist moves the patient’s head and neck to reposition the calcium crystal debris floating in the inner ear to reduce/eliminate the vertigo.
- Strengthening/Endurance Therapy: Patients with disequilibrium or chronic dizziness are often weak and frail from the disorder. Traditional physical therapy using progressive resistant exercise and endurance exercises help patients reduce fall risk and improve overall health and wellness.
- Self-directed Home Programs: Following a one-hour training session, the patient is provided with a set of at-home exercises. Performed for a few minutes several times a day, most patients report relief within just a few months.
While an inner ear dysfunction is the most common cause of dizziness, it can also result from medications, circulatory and neurological conditions. The first step in treating your dizziness is discovering the root cause. Physical therapists are specially trained and certified in assessing and treating your dizziness disorder.
You don’t need to live with dizziness. With physical therapy, you can right your world again and return to doing the activities you love!
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How teachers can use podcasting to enhance the learning experience - Andrae Palmer
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The internet has changed the way people learn. It has provided multiple options and sources for students to find information. Youtube, blogs and podcast have added a new dynamic to the learning experience. But the question is how can educators use these tools to their advantage?
Imagine having a healthy discussion with a group of students around a topic. Some of them bring up points from your podcast or even ask other questions for clarification following an interview you did. That’s what a podcast can do.
Create a Study Resources
Young people live on their mobile phones, so why not create resources for them to use while they are preparing for exams. The beauty of a podcast is that instead of them listening to music, they can playback a lesson for further clarity on a topic. This is a neat idea to have notes in audio form catering to the learner who likes to listen
The other way to utilize a podcast is to add extra material not covered in class. This can be new analogies and examples to further explain your point. These extra examples can make a big difference to students retaining the material.
Expose them to real-world applications
Another way a podcast can help teachers is to talk about real-world applications of a subject. This can be interviewing industry practitioners and subject matter experts about current trends in the industry.
What this does is get persons to buy into the topic by seeing the relevance of what you are talking about. For example, a subject like English, talking to leaders about knowing how to communicate using the written word. This can help students see the relevance of the subject and learn to appreciate it.
Change the teaching style
Finally, changing your approach in your podcast can be a testing ground for new ideas. Maybe a more fun approach can be a way to get listeners drawn to your unique style. Maybe a more practical how-to-style or teach through stories. The possibilities are endless.
The aim is to experiment with different ideas. Finding what your students will respond to and get them drawn into your subject area. Podcasts can add that experience and offer a way to engage with students in a new way.
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Cuzco: Behind the Myths and the Spanish Conquest - Peru Vacations Guide and Tours about Peru
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The historic city of Cuzco, which many tourist know of, is part of a the greater global tourist attraction schematic. Throughout the ages, this city has undergone many transformations, reconstructions, and modifications. Beautiful Cuzco is not the Cuzco that once was. One of the most important tume periods for the city was during the Spanish arrival onto Inca lands.
Two years after the death of Atahualpa, the Spanish conquistadors reached the city of Cuzco. On March 23, 1534, the Spaniards annexed the city to the Spanish empire. Once setting foot within Cuzco’s then city limits, the Spanish were shocked and impressed by the perfect street system, the extreme detail given to public art spaces, and above all esle, they were impressed by the city’s architecture.
The temple of Korlcancha, which was the center of worship for the ancient god Inti, was of great interest to the arriving Spaniards with it being a structure totally covered with layers of pure gold which made the temple shine to the point that the city center could see the illuminant temple. Likewise, the city streets were decorated with gold and silver statues of gods and idols. The statues served as way points and markers for pedestrians and city-goers. The city was so beautiful that the Spaniards themselves claimed it a city fit for the utmost admiration of all of Spain’s kings. The statues, the temple of Korlcancha, and much more were eventually plundered and taken by the Spanish conquistadors. All of the gold was taken and split amongst the arriving Spaniards.
The people of Cuzco, who had welcomed Atahualpa’s death because of his involvement in the murder of his brother Huascar, the capital’s Governor and true heir to the crown, fought long hard battles against the invading Spanish forces at Fort Sacsayhuman. The rise against the Spanish was quelled simply because of one lone factor: the Spaniard’s gunpowder.
The remaining Incas, led by Manco Inca Ypanqui, fled the city towards Vilcabamba where they established a government and resistance against the Spaniards. This situation caught the attention of the Spanish Military which eventually sent armies to hunt down the remaining Inca resistance. As a result of this campaign against the Inca’s last stand, Cuzco was flooded with Spaniards and turned into the capital of Spanish ruled Peru.
Vice lord Francisco de Toledo intervened during this time period. He was set on capturing and disposing of the last Inca king Tupac Amaru. His eventual death marked the end of the Inca’s empire.
Throughout the resistance wars, the Spanish migration caused a Euro-urbanization of former capital city of the the Incas.
The most important aspect of European-cities were their Plaza de Amras where soldiers were stationed and where they held a vital vantage point within respected their cities. Spain’s colonies were no exceptions, and here at Cuzco, they placed their Plaza de Armas in the former plaza which had served the Incas for the very same reason.
Due to the indigenous resistance, the Spaniards decided to turn the Inca’s religious sites into Catholic establishments. The Santo Domingo covenant was built over what was once the Koricancha temple. Likewise, all of the Sun Virgin temples were turned into Santa Catalina monasteries.
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Depression remains linked to higher risk of early deaths
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Mental illness has also been linked with poorer diet, lack of exercise, smoking and alcohol consumption.
Washington DC: Even with increased awareness about mental illness, according to a new study, depression is still strongly linked to higher long-term risk of early death for both women and men.
"There is less stigma associated with depression, better treatments are available, but depression's link to mortality still persists," said Dr. Stephen Gilman.
"At first, the association was limited to men, but in later years it was seen for women as well."
The Stirling County Study, begun in 1952 in Atlantic Canada, is well-known internationally as one of the first community-based studies on mental illness. A researcher from the original study, Dr. Jane Murphy with Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, is a coauthor on this latest research study.
An international team of researchers looked at 60 years of mental health data on 3410 adults during 3 periods (1952-1967, 1968-1990 and 1991-2011) from a region in Atlantic Canada and linked the data to deaths in the Canadian Mortality Database.
They found that the link between depression and an increased risk of death was observed in all decades of the study among men, whereas it emerged among women beginning in the 1990s.
The risk of death associated with depression appeared strongest in the years following a depressive episode, leading the authors to speculate that this risk could be reversed by achieving remission of depression.
The mean age of participants at enrolment in the study was about 49 years. "The lifespan for young adults with depression at age 25 was markedly shorter over the 60-year period, ranging from 10 to 12 fewer years of life in the first group, 4 to 7 years in the second group and 7 to 18 fewer years of life in the 1992 group," says Dr. Ian Colman, Canada Research Chair in the School of Epidemiology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario.
"Most disturbing is the 50% increase in the risk of death for women with depression between 1992 and 2011."
Though depression has also been linked with poorer diet, lack of exercise, smoking and alcohol consumption -- all factors that can result in chronic health conditions -- these did not explain the increased risk of death associated with depression in this study.
Societal change may help explain the emergent risk of death for women with depression.
"During the last 20 years of the study in which women's risk of death increased significantly, roles have changed dramatically both at home and in the workplace, and many women shoulder multiple responsibilities and expectations," says Dr. Colman.
The authors suggest that family physicians should monitor patients for mood disturbances, especially recurrent episodes of depression, so that they may offer treatment and support.
The study has been published in CMAJ (Canadian Medical Association Journal).
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Asian Express Newspaper - Celebrating the ‘world’s oldest soup kitchen’
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For more than 500 years, Sikhs around the world have been preparing, sharing and eating food, known as ‘langar’, with the wider community.
Now, as the nationwide need for foodbanks and soup kitchens continues to grow, seven days of awareness are being held to promote the concept to all people in need of a free meal.
Langar is a term used to describe the free kitchen and food initiative that is served to visitors at a Sikh Gurdwara.
A central part of their religion, the concept was designed by the founder of the Sikh faith, Guru Nanak Dev Ji, in the 15th century, in order to uphold the principle of equality between all people regardless of their background.
In Leeds, the Guru Nanak Nishkam Sewak Jatha (GNNSJ) is just one Gurdwara which provides langar to those who visit the site, 365 days a year.
Operating an open door policy, any person, of any faith, is welcome to visit the place of worship for a free meal.
GNNSJ Chairman, Harbans Singh Sagoo, explained how important it was for greater awareness to be created to help people ‘struggling in society’.
“Wherever you go in the world, a Gurdwara will provide a free meal when it can,” Mr Sagoo said.
“In Leeds there are at least two that provide langar every day and we regularly have a diverse range of people coming down to use the service.
“People are facing more and more problems now because of the economy and this has brought forward the concept of foodbanks.
“We as the Sikh community want to let people know that the system of langar is available to them and by having this National Langar Week, we are attempting to create more awareness.”
He added: “Our scriptures say that ‘where the spirit of God prevails, nobody should go hungry’ and we must practice our faith, not just preach it.
“Langar is a concept that can help people, particularly those who are homeless or socially deprived, and so we must help who we can.”
Every meal served is suitable for vegetarians as to cater for people of all beliefs, including Muslim (halal) and Jewish (kosher), regardless of where the gurdwara is in the world.
The central gurdwara for the Sikh faith, the Golden Temple in Amritsar, and serve up to 50,000 meals a day free of charge and that number can increase to more than 80,000 during celebrations.
Mr Sagoo said he does everything he can to ensure all people are catered for when they come to the door of the Beeston-based Gurdwara yet accepted that there are sometimes challenges to overcome.
“Langar has been abused in the past with people who are perhaps drunk or on drugs coming to the gurdwara and being disruptive.
“This causes a conflict, because as men of faith we need to show compassion, yet they cannot come in to the place of worship if they are behaving poorly.
“Therefore, we invested in plastic boxes to carry food so now if someone comes to the door and is drunk or disorderly, we give them the food in a box to take away and eat.
“We would still much rather people come inside to sit down and talk to us because that is how you forge friendships and learn about each other’s lives.”
National Langar Week is officially held this year between 1st and 7th November.
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Plant Pine Tree Forest Bahamas
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The Bahamas is home to a lush and abundant ecosystem.
Among the indigenous species of trees are the Caribbean Pine, often referred to as Yellow Pine, the Pineyard Pink Orchid, Bushy Beard Grass, and Southern Bracken Fern. Wild guava, Five-finger or Chicken's foot, and Snowberry shrubs are also plentiful. Poisonwood trees are often seen covered in love vine and the Sabal Palmetto may dominate ground flora in certain pine forest areas. The Caribbean Pine is a light-demanding species that requires open areas with no competition from shading broad-leafed plants. Caribbean pinelands are called "fire climax communities" by botanists, for if periodic fires do not occur to remove the shading broad-leafed understory, young pines cannot get sufficient light to take hold and replace the adult trees as they die off. Without these fires the pinelands would certainly be overtaken by the broadleafed coppice - a hardwood forest.
Extremely well adapted to fire, the Caribbean Pine adults are rarely killed by the flames. Their fire resistance is due to volatile resins in the bark, which explode when heated, putting out any small fires that start at the bark. Juvenile pines are not as resistant as the adults and are generally killed, but reseeding takes place around the base of the adult trees rapidly.
Bahamians have been utilizing the Caribbean Pine for hundreds of years, however, large-scale commercial exploitation of the resource did not begin until the early 1900's. In 1905, a sawmill was constructed near Wilson City, Abaco where it ran for twelve years. As local pinelands were utilized, the mill was moved to other areas. By 1943, all of the virgin pine of Abaco had been cut except for an area north of Crossing Rocks and a forest between Norman's Castle and Marsh Harbour.
In 1944 the Abaco mill was moved to Grand Bahama, where large scale logging operations continued until the 1970's. Meanwhile, commercial harvesting of pine started in Andros in 1906 and in New Providence in 1923. In New Providence, few people remember the sawmill that was constructed near Jack Pond, south of Gambier. As trees of sufficient diameter for lumber-making became scarce, the industry turned its attention to harvesting immature secondary trees which were ground into pulp for paper making.
Research completed in the l96O's indicated that the Caribbean pine may be one of the most commercially useful pine species in the world. It is fast growing, has considerable girth (some trees in the virgin forest measure over thirty inches in diameter), makes excellent pulpwood, and is rich in turpentine and resins. Forest biologists have grown it in many environments and it is likely that Caribbean pine will be grown commercially all over the world in years to come.
Pine forest only occurs on the northern islands of the Bahamas: Grand Bahama, Andros, Abaco and New Providence. Reports indicate that it was once found on the Berry Islands and is also known to grow in the Caicos Islands. Areas of protected pine forest include the Rand Nature Centre and the Lucayan National Park, Grand Bahama and the Abaco National Park in southern Abaco.
The pine forests of the Bahamas are also home to Wild Boar, a popular game species on the island of Abaco. There are also populations of feral cats and Raccoons. Quail, Wood doves and White-crowned pigeon, which feed on Poisonwood, may also frequent the pine forest and several migratory species of duck, such as the Blue-winged Teal utilize the ponds and lakes of this ecosystem.
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Genealogy Definition and Examples - Biology Online Dictionary
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Sentencing Guidelines for Offences in Federal Courts - MN Criminal Defense Attorneys
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The 3 Key Steps After You Receive A Target LetterMarch 26, 2020
Finding a Great Attorney for a Federal Crime CaseMarch 26, 2020
When a crime is prosecuted in a federal court the trials will follow federal procedures. It only makes sense for a federal court to set their own guidelines when sentencing in their own courts. These guidelines were actually enacted fairly recently as a result of some sentencing discrepancies. This enactment took place in 1984 and is called the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984.
Before this time, a sentence was given in a maximum and minimum time served and the details would be decided by the prison board. But, under the new system the dates and time served can be set at the time of sentencing.
This functions better both for the defendants and the prison systems. Now the defendant will receive their sentencing at one point and will not have to work with the prison board to determine how much longer their sentence will last.
Offenses will be evaluated by their seriousness when being prosecuted in federal court. If a crime is especially heinous, it will be considered more serious and merit a more severe sentencing. There are set guidelines for determining which of the 43 degrees of severity the crime in question will fall into. Each crime will be given its base sentence and then the level severity can be increased or decreased from this point.
For example, if the crime was robbery, the offense is already severe. But, if the defendant also brandished a weapon the severity rises. If a firearm was discharged during the robbery, the severity level of the crime can rise higher.
The severity may be decreased if the defendant’s role in the crime was minor. But, if the defendant chose the victim because of their age, mental state or some other vulnerability, the charges may be more severe. The specific adjustments and characteristics of a crime can be affected by many factors related.
Criminal History Category
Another important factor that will be taken into account will be the criminal record of the defendant. The specifics of their criminal record can have them placed into 1 of six categories identified by Roman numerals.
The first is the least severe category, reserved for first time offenders. At the other end of the line in category six are the more severe categories. These are reserved for defendants with a longer history of more serious criminal activity.
The Guideline Range
To determine the final official offense level all the factors will be considered. First the adjustments and characteristics of the crime itself will be applied. After the level of the crime is determined it will be connected to an appropriate prison sentence as laid out on a table, listed by months.
Then again, if the offense is especially high, or the criminal history category more severe, the sentence applied to the defendant can be much more severe.
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How can you tell if someone is psychotic? – Blfilm.com
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How can you tell if someone is psychotic?
The 2 main symptoms of psychosis are: hallucinations – where a person hears, sees and, in some cases, feels, smells or tastes things that do not exist outside their mind but can feel very real to the person affected by them; a common hallucination is hearing voices.
What is the top mental illness?
Anxiety Disorders: Anxiety disorders are the most common mental health condition in the US and can include OCD, panic attacks and phobias. It is estimated that 40 million adults have an anxiety disorder.
What is the most difficult mental illness?
“Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a serious mental disorder marked by a pattern of ongoing instability in moods, behavior, self-image, and functioning. These experiences often result in impulsive actions and unstable relationships.
What are the most common disorders?
Below are the five most common mental health disorders in America and their related symptoms:
- Anxiety Disorders. The most common category of mental health disorders in America impacts approximately 40 million adults 18 and older.
- Mood Disorders.
- Psychotic Disorders.
- Eating disorders.
What are the early warning signs of psychosis?
Fact Sheet: Early Warning Signs of Psychosis
- Worrisome drop in grades or job performance.
- New trouble thinking clearly or concentrating.
- Suspiciousness, paranoid ideas or uneasiness with others.
- Withdrawing socially, spending a lot more time alone than usual.
- Unusual, overly intense new ideas, strange feelings or having no feelings at all.
What mental illness does the Joker have?
In addition to pseudobulbar affect, Arthur demonstrates a constellation of symptoms of different kinds of mental illness, including erotomanic delusions, ideas of reference, and disorganized thinking. He also does not appear to take social cues, such as knowing when he is being mocked.
Can a mental illness be cured?
Treatment can involve both medications and psychotherapy, depending on the disease and its severity. At this time, most mental illnesses cannot be cured, but they can usually be treated effectively to minimize the symptoms and allow the individual to function in work, school, or social environments.
What are 5 ways to wellbeing?
5 steps to mental wellbeing
- Connect with other people. Good relationships are important for your mental wellbeing.
- Be physically active. Being active is not only great for your physical health and fitness.
- Learn new skills.
- Give to others.
- Pay attention to the present moment (mindfulness)
What are some challenges that may inhibit a person identified with a co-occurring disorder from participating in medication assisted therapies?
Barriers within the mental health system
- Organizational failure to sustain integrated care.
- Limited support for training staff in co-occurring disorder treatment.
- Diagnostic and billing restrictions.
What is the best standard definition of co-occurring disorders?
According to Psychology Today, co-occurring disorders can be defined as: Clients with co-occurring disorders (COD) have one or more disorders relating to the use of alcohol and/or other drugs of abuse as well as one or more mental disorders.
Is there a disorder for being lazy?
AFTER decades of being branded ‘lazy’ and ‘over tired’, sufferers of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) have finally been told what they knew all along — that it is a ‘real’ and ‘serious’ disease.
What’s the hardest mental illness to live with?
Why Borderline Personality Disorder is Considered the Most “Difficult” to Treat. Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is defined by the National Institute of Health (NIH) as a serious mental disorder marked by a pattern of ongoing instability in moods, behavior, self-image, and functioning.
What is the root cause of mental illness?
Mental illness itself occurs from the interaction of multiple genes and other factors — such as stress, abuse, or a traumatic event — which can influence, or trigger, an illness in a person who has an inherited susceptibility to it.
What should you not say when someone is psychotic?
Don’t argue, say “You’re crazy,” or “ That’s not happening” Accept this is their reality. Be true to yourself. You might say, “ I can’t see them but I know you can.”
How do you know if you have mental health issues?
Each illness has its own symptoms, but common signs of mental illness in adults and adolescents can include the following: Excessive worrying or fear. Feeling excessively sad or low. Confused thinking or problems concentrating and learning.
How do I know if I am delusional?
An irritable, angry, or low mood. Hallucinations (seeing, hearing, or feeling things that are not really there) that are related to the delusion (For example, a person who believes he or she has an odor problem may smell a bad odor.)
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BACA Popup Form
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Pakistan has suffered it’s worst floods in known history. The floods are a result of record torrential rainfall, melting glaciers in the nations northern mountains and to some degree form the uncoordinated release of water from dams in India. Read more (here).
The UN children’s agency UNICEF have warned in particular about the impact of these floods on children, they said:
“When a sudden onset emergency such as an earthquake or hurricane strikes, it’s children who suffer first and suffer most.
As well as the immediate, devastating impacts – loss of life, destruction of homes and communities – the chaos of an emergency can threaten access to food, shelter and social support.
Children and mothers are often cut off from basic and essential care, including life-saving medicines and supplies.
The risk of malnutrition soars.
Shattered infrastructure means families can lose access to adequate sanitation and hygiene facilities, leaving children even more susceptible to water-borne diseases.
The destruction of schools means children can lose safety and routine.
Without access to education, they risk losing their futures.” Read more (here)
The disaster has illustrated the stark disparity between countries that are the largest contributors towards climate change and countries that bear the brunt of its impact.
Less than 1% of global greenhouse gas emissions is produced by Pakistan, however the geography of Pakistan makes it one of the most vulnerable nations.
British Asian Christian Association has been providing flood relief in Pakistan since August (click here).
Already we have distributed food supplies to 8 villages (click here) and though we primarily help Christians, we have been distributing to grateful Hindu (click here) and Muslim communities in the vicinity of Christian villages.
We have installed one water pump safely providing clean water to over 150 households in Sindh and hope to install a second water pump by the end of the week. Many more clean water pumps will be installed by the end of September/October as flood water subsides.
After a call for help from local Evangelist Raimel who resides in the village of Poppat Colony, Sindh, British Asian Christian Association (BACA) sent supplies to help thwart and to sustain a near starving community.
People living here have not been able to return to the homes and are expected to have to wait for a month at least till the water subsides, as they are located in a valley.
On 14th September we were able to furnish these villagers with Mosquito nets and today (15th September) food parcels were also distributed.
Families here have asked for tents as their makeshift homes are not protecting them from the rain which is still falling occasionally in Pakistan. The rainfall should end by the end of September. Tents can be stored by affected communities and utilised during future floods.
Evangelist Raimel, thanked BACA for their help, he said:
“We have never received help in any previous flood and did not expect support this time.
“We are a small Christian community that have been ignored by the Government, rescue services and NGO’s every year.
“A local Pastor told us about BACA, we managed to ask him to connect us and they have saved us from starvation and given us much needed mosquito nets.
“We thank God for BACA and for their supporters.”
The floods have created many associated problems for communities that have been forced onto the roads of nearby towns, that are on higher ground, have good drainage and have sone flood protection. The main issue is the danger from moving vehicles. We reported two days ago on the accident that Sonia a 7 year old Christian suffered in which her knee was badly damaged (click here). Her father has borrowed 20,000 Pak rupees (£80) to pay for an initial cast and some treatment, but all in all with travel to hospital and further treatment required they are required to pay £320 to get the right medical treatment for Sonia. We have been asked to raise the total cost for this treatment so they can settle their loan early and get Sonia good and well again. If you would like to help please donate (here)
Our work Helping flood victims in Pakistan continues to grow and we are now serving 9 different communities across the countries. From a town called Nowshera at Khyber Paktunkwa (KPK) in the North, to Eastern Punjab, to the Sindh in the South. We begin work on a second water pump tomorrow that will provide water to over 50 families in Tanda Adam in the Sindh. As water dissipates we hope to undertake more clean water projects. You can donate to this work by clicking (here)
In response to UNICEF’s concern about the loss of schools in Pakistan, BACA will also be helping a community in flood-ravaged Kasur build the first school for enslaved brick-kiln children. The school will operate as a church on Sundays, and school from Monday to Friday. It is hoped through education enslaved children will be able to free their families from indentured labour. The school will also contain public toilets and a well that will prevent Christian girls from kidnap, rape and forced Islamic marriage a known social malaise. In 2014 Muslim NGO ‘Movement of Solidarity and Peace’ estimated 700 Christians girls suffer abduction and unwanted Islamic marriage (click here). You can donate to this project (here).
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Understanding Your Complete Blood Count (CBC) Tests | Cancer.Net
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A complete blood count (CBC) is a common medical test that your doctor may recommend to monitor your health. In cancer care, this blood test can be used to help diagnose a cancer or monitor how cancer or its treatment is affecting your body. For example, people undergoing chemotherapy often receive regular CBCs.
In cancer care, a CBC is used to:
Help diagnose some blood cancers, such as leukemia and lymphoma
Find out if cancer has spread to bone marrow
See how your body is being affected by cancer treatment
Diagnose and monitor noncancerous conditions during cancer treatment
A CBC is one of many ways that your doctor can monitor your health. Based on the results, your doctor may alter your treatment or prescribe new medications.
How is a CBC performed?
First, your doctor will order the CBC test be done as part of your medical care. Then, your blood will be drawn for a blood sample. Sometimes you will need to avoid eating or taking certain medications before getting a CBC to get the most accurate results. Your health care provider will let you know if this is the case.
After your blood is drawn, the sample is sent to a laboratory for analysis. Your health care provider will let you the results, such as through a phone call or your online patient portal. Learn more about how to manage anxiety when you get online medical test results.
What does a CBC measure?
A CBC test measures different substances in your blood, including your white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.
On your CBC, you may see the following measurements:
White blood cell count
White blood cell differential
Red blood cell count
Hemoglobin (Hg or Hgb)
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
Your doctor may measure other factors besides the ones listed above as part of a CBC. All of these factors have a "normal range." Your health care team will note this range on your CBC lab results. A range is used instead of a specific number because amounts vary from person to person. Your results may also indicate if your levels fall outside of these ranges.
What white blood cell tests are included in a CBC?
White blood cells protect your body from infection by attacking invading bacteria, viruses, and other foreign materials. Some white blood cells can also attack cancer cells.
There are usually 2 white blood count measurements in a CBC:
White blood cell count measures the number of white blood cells in your blood sample. It is also called a leukocyte count.
White blood cell differential measures the number of each type of the five major white blood cell types. Each type plays a role in protecting your body. Your doctor can learn valuable information about your health by measuring the levels of these cells.
These types of white blood cells are:
What red blood cell tests are included in a CBC?
Red blood cells are produced in the bone marrow and carry oxygen throughout your body. They also remove carbon dioxide from your body.
There are usually 4 red blood cell count measurements in a CBC:
Red blood cell count measures the number of red blood cells in a sample. It is also called an erythrocyte count.
Hematocrit measures the percentage of your blood that is made up of red blood cells.
Hemoglobin measures the amount of protein carrying oxygen in red blood cells
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) measures the size of your red blood cells.
What platelet tests are included in a CBC?
Platelets are blood cells that form clots to stop bleeding. On your CBC test results, the platelet count measures the total number of platelets in your blood sample.
What do CBC results mean?
Your health care team will carefully read your CBC test results. Keep in mind that there are many factors, including noncancerous conditions, that can lead to results falling outside of the normal range. Ask your doctor to help you understand what your results mean. Common test results falling outside of normal ranges on a CBC are explained below.
Low white blood cell count. Some cancer treatments, mainly chemotherapy, can lower your white blood cell count.
Cancers that affect the blood can also lower white blood cell count. These types of cancers include leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma.
High and low results in the white blood cell differential. Having results that show higher or lower than normal numbers of certain white blood cells can mean different things.
Higher-than-normal numbers of lymphocytes or monocytes can indicate the possibility of certain types of cancer. Some cancers and their treatment may cause low numbers of neutrophils, a condition called neutropenia. Neutropenia can increase your chance of a bacterial infection.
If the CBC shows low numbers of neutrophils, the doctor may consider lowering the chemotherapy dose being given. This can help reduce the risk of developing neutropenia. You may also be prescribed medication, such as white blood cell growth factors, to increase your body's production of neutrophils, especially if you develop a fever.
Low red blood cell count. Some cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy, can lower your red blood cell count. This condition is known as anemia.
Blood loss, either from surgery or certain types of cancer, and cancers that affect the bone marrow can also cause or worsen anemia.
People whose red blood cell count falls too low may need a blood transfusion or medication to help bring the level up.
Low platelet count. Some cancer treatments, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy, can lower platelet count. Cancers that affect the bone marrow can also lower the platelet count. An unusually low number of platelets is called thrombocytopenia.
People with a low platelet level have a greater risk of serious bleeding or bruising. If your platelet count falls to very low levels, your doctor may recommend platelet transfusions.
Questions to ask your health care team
Your CBC test gives a snapshot of your health and your body's reaction to some cancer treatments. Ask your health care team if you have questions about the results or how to interpret them. Discuss how the results compare to previous tests and how they will be used to design or tailor your cancer treatments.
Questions to ask about your CBC test:
Why am I having this test?
How and where is this test done?
Do I need to avoid eating and drinking before the test? If so, for how long?
Do I need to stop taking any of my medications ahead of time for this test? If so, which medications? For how long?
How will I receive the results of my CBC test? When?
What do my CBC test results mean? Will someone explain them to me?
If my results are within a normal range, what are the next steps?
If my results are outside of a normal range, what are the next steps?
Am I at an increased risk for a problem, such as infections or bleeding, that I should watch out for based on these results?
How do these test results compare with my previous results?
- Will I need additional tests? If so, when?
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Air Pollution from Major Roads Increases Risk of Stroke | CardioSmart – American College of Cardiology
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The closer you live to a major roadway, the greater your risk of stroke, according to a recent study that assessed the impact of air pollution on the brain.
Published in the medical journal Stroke, this study analyzed data from the Framingham Offspring Study, which is part of one of the longest running research studies in the United States. Using MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scans and U.S. census data, researchers hoped to investigate the relationship between long-term exposure to air pollution and stroke risk. While studies have linked air pollution to increased risk for conditions like stroke and dementia, less is known about how it impacts brain structure itself.
A total of 943 older adults were included in the study, all of whom were at least 60 years old and had no history of dementia or stroke. During the study period, participants underwent an MRI, which provides detailed images of the brain and is especially useful in diagnosing stroke—a condition that occurs when blood flow to the brain stops. Using U.S. census data, researchers also calculated participants’ proximity to major roadways and their exposure to a type of air pollution called fine particulate matter. Fine particulate matter are particles found in the air that are so small they can be inhaled and go deep into the lungs, having an adverse effect on health.
After analysis, researchers found that higher levels of exposure to air pollution were linked to smaller brain size—a sign of many diseases that affect the brain. The more exposure subjects had to air pollution, the greater their risk of “silent” strokes, which cause damage to the brain but do not cause any outward symptoms. The good news is that the further subjects lived from a major roadway, the healthier their brains were.
This study highlights the negative impact that long-term exposure to air pollution can have on our health. As authors explain, their findings suggest that air pollution can cause the brain to age more quickly, even in adults free of dementia and stroke.
Fine particulate matter can come from sources like cars and power plants, and it’s important to minimize exposure to this dangerous type of air pollution as much as possible. Experts advise against walking or exercising in areas with major traffic and spending time outdoors during highly polluted periods, like rush hour. Additional information on air quality is also publically available through resources like AIRNOW, which can be used to further reduce exposure to air pollution.
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Bronze of Satyr | carltonhouseantiques
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Bronze of Satyr
A copy of a Bronze of a Faun with the infant Bacchus, by Michele Amodio of Naples (1817-1913) after the antique (circa 1870).
This wonderful, lively group shows the infant Bacchus sitting atop a faun's shoulder.
The young God tempts the faun with a bunch of grapes in one hand, whilst he clutches his hair with the other. On the stump next to his feet lie insignia of the God - the pan pipes, shepherd's staff and a goat skin. The stump is also decorated with grapes and leaves.
The original bronze is a Roman copy of a Greek scultpture carved from marble around 200 BC.
This bronze group was cast towards the end of the 19th century. Bacchus, son of Jupiter, was the Roman God of wine, agriculture and fertility - equivalent to the Greek God Dionysus.
Faun and Satyr are confusing terms of descriptions. Generally fauns are Roman and Satyrs Greek.
Both, Half human and half goat, with large ears, cloven hooves and tails. Even more confusing is that during the Hellenistic period they were portrayed as handsome young men, carefree and romantic. In one form or another the term faun and stayr appear in both Greek and Roman mythology!
The group is in fine original condition with good patination.
Height: 29"/ 74cm
Width: 7.5" / 19cm
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Salt, Hypertension and the Way Forward - Centra Healthcare Solutions
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For some people, too much of a good thing isn’t always good… and apparently too little isn’t either! That is one of the conclusions of an Institute of Medicine (IOM) 2013 review of sodium consumption and health effects. But don’t go telling your patients to return their salt shakers to the tables just yet! The committee concluded that certain populations, particularly diabetics and those with chronic kidney disease or congestive heart failure, could suffer adverse health effects when on a low sodium diet. Evidence concerning other high risk cardiovascular disease (CVD) groups, notably African Americans and those 51 and older, is inconclusive at best. Still the IOM upheld prevailing wisdom that most people will benefit from lowering their salt intake and that high blood pressure remains a reliable biomarker for CVD. The IOM is expected to continue to play a significant role in reviewing and helping to establish standards for American dietary intakes.
However, salt is not the only culprit when it comes to high blood pressure. In the majority of cases the etiology can be traced in fact to a combination of factors, at best, or totally unknown, at worst. Hypertension does increase dramatically with age, affecting three quarters of those over 75. Baroreceptors in our blood vessels, generally effective in regulating pressure, seem unable to cope with fluctuations as we grow older. This month, Klas Pettersen and his group at the Norwegian University of Life Science, put forth a computer model that may explain the how and why of it all. Simulating arterial stiffening, they then compared their results to actual patient studies and concluded that stiffening is sufficient to explain age-related hypertension. They further suggest that if a normal baroreflex could be reestablished in elderly patients, their high blood pressure could become a thing of the past. This is a promising and intriguing line of research for scientists to pursue.
May is National High Blood Pressure Month, and all healthcare professionals need to spread awareness about the importance of monitoring blood pressure and reducing sodium in our diets. If you are a Cardiovascular or Geriatric NP, RN or Nurse Manager, you have an even greater incentive to educate others about this silent killer. Want to work with these high risk populations? Call Centra at 800 535 0076.
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Into The Woods
I am often asked what books I would recommend to folks interested in learning more about forests and forestry, and so for my column this month I will recommend a few of my favorites. These books are great resources for forest-lovers, each addressing a key theme of forests and forest stewardship.
“The Hidden Forest: Biography of an Ecosystem” by Jon R. Luoma
For anyone interested in developing a better understanding of how forests work, this book is always my first recommendation. In it, Luoma follows a multi-disciplinary group of researchers at the Andrews Experimental Forest in Oregon as they collaborate to build a more complete vision of the pieces, parts and processes that make forest ecosystems function. The genius of this book is both its easy-to-read, conversational tone and its clear, accurate, nuanced description of forest ecology.
I have found that an understanding of healthy forests is not something that any of us are born with — it is a something that we need to develop. Forests are at times unintuitive, messy and complicated; they are natural communities of profound depth and complexity, dynamic systems which embody resilience and celebrate death, regeneration and change. The first step towards learning how to care for and manage forests is learning what makes them tick, and this is a great resource for doing just that.
“Reading the Forested Landscape” by Tom Wessells
Understanding the legacies on New England’s historic landscape is a key ingredient in understanding how our modern-day forests came to be. In this book Wessels, an ecologist from southern Vermont, discusses how to “read” the history of our forests using clues like stone walls.
Since the early 1800’s, nearly all of Vermont’s forests have been cleared, many of them maintained as pastures for a century or more. While your backyard woods may seem ancient, it is likely that it was a pasture within the last 60-100 years, placing it at the very beginning of the process of forest development. This is true for forests across our landscape; they are relatively young and simple, lacking many of the qualities of the old forests that covered much of our region a few centuries ago.
As such, being able to read a forest’s history both adds richness to the experience of being in the woods and is a critical part of understanding Vermont’s forests. As forest-lovers, understanding the profoundly altered condition of our forests helps us understand and contextualize the steps that may be necessary to help them recover and adapt to the many changes and stressors of the modern world.
“A Sand County Almanac” by Aldo Leopold
Published in 1949, this work is a foundational text in the conservation world. Through a series of essays, Leopold — a forester and conservationist — discusses the nuances of his relationship with the land. Perhaps the most salient contribution of this book, and Leopold’s work in general, is the idea of the land ethic — the concept that we have a moral or ethical responsibility towards the land and its forests, wetlands, wildlife and waters.
In Vermont, each of us depends on forests for clean air, clean water, climate mitigation, scenic beauty, vibrant rural economies and more. Whether we have the privilege of owning our own forest or not, each of us also affects forests locally and globally through our choices and the resources that we consume. As Leopold details in this poignant book, each of us has the opportunity and the responsibility to define our own land ethic.
“Gathering Moss: A Natural and Cultural History of Mosses” by Robin Wall Kimmerer
In “Gathering Moss,” Kimmerer, a bryologist (a scientist who studies mosses and other bryophytes) — highlights her own land ethic while guiding the reader on an exploration into the enigmatic world of mosses. Kimmerer (the author of “Braiding Sweetgrass” — another great read) demonstrates how even the tiniest parts of the forest are rich with life and worthy of our care and attention.
While we often focus on trees, research increasingly shows that the other components of forests — mosses, lichens, plants, animals, insects, fungi — are critical to their health and function. As we endeavor to manage forests thoughtfully and responsibly, it is important to consider both the massive and the minute.
(Ethan Tapper is the Chittenden County Forester for the Vermont Department of Forests, Parks and Recreation. See what he’s been up to, check out his YouTube channel, sign up for his eNews and read articles he’s written.)
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Collections photography
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In 2015 some more unusual photography has been carried out on the Henry VIII Boxwood Rosary. The rosary was made in Flanders, early in the 16th-century, for Henry VIII and later purchased by William Spencer, 6th Duke of Devonshire. It is carved boxwood, 58 cm long with the Pater bead being 5.4 cm diameter.
The Natural History Museum in London has a computer generated imagery (CGI) scanner, which is unusually used to x-ray items rather than bodies. They have scanned the rosary with each scan taking 50 minutes. Two 360° CGI images will be created where minute detail of each bead can be studied together with the composition of the pieces and the voids within created during assembly of the carved pieces of boxwood.
Further photography was also completed at Chatsworth by two Canadian photographers; Ian Lefebvre and Craig Boyko, art photographers at the Art Gallery of Ontario; who have travelled the UK photographing 17 boxwood items in different collections. Over two days they took 1700 photographs of the rosary. These will be 'stacked' (upwards of 30 photographs per image will be layered by a computer programme) to generate images that are totally in focus with no depth of field. The file sizes will be huge so great magnification can be achieved for in-depth study.
All Henry VIII Boxwood Rosary images are courtesy of the Natural History Museum, London.
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School readiness: Early education and care | Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development
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One major concern in many industrialized countries is that a large number of children enter primary school, and even kindergarten or its equivalent, with widely differing levels of preparation for formal schooling or school readiness.a When school readiness is narrowly understood, the emphasis is to prepare or ready children so that they develop a specific set of academic skills and abilities--follow directions, demonstrate reading and reasoning skills, and carry out independent work1--by the time they enter school. In contrast, the U.S. National Education Goals Panelb took a broader approach, arguing that school readiness encompasses five dimensions: physical well-being and motor development, social and emotional development, language usage, cognition, and general knowledge.2 It is this broader definition, which has international applicability, that frames this discussion, with special attention to academic and related skills.
Research has found that on starting kindergarten, children who participated in high quality, model preschool programs were significantly more advanced in key areas of development than those who were in parental or informal care.1 The key areas were language, literacy and reasoning skills, and children’s concepts and understanding of the world around them. Former preschool participants were more eager to learn and try new things and less likely to be retained in a grade or placed in a special education class.3 Of particular importance, these results were disproportionately achieved by disadvantaged children.4,5
Because children’s readiness to learn is so strongly associated with future school performance, children who enter kindergarten less ready than their peers are unlikely to ever close the achievement gap. Given this concern, there is growing interest with regard to which programs are successful in achieving readiness goals. What does research tell us about the impact of ECEC programs on school readiness? And what are the implications for early childhood education and care (ECEC) policy and program development?
Most of the research on school readiness has been conducted in the U.S. Most of the U.S. research on the impact of ECEC on school readiness has highlighted two small-scale, random-assignment, experimental model programs: the High/Scope Perry Preschool Program and the Carolina Abecedarian Study. These studies found that high quality early childhood education can have large and significant effects on school readiness, produce both short- and long-term cognitive and academic benefits for children from disadvantaged backgrounds, and that the positive effects are disproportionately larger for disadvantaged children.4,5,6,7,8 A second focus has been on Head Start, the large scale compensatory education program now serving, primarily, 3- to 4-year-olds, designed to remedy the deficiencies disadvantaged children face when they start school. Studies of this program found that participation brings short-term benefits to children’s cognitive and socio-emotional development, but these positive impacts have been found to fade out by around the third grade.5,6,8,9 There is some debate regarding whether such fade-out is a problem of the program or is related to the poor schools attended by these children once they leave the program.
In contrast, we know much less about the effects of the typical preschool programs that most children experience in the U.S. and other English-speaking countries. Generally, these are more diverse, pro grammatically and in terms of the children served, and are of lower quality and lower cost than the model programs or Head Start. Several studies of such programs have demonstrated significant positive benefits and produced important results in terms of preparation for entry into primary school. In several cases, cognitive gains during the early childhood years were sustained through the early school years.
Recent Research Results
Magnusson, Ruhm and Waldfogel (2004)10 focus on school readiness using data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study–Kindergarten Class of 1998-99 (ECLS-K), a large nationally representative sample of children who entered kindergarten in the fall of 1998. The overall finding is that children who attended prekindergarten programs entered primary school more ready to learn and had better math and reading performance at school entry. As well, there were more lasting cognitive gains for disadvantaged children.
Other U.S. studies finding positive school readiness outcomes include: the Chicago Child Care study, the Cost, Quality and Child Outcomes study, the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Study of Early Childcare, the Southern Regional Education Board (SREB) study, and a study of a universal preschool program in Tulsa, Oklahoma, that concluded that regardless of race, ethnicity, and/or family income, the children who participated in the program demonstrated enhanced school readiness as compared with a similar group of children who did not participate. 11
Several international studies reached the same conclusions, including the Swedish longitudinal studies,12,13 a New Zealand longitudinal study (Competent Children’s Project), and a more recent British study, the Effective Provision of Pre-School Education (EPPE) project.c The New Zealand study found that literacy, math, and social skills were sustained even at age 20.
Six lessons from this ECEC research are clear and generalizable internationally:
First, expanding access to ECEC for 3- to 4-year-olds is a key policy for enhancing child well-being, in general, and school readiness, in particular. Research has documented that preschool education can significantly improve primary school readiness and school performance and enhance overall child development. Children who participate in preschool programs are more likely to have better language skills, better verbal skills, better arithmetic skills, and consistently higher reading achievement scores. They are more interested in school when they attend primary school: They are more motivated to learn, to attend school, and to complete assignments and are more likely to have long term academic success. The universal preschool programs in Denmark, France, Italy, and Sweden are preschool exemplars, in which almost all children of 3 to 4 years old are enrolled.
Second, there is a growing body of evidence that quality can make a difference although the debate about the definition of quality continues. Children who receive high quality ECEC (defined as high staff-to-child ratios, small groups, and qualified/trained staff) are likely to demonstrate better cognitive and language abilities while those in lower quality settings are more likely to have difficulties with language, social, and behavior skills.14 Moreover, benefits for children of well-designed, intensive forms of ECEC (i.e., which are responsive to children’s needs and use good pedagogy) are less likely to fade out than those that are merely designed for custodial purposes.
Third, disadvantaged children benefit significantly more from a good quality preschool experience than more advantaged children. Preschool attendance can narrow the achievement gaps faced by disadvantaged children.
Fourth, there is an emerging trend toward integrating the education and care services into one system, increasingly into the educational system, a development likely to result in greater public support and higher quality programs. Sweden, New Zealand, Spain, Scotland, and the UK have already implemented this system.
Fifth, making preschool programs a full school-day program rather than a very short day, appears to lead to more positive outcomes. 15 The Scandinavian programs cover the full workday and the French preschool covers a long school day with after-school programs.16
Sixth, there is a growing need to pay more attention to policies and programs for parents with children under 3 years old, in particular parental leave policies. The EU provides statutory maternity and parental leaves ranging from 6 months to 3 years and Canada provides one year.
Promoting school readiness has emerged as an increasingly important factor in driving ECEC policy and program initiatives, supplementing the existing influence of high labor force participation rates of women with young children, with a goal of increasing human capital. As a result, countries are increasingly expanding the supply of ECEC places, especially for 3- and 4-year-olds (there is largely universal coverage in preschool or primary school for the year preceding compulsory school entry), and beginning to pay more attention to children under 3 years old.
A new report issued by UNESCO (2006)17 reminds us that despite well-documented benefits on all aspects of child development and child well-being, ECEC remains the “forgotten link in the education chain” even for the 3- and 4-year-olds in much of the world. Especially important, about half of the world’s countries have no early childhood care and education policy for children under 3 years old.
The European Commission has taken an explicit position with regard to access. At the Barcelona summit in 2002, explicit targets were set with regard to ECEC arrangements. The commission agreed that “Member States should remove disincentives to female labor force participation and strive, taking into account the demand for childcare facilities and in line with national patterns of provision, to provide childcare by 2010 to at least 90% of children between 3 years old and the mandatory school age and at least 33% of children under 3 years of age”.18 About half of the EU-25 countries have achieved the goal for the 3-, 4-, and 5-year-olds, in particular the Scandinavian countries, Belgium, France, and Italy. The UK and Netherlands are approaching this goal. If coverage for children under 3 years old includes paid and job protected maternity and parental leaves, as well as services, this goal is close to being achieved as well.
- Brown J. The Link Between Early Learning and Care and School Readiness. Seattle, WA: Economic Opportunity Institute; 2002.
- Kagan SL, Moore E, Bredekamp S, eds.. Reconsidering Children's Early Learning and Development: Toward Shared Beliefs and Vocabulary . Washington, DC: National Education Goals Panel; 1995.
- Barnett WS, Hustedt JT. Preschool: The most important grade. Education Leadership 2003;60(7):54-57.
- Currie J. What We Know about Early Childhood Interventions. Chicago, IL: Joint Center for Poverty Research, University of Chicago; 2000. Policy Brief 2(10)
- Currie J. Early childhood education programs. Journal of Economic Perspectives 2001; 15(2):213-238.
- Barnett WS. Long-term effects of early childhood programs on cognitive and school outcomes. The Future of Children 1995;5(3):25-50.
- Brooks-Gunn J. Do you believe in magic?: What we can expect from early childhood intervention programs. Social Policy Report 2003;17(1):3-14. Available at: http://www.srcd.org/Documents/Publications/SPR/spr17-1.pdf . Accessed February 25, 2008.
- Karoly LA, Greenwood PW, Everingham SS, Hoube J, Kilburn MR, Rydell CP, Sanders M, Chiesa J. Investing in Our Children: What We Know and Don’t Know abut the Costs and Benefits of Early Childhood Interventions . Santa Monica, CA: Rand; 1998.
- Currie J, Thomas D. Does Head Start Make a Difference?. American Economic Review 1995;85(3):341-364.
- Magnusson KA, Ruhm CJ, Waldfogel J. Does Prekindergarten Improve School Preparation and Performance? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research; 2004. NBER Working Paper No. 10452.
- Gormley WT jr., Gayer T, Phillips D, Dawson B. The effects of universal pre-K on cognitive development. Developmental Psychology 2004;41(6):872-884.
- Andersson BE. Effects of day-care on cognitive and socioemotional competence of thirteen-year-old Swedish schoolchildren. Child Development 1992;63(1):20-36.
- Hwang CP, Broberg AG.The historical and social context of child care in Sweden. In: Lamb ME, Sternberg KJ, Broberg, AG, Hwang CP, eds. Child Care in Context. Cross-Cultural Perspectives. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum ; 1992: 27-54.
- Vandell DL, Wolfe B. Child Care Quality: Does It Matter and Does It Need to be Improved? Madison, WI: Institute for Research on Poverty, University of Wisconsin; 2000. Special Report no. 78.
- Herry Y, Maltais C, Thompson K. Effects of a full-day preschool program on 4-year-old children. Early Childhood Research and Practice 2007;9(2). Available at: http://ecrp.uiuc.edu/v9n2/herry.html. Accessed February 25, 2008.
- Columbia University. Clearinghouse on International Developments in Child and Family Policies Website. Available at: http://www.childpolicyintl.org/ . Accessed February 25, 2008.
- UNESCO. Strong Foundations: Early Childhood Care and Education. Paris, France: UNESCO; 2006. EFA Global Monitoring Report 2007.
- Plantenga J, Siegel M. European Childcare Strategies. Paper presented at: Childcare in a Changing World; October 21-23 2004; Groningen, The Netherlands. Available at: http://www.childcareinachangingworld.nl/downloads/position_paper_part1.pdf . Accessed February 26, 2008.
a Kindergarten in the U.S. is the year before compulsory school begins. It is universal, free, and voluntary and is attended by almost all 5-year-olds. It is viewed as the transitional year, before formal schooling begins.
b U.S. bipartisan and intergovernmental body of federal and state officials created in July 1990 to assess and report state and national progress toward achieving national education goals.
c An important, large scale, longitudinal study--Effective Provision of Pre-School Education (EPPE) Project and Effective Pre-School and Primary Education 3-11 (EPPE–3-11 ) is currently being carried out in the UK, funded by the UK Department of Education and Skills. The findings agree with those of the U.S. research reported here.
How to cite this article:
Kamerman SB. School Readiness and International Developments in Early Childhood Education and Care. In: Tremblay RE, Boivin M, Peters RDeV, eds. Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development [online]. https://www.child-encyclopedia.com/school-readiness/according-experts/school-readiness-and-international-developments-early-childhood. Published: August 2008. Accessed December 11, 2023.Text copied to the clipboard ✓
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Headaches – Colorado Interventional Health Sciences
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Headaches are one of the most common medical complaints in the United States. Headaches can be debilitating and interfere with an individual’s daily life.
Why are headaches common and how do I treat them?
Headaches are multifactorial and stem from a variety of causes. Headaches are classified based upon criteria according to the International Headache Society. For example, headaches can be classified as migraines, tension type headaches, cluster headaches, or be secondary to medication overuse.
Colorado Interventional Health Sciences works closely with primary care specialists, neurologists, chiropractors, and physical therapists in the treatment of headaches. Specifically, Colorado Interventional Health Sciences provides diagnostic and therapeutic treatment for occipital neuralgia, facial pain, and headaches which originate from the cervical spine. These headaches may occur secondary to an inflamed nerve, wear and tear over the years, cervical spine degeneration, whiplash, or acute traumatic injuries. Patients often need a combination of treatment including medications, therapy, nerve blocks, and radiofrequency ablation when indicated. In some cases, headaches that originate from the cervical spine may also be aided with regenerative medicine techniques.
Although headaches are complex, having the appropriate available treatment options and skilled team members will aid in headache relief.
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CLF CLF scientist helps to develop new method for obtaining 2D materials
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From semiconductors in our electronics to imaging methods and drug delivery inside the body, there are a vast range of ways we can put the extraordinary properties of 2D materials to use. These traits can include high conductivity, incredible strength, and low weight, among others – all of which have significant potential in developing new industrial materials. But what makes 2D materials special, and how can we make them?
A 2D crystal consists of a single layer of atoms, bonded together at their sides but with nothing above or below them. This changes some of the normal atomic and electronic interactions we would expect to see in an analogous 3D crystal and causes the unique properties we observe. One common example of this is graphene, a single layer of a carbon structure known as graphite. Graphene is extremely strong and has special properties relating to how it conducts heat and electricity that make it distinct from 3D graphite. These properties make it desirable for developing aerospace materials and electronics.
When it comes to making 2D materials there are two options – they can be grown from scratch on top of a substrate, or they can be sliced off larger samples. To grow them, we need a certain ‘recipe’ to start with. This can be difficult to develop, depending on the substrate that we want to use, because atomic interactions with the substrate are a crucial part of the crystal growth process. Also, the growth recipe needs to be optimized to grow only a uniform single atomic layer, without undesired local regions of 3D crystal growth. This can be challenging to achieve.
Cutting samples from existing structures can give us nice 2D layers, but the problem scientists encounter when they cut and study 2D materials is that many of these types of crystals are very prone to becoming contaminated. As they are so thin, dust and tiny particles in the air suddenly become significant in comparison to the tiny atomic layer we are looking at. Some 2D materials are very reactive with air and water, changing their composition rapidly and stopping us from studying the original material. What we need is a way to substantially reduce these contamination risks – which is exactly what CLF scientist Dr. Charlotte Sanders has helped to develop.
Charlotte runs Artemis’ material science program here at the Central Laser Facility, together with fellow researcher Dr. Yu Zhang. The program is designed to provide the scientific community with the tools to study the electronic properties of materials after they are irradiated by a very short, intense laser pulse. Artemis can achieve this experimentation at very short time scales for maximum precision. Charlotte’s field of study focuses on solid-state crystalline materials, including both creating these crystals and studying their electronic properties. She uses the Artemis facility for her research, shining laser beams onto crystals to explore how the electrons in the structure interact with the light.
In this investigation of 2D materials, however, Charlotte played a crucial role as part of a small team working at the ASTRID2 Synchrotron Light Source in Denmark, uncovering the best practices for developing high-quality 2D materials. Previously, the samples would be cut inside a glovebox, and then studied inside a vacuum chamber. Vacuum chambers are almost completely void of atoms, thus reducing contamination risk, and gloveboxes are filled with unreactive gases such as nitrogen or argon for a similar effect. However, transferring the sample from where it is cut to the chamber exposes it to particles in the air. In order to eliminate this undesirable journey, Charlotte and the team have developed a method of slicing 2D material samples inside a vacuum.
The method works by contacting the 3D source material to the substrate in vacuum. This substrate is chosen such that it reacts with the material just enough to pull off one single layer of atoms, isolating it from the rest of the 3D source. This reaction can be electromagnetic, where the forces of attraction pull away the atoms, or chemical, where a new structure is formed as the atoms interact and bond with one another. This separates a 2D material layer from the larger crystal with minimal outside interaction, allowing it to be generated in a vacuum and removing the need to transfer samples between environments. This method will therefore let scientists like Charlotte derive much purer samples than they have been able to study before, helping to unlock a better understanding of 2D material behaviour. In fact, this method can now be used at Artemis, letting the CLF team study materials that previously we weren’t yet able to! This could help our users develop electronic components, detectors, and medical devices, amongst many other things.
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Is It Possible To Pay Someone To Have Your Paper Written | CustomEssayMeister.com
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15% discount on first order.Special Welcome Offer.
Do you want to pay someone to write your paper? Read on!
When popular demand for Tom Clancy ’s novels exceeded the famous writer’s ability to complete new books, his publisher hired a team of ghostwriters to pen novels in Clancy’s style. This may seem like an intriguing subject, considering that Clancy’s fans expect the books to be straight from the writer’s mind. But as we will come to understand later, this practice is not entirely uncommon and in some situations is perfectly acceptable.
Who Is A Ghostwriter?
A ghostwriter is someone who provides writing services to another person who seeks to complete a written project. The arrangement usually requires the ghostwriter to do the writing part in accordance with the instructions of the client. The completed work, in turn, is published under the name of the client rather than the ghostwriter. In some instances, the ghostwriter may be credited as a co-author, though such cases are quite rare.
Ghostwriters have existed for centuries. Although many are not aware, ghostwriters have been completing work for politicians, businessmen, and even scholars. The reason for the demand for ghostwriting services is the long and difficult process required to write any piece. As you may already be aware, writing is not just about stringing words into sentences, and sentences into paragraphs. Writing requires a great deal of research, reading, critical thinking, and revising among others.
Writing also requires skill. Learning how to write efficiently does not happen overnight; it can take years for a person to become a skilled writer. Because of many people’s need for assistance in writing, ghostwriting has become an acceptable practice and thus a legitimate industry.
Do Students Hire Ghostwriters?
Decades ago, students used to try to get help for their assignments from the nerdy A-grader student in the class. Professors even coined a specific term for that: contract cheating. So, what exactly is contract cheating?
Contract cheating is the practice of students enlisting the assistance or services of a third party to complete assignments. It happens when someone other than the student completes an assignment, which the student then submits to his or her professor for evaluation and credit. For example, a student may ask a parent, a sibling, or a friend to help out.
This practice has always existed, of course, though not many students would openly admit to availing the aid of others. This practice also goes beyond the realm of education. On a much higher level, countless people can and have already published books, articles, and speeches written by ghostwriters. Prominent examples include politicians and celebrities who publish autobiographies with the help of ghostwriters. Such a practice in the publishing industry is widely considered to be acceptable.
What Is An Essay?
An essay is the most common written assignment in high school, university, and postgraduate. An essay is a short piece of writing that presents the author’s argument, analysis, description, or definition. There are numerous types of essays that you can ask a ghostwriter to write for you— argumentative essay , literary analysis, descriptive, narrative, informative, definition, or compare and contrast essays, to name a few.
The topic of an essay, naturally, differs depending on the courses you are taking. The goal of assigning essays is to exercise students’ research skills, critical thinking skills, and writing skills. The ability to write about a wide range of subjects is a skill that educational institutions value in their students. However, understandably, not all students can afford to sit down for hours simply to work toward improving their writing skills.
Hillary Clinton used ghostwriting services?
When Hillary Clinton published her memoirs , it was reported that she paid around half a million dollars to have her memoirs written by a ghostwriter. Does this make Hillary Clinton a fraud? Not exactly. Clinton is a public official, so although she is highly educated and perfectly capable of writing on her own, it is more likely that she did not have the time or energy to master how to write a memoir and complete a full-length book.
Moreover, the fact that a ghostwriter completed the project does not mean that the content of the book is no longer Clinton’s. The ghostwriter’s role was to organize Clinton’s thoughts and express them in words. The experiences, insights, and lessons the book presents are still those of the former First Lady. The memoirs are still hers.
Why it is okay to pay someone to write your essay for you
The life of the average college student today is probably not as hectic as Clinton’s but is sure is hectic enough. Although they do not attend political sessions, meet with diplomats, or appear in civic functions, there are many other things to tackle and students have to overcome these common problems in college . It is no wonder why students are some of the most stressed, exhausted, and sleep-deprived people.
On top of it all, the modern education system has its flaws, in particular in considering the challenges faced by their students. Colleges and universities strive to produce well-rounded individuals after graduation. However, being a well-rounded individual is far more complex today due to the sheer amount of knowledge students have to master today compared to what students had to learn decades ago. One or two extra courses on top of their major courses are a big burden. Naturally, these have benefits although they may not be essential to students’ future professions. As one student realized, for instance, insights from cultural anthropology may inform their future business decisions .
However, students have limited time and energy, and they have needs outside of college. With their daily life overloaded with commitments, students are unable to maximize the knowledge offered by educational institutions. This is a reality that the modern education system has failed to take into account.
Like Hillary Clinton, it is understandable for students to enlist the help of ghostwriters. You can ask a ghostwriter to help you with different coursework assignments. When working closely with a ghostwriter and providing specific instructions, ensure that the essay you submit represents your own ideas. This way, the writer acts as a medium that translates your ideas into writing. The challenge now is finding a good ghostwriter to write your essay for you.
How to find a trustworthy ghostwriting service
In this digital age, you no longer have to ask your nerdy classmate to provide you with some coursework help. Searching for a ghostwriter to save your grades is one Google search away. The Internet offers thousands of websites that bring together freelance writers and clients. On each of these websites, you will find hundreds of writers from around the globe who write academic projects, such as essays, research papers, and dissertations. But your fears are true, of course, there are websites you cannot fully trust to deliver high-quality essays. Still, more are out to take advantage of desperate students.
So how do you navigate this digital forest filled with scammers? We have prepared a guide for you. Read each of these points carefully and keep them in mind when looking for a website so that you don’t fall for essay scams.
1 - Know the company behind the website
One of the most important things to keep in mind is to know the company behind the website. Not all companies offer the same quality of services. There are as many untrustworthy companies as there are trustworthy ones. So how do you know if a company is trustworthy? Look at their reputation. A trustworthy company tends to be an established player in the industry. A company wouldn’t last long if it does not deliver quality service. Ask yourself some of the following questions:
- Does the company have a good reputation? Look at reviews of the company. A truly trustworthy company will always be transparent when it comes to client reviews. If the client reviews are there, read them.
- Is the website easy to use? Try to navigate the website. A good company upgrades constantly. If the website is easy to use, it means that the company prioritizes the convenience of its clients.
- Is the website secure? Explore the website. Try clicking on links. There shouldn’t be any pop-ups and suspicious links there.
- Does the company have enough writers to handle your specific project? A trustworthy company tends to attract and retain excellent writers. If the company has a lot of writers, it means that it is doing a good job keeping writers and clients satisfied.
- Is your money safe with the company? Again, check reviews of the websites. Watch out for reviews that narrate experiences of being cheated. When you place an order, check if the company billed you the amount stated in the transaction. There should be no hidden charges.
- What if the company does not keep its promise and doesn’t deliver, will it give my money back? To answer this question, look at the terms and conditions of the services. The company should have a refund or store credit policy. Also, the policy should be reasonable.
2 - Know the writer who will write your paper
Another aspect to look at when searching for a ghostwriting service is the writer’s background. Know your writer’s expertise and performance. Do not hesitate to ask the website about its writers and the work they produce. Some questions you should consider are the following:
- What is the background of the writer? Read the writer’s profile. The website should have a page dedicated to the background of its writers. Check if the writer’s field or expertise matches your requirements.
- Does the writer have a good track record? Positive client feedback? Has the writer written on your topic before? Read reviews of the writer. A good website is usually transparent when it comes to reviews of its writers. If the writer has received a lot of positive feedback, then this could mean that the writer provides quality work.
- Can the writer communicate well? Observe if the writer communicates well. If the writer is attentive to details, accommodating, and asks questions, then it is likely that the writer is eager to provide quality work.
- What is the time zone of the writer? A good company employs workers from different time zones. This allows the company to always have a writer available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
- Does the writer meet guidelines or writes whatever comes to mind? Check if the writer’s work meets your requirements. If you are not satisfied with the product, bring up your concerns with both the writer and the company.
- Does the writer cooperate during revisions? Occasional revisions are unavoidable. Check the company’s policy to see if they offer revisions for free. A truly trustworthy company understands that revisions are part of the writing process if the original instructions have not been followed. But more importantly, the writer should be willing to work with you on the revision. If the company or the writer does not offer this, then you should consider this as a red flag.
Welcome to CustomEssayMeister.com
Customessaymeister.com was established in 2006. Since then, we have written over 250,000 college papers (and counting!) and have worked with thousands of expert writers. From our humble beginnings, we have grown into a platform that houses over 200 professional English-speaking essay writers working in different time zones. You can place your order any time of day and get it done on the same day.
With over 10 years of experience, we have developed a sophisticated system that makes it easy for writers and clients to collaborate. We offer more than just the paper you need. We provide a great experience that exceeds your expectations.
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Add to Google Bookmarks
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This book discusses a core question in many fields of the social sciences, namely how to create, share and adopt new knowledge. It creates an original space for conversation between two lines of research that have developed largely in parallel for a long time: social network theory and the geography of knowledge. This book considers that relational thinking has become increasingly important for scholars to capture societal outcomes by studying social relations and networks, whereas the role of place, space and spatial scales has been somewhat neglected outside an emergent geography of knowledge.
The individual contributions help integrate network arguments of connectivity, geographical arguments of contiguity and contextuality into a more comprehensive understanding of the ways in which people and organizations are constrained by and make use of space and networks for learning and innovation. Experts in the fields of geography, sociology, economics, political science, psychology, management and organizational studies develop conceptual models and propose empirical research that illustrates the ways in which networks and geography play together in processes of innovation, learning, leadership, and power.
This open book is licensed under a Creative Commons License (CC BY). You can download Knowledge and Networks ebook for free in PDF format (8.6 MB).
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GRAND-SCALE Definition & Usage Examples | Dictionary.com
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of large proportion, extent, magnitude, etc.: grand-scale efforts; a grand-scale approach.
Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2023
How to use grand-scale in a sentence
But obida does not have to occur on a grand scale to produce uncomfortable repercussions.
An impressive grand-scale set was constructed complete with a waterfall as the backdrop.
This is action on a grand scale that, despite its grittiness and naturalism, boasts very high production values.‘Captain Phillips’ Is a Gripping, Award-Worthy Film | Marlow Stern | September 28, 2013 | THE DAILY BEAST
LBJ and Bundy, the Yale-educated Harvard professor, got it wrong on a grand scale.
There was no sense of intimacy or the personal in this presentation, which was on such a grand scale.Louis Vuitton, Chanel, McQueen Cap Paris Spring 2013 Fashion Week Shows | Robin Givhan | October 3, 2012 | THE DAILY BEAST
Aber Jeder will grossartig spielen heutzutage (But everybody wants to play on a grand scale now-a-days).Music-Study in Germany | Amy Fay
These pumping engines were made on such a grand scale that they lifted over sixty tuns of water at every stroke.Rollo in Holland | Jacob Abbott
"Monsieur Deschars does things on a grand scale," replies Adolphe, taking refuge in a jest.The Petty Troubles of Married Life, Complete | Honore de Balzac
He was willing to risk fifty thousand ducats in the adventure, which was to be conducted on a grand scale.South American Fights and Fighters | Cyrus Townsend Brady
But there had been no pitched battle on a grand scale; and it had even begun to seem that there never would be.The Heroic Record of the British Navy | Archibald Hurd
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ICT Research: The Policy Perspective
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In this report produced for the publication series ICT Research: The Policy Perspective, is explored Europe's vision for a society where every individual can make a valuable contribution. Investments in pioneering and commercially focused research will produce information and communication technologies (ICTs) that should help everyone - including the elderly, disabled and marginalised - to fulfil their potential.
There is little doubt that ICT is the key enabling technology for European society. It is vital for business and powers our financial systems. It delivers our entertainment and keeps us in touch with friends and communities. Without ICT - our computers, televisions, mobile devices, plus all the technology embedded in everyday objects - we would struggle to work, shop and travel.
So how is it, then, that almost a third of European citizens - around 150 million people - are not actively participating in this modern, high-tech society? Fewer than 15% of people aged 65 and only one in three of the unemployed regularly use the internet. About 74 million Europeans with low levels of education and a third of people in rural and remote areas remain 'unconnected'.
Download ICT Research: The Policy Perspective (.pdf, 605 KB).
Download from eHealthNews.eu Portal's mirror: ICT Research: The Policy Perspective (.pdf, 605 KB).
Content for this publication was provided by the ICT Results editorial service, working to showcase breakthrough ICT research in Europe. It is part of a series of domain surveys drawn together from articles featuring EU-funded ICT research.
For further information, please visit:
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Social Media - Digital Valmiki
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What are the different types of Social Media?
Social Media refers to the means of interactions among individuals within which they produce, share, and/or exchange info and concepts in virtual communities and networks. The workplace of Communications and promotion manages the most Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, LinkedIn, and YouTube accounts.
Types of Social Media
Examples: Facebook, LinkedIn
A social networking website could be a social media site that enables you to attach with those that have similar interests and backgrounds. Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram are 3 of the foremost well-liked samples of a social network website.
These platforms permit America to attach with our friends, family, and even brands. Most social network sites let users share thoughts, transfer photos, and videos, and participate in teams of interest.
2. Bookmarking Sites
Examples: Pinterest, Flipboard, Diggs
Bookmarking sites permit users to save lots of and organize links to any variety of online resources and websites. a good feature of those sites is the ability for the users to “tag” links, which makes them easier to go looking, and invariably, share with their followers. StumbleUpon could be a well-liked example of a bookmarking website.
3. Social news
A social news website permits its users to post news links and alternative things to external articles. Users then proceed to vote on the same things, and therefore the things with the best variety of votes are most conspicuously displayed. a decent example of a social news website is Reddit.
4. Media Sharing
Examples: Pinterest, YouTube, Vimeo
Media sharing websites permit users to share different types of media, with the 2 main ones being image sharing and video hosting sites.
Most of those sites additionally provide social options, just like the ability to make profiles and therefore the choice of commenting on the uploaded pictures or videos. These platforms principally encourage user-generated content wherever anyone will produce, curate, and share the power that speaks regarding them or spark conversations.
As you may have guessed, YouTube still remains the foremost well-known media-sharing website in the world.
Examples: Twitter, Facebook
These are simply what they sound like, sites that permit the users to submit their short written entries, which may embody links to product and repair sites, in addition to links to alternative social media sites. These are then announced on the ‘walls’ of everybody the United Nations agency has signed to its user’s account. the foremost ordinarily used microblogging website is Twitter.
6. Diary comments and forums
An online forum could be a website that lets users have interacted in conversations by posting and responding to community messages. A diary comment website is the same factor except being a touch additional centered. The comments are sometimes targeted around the specific subject of the connected diary. Google features a well-liked blogging website capably titled, Blogger. However, there are an apparently endless variety of blogging sites, notably as a result of such a large amount of them being niche-based, in contrast to the universal attractiveness of general social media sites.
7. Social Review Sites
Examples: TripAdvisor, Yelp, FourSquare
What’s one in all the primary stuff you see after you are progressing to get a replacement product or seek a replacement restaurant? If you’re something like America, you may initially head to the reviews.
Review sites like TripAdvisor and FourSquare show reviews from community members for all varieties of locations and experiences. This keeps individuals out of the dark and permits them to create higher designs or selections once it involves selecting a building for their date.
Not simply useful to regular users such as you and Maine, businesses may also get to know the customer’s perspective. each the great and dangerous, this will facilitate them to spot what’s operating and find out areas with areas for improvement.
8. Community Blogs
Examples: Medium, Tumblr
Sometimes all you wish to try to do is share that one message, and extremely not everybody on the net needs to take a position in running and maintaining a diary from a self-hosted website. this can be wherever shared blogging platforms like Medium provide individuals an area to specific their thoughts and voice.
9. Sharing Economy Networks
Examples: Airbnb, Pantheon, Kick-starter
While it would not occur to you directly, however, websites like Airbnb aren’t simple to seek out vacation rentals or activities. These sharing economy networks bring those that have gotten one thing would like they require to share in conjunction with those that need it.
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Hello dear artists and readers of our site. Today we decided to make a drawing lesson about a very strange sea creature. This creature became the prototype of many characters from myths, fantasy, books and cartoons. As you already guiess, in today’s lesson we’ll show you how to draw an octopus.
We very often start our drawing lessons with ovals, and this lesson is not an excuse. Sketch out the head in the form of an oval and move to the second step.
The octopus has this name because it has eight limbs. So sketch out these tentacles using long wriggling lines.
Starting with this step, we will add details to our octopus. Let’s start with the head and draw it and eyes with clear lines.
Let’s move down a bit and draw the tentacles. Note that the tentacles should gradually thin out as they approach the tips.
Continue to draw an octopus. In this step we take an eraser and erase all unnecessary lines from the body of our sea creature.
Draw the visible to us and funnel. Draw out the suction cups on the tentacles as in our examples. Note that all lines and curves must be very smooth.
The tutorial about how to draw an octopus is almost finished, it remains only to add shadows.
So, our octopus drawing tutorial is over. Do not forget that we have a whole section of drawing lessons about different animals. There you will find many interesting and useful articles. Also do not forget that we have pages in all known social networks, so subscribe and write us your wishes.
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Polarstern team warns Arctic may be past tipping point – DW – 06/15/2021
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The scientist who led the international MOSAiC expedition to the North Pole on Tuesday warned that the point could have already been reached at which irreversible global warming is triggered.
During its expedition, the German research vessel "Polarstern" drifted through the Arctic on an ice floe for a year to also be able to research the winter at the North Pole, and the effects of climate change.
What did the research team find?
"The disappearance of summer sea ice in the Arctic is one of the first landmines in this minefield, one of the tipping points that we set off first when we push warming too far," said team leader Markus Rex, adding: "One can essentially ask if we haven't already stepped on this mine and already set off the beginning of the explosion."
Rex led what was the world's biggest mission so far to the North Pole, an expedition that involved some 300 scientists from 20 countries. Its Polarstern vessel returned to Germany in October bringing evidence of an Arctic Ocean that could see ice-free summers within decades.
Presenting the information eight months on, Rex noted that the ice had retreated "faster in the spring of 2020 than since the beginning of records" and that "the spread of the sea ice in the summer was only half as large as decades ago."
"Only the evaluation in the next years will allow us to determine if we can still save the year-round Arctic sea ice through forceful climate protection or whether we have already passed this important tipping point in the climate system," he said.
The team collected huge amounts of data aimed at building a better knowledge of the climate-relevant environmental processes at the North Pole.
The €140 million ($165-million) expedition returned with an estimated 150 terabytes of data and more than 1,000 ice samples.
rc/msh (AFP, dpa)
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Heavy metal content of newspapers: longitudinal trends | Emerald Insight
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Examines whether there are any environmental or health implications associated with the increased use of colour in newspapers, if the newspapers are reused or recycled. New heavy metal analyses of UK daily newspapers from 1992, 1996 and 1998 are reported. Lead, mercury and cadmium were found to be below their measurement detection limits (4ppm, 5ppm and 1ppm respectively) in nearly all samples. Barium and total chromium levels were highest in supplements printed on “glossy” paper. Copper was present at levels around 20‐30ppm in the standard newsprint sections and at levels of 80ppm or more in the supplements. Copper concentrations increased by 33‐40 per cent between 1992 and 1998 which correlated well with the increased colour content. A scientific appraisal and review showed that the heavy metal contents of newspapers are highly unlikely to pose any environmental risk or to have any health implications.
Tucker, P., Douglas, P., Durrant, A. and Hursthouse, A.S. (2000), "Heavy metal content of newspapers: longitudinal trends", Environmental Management and Health, Vol. 11 No. 1, pp. 47-66. https://doi.org/10.1108/09566160010314189
MCB UP Ltd
Copyright © 2000, MCB UP Limited
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Assessing the Impact and Cost-Effectiveness of Low-carbon transportation policies: A Case Study from Shenzhen City | Energy Proc
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Using the Gompertz method and the elastic coefficient approach, we forecast vehicle ownership and GHG emissions, focusing on Shenzhen City as case study. We also factor in the learning curve associated with EV battery costs into our dynamic cost-benefit model. Scenario analysis reveals that Shenzhen’s incremental car restriction policy decreased the number of cars by 18.7% in 2017 alone. By actively promoting EVs in a net zero carbon scenario, it’s feasible that CO2 emissions might reach their peak as soon as 2020. Our cost-benefit analysis indicates that improving fuel economy policies for vehicles yields higher marginal abatement benefits. Although the initial push for EVs may result in elevated marginal abatement costs due to infrastructure investments, anticipated long-term reductions in battery costs, driven by economies of scale, could offset these costs, potentially even leading to net benefits.
Keywords Electric vehicles, greenhouse gas emissions, scenario analysis, cost-effectiveness
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May, 2017 | Espoma
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Summer gardens filled with fresh fruits and lots of veggies are worth the work. And while gardeners with shady areas may be envious, they can still have plenty of success on their own vegetables.
After, the secret to good crops is really in the soil.
A shady space that gets as little as two hours of direct sunlight a day is still a prime location for a veggie garden filled with root or leafy vegetables. Plus, you’ll have a longer growing period for cool-season crops.
Read on for five vegetables that don’t need to full sun.
5 Vegetables that Grow in Shade:
Easy to grow in almost any space, beets are a shade gardener’s best friend. Beets can be used for both their roots and their greens. Sow seeds directly in the ground in early spring for the best flavor.
- Bok Choy
This cold-weather vegetable can withstand cooler temps and shade. Use in soups, salads and stir-fries. Sow seeds directly in ground in both the fall and spring for two harvests.
Cold-hardy and resilient, kale will grow for months until the weather gets too hot. This plant can be added to stir-fry, salads, omelets and smoothies for a healthy addition. Plant kale about two months before your first frost.
Eat turnips raw or cook and serve in soups, stir-fries or mashes. These plants thrive in cool temperatures and shade. Scatter turnip seeds in your garden two to four weeks before the last frost in spring or from late August to October.
Requiring almost no space, garlic is simple to grow. Break off cloves from a whole bulb and plant in the ground. To harvest big and flavorful bulbs next summer, plant garlic in the fall. Allow garlic to cure after harvesting in an airy, shady spot for two weeks.
Want to get kids involved in vegetable gardening? Learn more about kid-friendly gardening.
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SFX
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Ever wondered if Ridley Scott’s Alien anatomy is grounded in fact or just completely made up? Acid blood and a strong exoskeleton might sound implausible but there’s actually some basis for certain aspects of the Xenomorph design in the animal kingdom. With the release of Alien: Covenant this week (in the UK, the US have to wait until next week), we talked to the curator of Zoology at the National Museum of Ireland, Paolo Viscardi, to find out just how plausible the Aliens’ biology actually is. After all, a second set of jaws could come in handy.
Could the host-parasite relationship actually happen?
“It’s not uncommon for species to have multiple hosts in the real-world. There’s a species of liver fluke, for example, that goes from slugs to ants, then the ants get eaten by cows, the cows get eaten by people, and the people then poo out the eggs. They can’t do anything [to procreate] without the hosts – it’s an essential part of their developmental process.
“How did something like that evolve? What you tend to find with evolution is you get increasing complexity, not because things are striving to get more complex, but because as you evolve a certain set of traits, that provides a bedrock for more traits to develop. So a species can start with quite a straightforward way of managing reproduction, but then somewhere along the line there’s an adaptation that has conferred an advantage. That’s what it’s all about really – small adaptations based on what you’re already doing that mean you do it better, and you produce more offspring.”
Can eggs lay dormant indefinitely?
“Seeds can last hundreds of years for some species of plants, but for eggs in animals, longevity isn’t quite so extreme – generally you wouldn’t be looking at years. Certain species can actually stay dormant for reasonably long periods of time, and you will find some waiting for certain conditions before the developmental process gets started. Nature’s quite good at developing mechanisms that get things to coordinate to have a better chance of survival. It’s not unrealistic to expect something to allow a species to have eggs with a very long lifespan, that are then triggered by an external influence.
“For example, a lot of insects will lay eggs at the end of the year, and they won’t become viable until there’s been a really cold snap. That’s actually what gets the developmental process started, because it usually indicates the coldest part of the winter, and after that the embryo starts developing and reaches a point where it should be hatching about the right time for spring – it’s a timing mechanism to make sure you can avoid the worst of the weather.”
Do any parasites take on the traits of their hosts?
“You don’t really see that in the more complex multi-cellular animals – basically there’s too much to go wrong – but you do get lateral gene transfer in some bacteria and things like viruses. It’s a way of sharing genetic information without it coming from your own species – it can come in from elsewhere instead. For example, they might pick up things like being able to disguise themselves from a host’s immune system.”
Is it possible to have a second set of jaws?
“There are quite a few species that have mouth parts which kind of open and hinge outwards. Dragonfly larvae, for example, have this big hinged plate that sits under their mouths and shoots forward and grabs prey – the Alien’s mouth is actually very similar to that. Anything which increases your ability to increase your reach and your ability to grab prey unexpectedly is a bonus.”
What about a big exoskeleton?
“The trouble with an exoskeleton is you can’t grow in it, so you have to shed it – and that’s really the limiting factor. You can’t add new material to it without basically growing a new one underneath, shedding the old one, inflating the new one and then letting it harden off – it’s how lobsters and insects grow. Once you get to a larger size [like a Xenomorph], however, it gets quite difficult to do all that. As you get bigger, gravity and scaling factors mean you can’t keep your structures in the right position and your organs functioning while also maintaining the internal pressure that will harden off the exoskeleton. This is one that might be more problematic, though if you’re in space and dealing with lower gravity situations, then it might be more plausible.”
Could a chestburster grow to adulthood in a few hours?
“You need a source of material that you’re able to metabolise and pull into the growth process. Speed of growth is limited by metabolic rate, the amount of material available and the growth processes, and the metabolic processes would just take too long. I don’t think this would work.”
Is acid blood even a thing?
“With the Aliens, although it’s referred to as blood, is it blood or is it some kind of chemical substance which is being produced under the exoskeleton to act as a defence mechanism, while the blood’s something else somewhere else in the body?
“There are certainly species that use blood as a defence mechanism. It’s generally things like lizards, which squirt acrid blood to deter predators. The acidic blood thing is problematic for other reasons, because generally if your blood’s that acidic it’ll probably denature any nutrients around your system.
“But stomach acid’s a great example that very strong acids can be made in nature. Something as acidic as alien blood is not impossible to make – it’s very difficult and requires quite involved manufacturing processes, but that doesn’t mean that nature couldn’t do it. Nature’s pretty amazing!You’ve got things like bombardier beetles which make a little explosive and set it off in their backsides to deter predators, so there are some pretty crazy defence systems out there.”
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The solar energy park - Gate Burton - Low Carbon
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The solar energy park
The main elements of the energy park comprise the solar photovoltaic (PV) panels, the battery energy storage system (BESS) infrastructure and an onsite substation.
The PV panels will convert the sun’s energy into electricity for storage on-site, then being exported to the grid via a cable connection.
The principal components comprise:
- Solar photovoltaic (PV) panels and modular ground-mounting structures
- Supporting infrastructure – inverters, combiner box, transformers – converting the direct current to alternating current and stepping up the voltage so it can be exported to the national grid
- On-site substation to export electricity from the energy park to the national grid; including a control building with an office, welfare space and storage
- A battery energy storage system (BESS) storing electricity on-site then releasing it into the national grid when it’s needed most. It may also enable energy to be imported from the national grid so it can be stored until it is needed
- On-site cables connecting the solar PV modules and energy storage system to inverters which, in turn, connect to the transformers
- Fencing enclosing the operational areas of the site, with security measures including pole mounted internal facing closed circuit television (CCTV) around the site perimeter
- Access tracks to the site during construction and for routine maintenance when the energy park is operational
- New planting around the site perimeter and within the solar PV area to enhance biodiversity and improve the landscape
- During construction in addition to the main construction compound, up to three temporary construction compounds will be required, as well as temporary roadways, to enable access to all the land within the energy park boundary
- Opportunities for landscaping and habitat management will be explored in areas around the energy park equipment and other land within the DCO site to contribute to achieving Biodiversity Net Gain (BNG)
Our updated concept masterplan shows our current indicative proposals for the design and layout of the solar energy park.
Additional project design factors
Solar PV and energy storage technologies are rapidly evolving. The parameters of the DCO application we submit will therefore maintain the flexibility to allow us to use the latest technology available at the time of construction subject to consent being granted.
Our DCO application will however seek a consent that restricts those aspects of the solar energy park which have potential environmental impacts including:
- Height of the solar panels
- Dimensions of infrastructure such as the BESS and on-site substation
- Location of solar panels in the energy park
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Healthline
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When your eyes become bloodshot due to allergies or other causes, your first impulse may be to try whitening eye drops to soothe the irritation and restore the brightness of your eyes.
Whitening eye drops are also known as redness-relieving eye drops. Several types are available, each differing in their chemical makeup, and thus the way they work.
Whatever whitening eye drops you choose, read the instructions carefully. Using too much may actually make your red eyes redder or cause other unwanted side effects in the long run.
Read on to find out how whitening eye drops work, tips for keeping your eyes bright and healthy, and more.
Whitening eye drops mainly work in one of these two ways to make your eyes whiter:
- Narrowing blood vessels. Some redness-relieving drops include medications that cause the blood vessels in the eyes to narrow (constrict). This makes the blood vessels less visible, reducing the red hue in the sclera (white part of the eyes).
- Adding moisture. Other eye drops contain lubricants to prevent dryness and moisturize the whites of your eyes to make them feel better, and in some cases look whiter in the process.
Keep in mind that some causes of red eyes may need more than whitening eye drops to clear things up. A bacterial infection, for example, may require antibiotic eye drops prescribed by a doctor.
But for treating routine causes of red eyes, the following ingredients for eye drops may be helpful.
Most of the widely used eye drops — both prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) varieties — contain decongestants or antihistamines.
Decongestant eye drops work by narrowing the blood vessels in the eyes. When blood vessels widen, they can sometimes be visible, making the eyes look bloodshot. Other times, they give the sclera a red or pinkish hue.
Decongestant eye drops include tetrahydrozoline (Visine) and phenylephrine ophthalmic (Prefrin).
Antihistamines block the action of a chemical called histamine, which is released by cells in response to an injury or allergic reaction. Histamine, which triggers an inflammatory reaction in the body, can cause many symptoms, including itchiness, sneezing, and red eyes.
Examples of antihistamine eye drops include ketotifen (Zaditor) and azelastine (Optivar).
Some eye drops contain both a decongestant and antihistamine, such as the combination naphazoline/pheniramine (Naphcon-A).
Originally FDA-approved as a drug to treat glaucoma, brimonidine ophthalmic (Lumify) also helps reduce swelling of blood vessels in the eyes. It’s in a class of drugs called alpha-adrenergic agonists, and it works by reducing fluid levels in the eye.
Also known as artificial tears, lubricating eye drops are most helpful when your eyes are dry and irritated, such as from exposure to a dry or windy climate or looking at a computer screen for a prolonged period.
Active ingredients in lubricating eye drops are somewhat similar to those in actual tears.
The OTC product Refresh contains carboxymethyl cellulose, a compound that has the ability to remain on the eye for a longer period than more watery eye drops.
OTC and prescription eye drops are generally safe to use, though you want to make sure any product you put in your eye has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
If you try eye drops and your eyes feel irritated or uncomfortable, tell your doctor. You may need to try another brand or cut back on how often you use the product.
Many labels for eye drops suggest placing one to two drops in each eye, up to four times a day. According to the American Academy of Ophthalmology, if you need to apply eye drops that frequently over a few days to treat redness, you should have your eyes examined by an ophthalmologist. This eye care specialist can determine what’s causing your symptoms.
The effects of eye drops that cause blood vessels to narrow can wear off, and the eyes can become redder than they were before drops were used.
This side effect is called rebound redness, and it can worsen over time. So you may want to consider using lubricating eye drops first to see if they’re sufficient for making your eyes look and feel better.
In general, redness-relieving eye drops shouldn’t be used for more than 72 hours. If redness or other symptoms linger after 3 days, you should see an eye doctor (ophthalmologist or optometrist) for an evaluation.
If you have narrow-angle glaucoma, you shouldn’t use redness-relieving eye drops made from decongestants. They can worsen your condition and cause the development of angle-closure glaucoma, which is a medical emergency.
Glaucoma is treated with a variety of medications, including prescription eye drops that help reduce pressure inside the eye.
A word on tinted eye drops
Popularized by celebrities and a lot of media coverage in 2016, blue-hued eye drops are supposed to temporarily counteract any yellow or red in the sclera to make eyes seem whiter and brighter.
A French product called Collyre Bleu Eye Drops, for example, contains ingredients such as boric acid and a blue dye called C1420651. The FDA found this blue dye ingredient, also known as methylene blue, unsafe and potentially toxic. Sale of these eye drops in the United States has since been banned.
You can take other steps besides using eye drops to help avoid redness and eye irritation. Here are a few tips to try:
- Stay hydrated and avoid dry air. Like every part of your body, your eyes rely on healthy fluid levels to work and feel their best. But exposure to indoor or outdoor environments that are too dry can easily rob your eyes of some of their moisture.
- Take 20-second eye breaks every 20 minutes if you work at a computer or are watching television. Allow your eyes to rest to avoid eye strain, which can lead to redness, dry eye, and eye fatigue.
- Make sure your diet includes sources of key vitamins, including vitamins A, C, E, and B complex. Nutrients such as lutein, zeaxanthin, and omega-3 fatty acids also support eye health.
- Get at least 7 to 8 hours of sleep per night to allow your eyes to rest.
- Wear sunglasses with ultraviolet (UV) ray protection.
Whitening eye drops can provide some fast-acting results, reducing redness caused by allergies or certain other triggers.
If the cause of eye redness is something like conjunctivitis (pink eye), you need medicated eye drops to treat the problem.
When eye redness is likely caused by dry air or allergies, give lubricating eye drops a try first, and then consider drops with medication.
And if you find you’re also having pain or any other eye symptoms, see an eye care professional soon.
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430,917,098
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Gourmet Ireland | HistoryforTravelers
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This essay focuses on the political, economic, and cultural history of Ireland and Northern Ireland. It is written for the participants in Stanford Travel/Study’s program, Ireland: Food, Culture, and Politics, March 28-April 8, 2022.
I begin with ancient and medieval Ireland (7000 BCE-1170 CE) – original settlement, Celtic conquest, and Viking influences. I next look at British Ireland (1170-1921) and review Anglo- Norman settlement, English crown colonization, and the causes and impacts of the Great Irish Famine (1845-1849). For independent Ireland (1921-present), I ask how Irish politics evolved and why Ireland had slow economic growth until 1973 and then became Europe’s fastest-growing economy. In 1921, Northern Ireland chose to remain part of the UK instead of joining independent Ireland. In the final part of the essay, I examine political and economic transitions in Ulster during the past century, focusing especially on the Troubles (1969-1999) – the violent struggle between Protestant unionists and Catholic republicans. I append a time line, a bibliography for Ireland, and a description of sites that I visited in Ireland.
Ancient and Medieval Ireland, Settlement of Ireland, Early Christian Ireland, Viking Incursions in Ireland, Norman and British Ireland, Anglo-Norman Ireland, Colonial Ireland, Ireland in the United Kingdom, Irish Free State and Republic of Ireland, Irish Free State and Ireland, Republic of Ireland – Political Evolution, Republic of Ireland – Economic Transformation, Northern Ireland, Protestant Province, The Troubles, Autonomy, Brexit,
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430,917,099
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Tuscany | HistoryforTravelers
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This essay focuses on the Italian Renaissance in Tuscany between 1300 and 1600. I wrote these lectures for two Stanford Travel/Study’s Tuscany Family Adventures Program – June 26-July 8, 2012 and June 26-July 7, 2016.
I begin with a review of the Roman Empire, since the Renaissance was in part an attempt to return to Greek and Roman values and styles. I then look at artistic creativity, political control, and economic change in Renaissance Florence during that fascinating period. In particular, I seek insights into the evolving sources of Tuscan wealth – agriculture, foreign trade, and regional conquest. I try to understand how Florence rose to power, became Europe’s richest city, and then declined and was taken over by Austria. I attempt to identify the central legacies – ideas, technologies, art, and architecture – of the Tuscan Renaissance. My ultimate goal is to point out how and why Renaissance Tuscany contributed importantly to the foundation of Western culture. I append a time line, a bibliography, and a description of the sites that I visited in Tuscany.
Tuscany Family Adventures Program, Gargonza, Siena, Arezzo, Pienza and Montepulciano, Lucca, Florence,
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430,917,100
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Mod 01-6 Philosophy and Principles - Level I / Academics / Hahnemann Center for Heilkunst & Homeopathy
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Mod 01-6 Philosophy and Principles - Level I
Epistemology: Theory of Knowledge – The Basis of Functional Learning
- Bacon and the Birth of Modern Science
- Goethe and Newton
- Functional Thinking
- Two Ways of Knowing
The process of learning is critical to your ability to become an effective practitioner. Heilkunst depends on the development of your various organs of knowledge, tapping into your power of intuition, imagination and inspiration on the basis of scientific principles, so that you can increase your powers of observation and assessment. Current methods of learning are too intellectual and abstract and are not grounded in nature. This Module provides you the solid basis for extracting the maximum benefit from the succeeding Modules. You will be challenged to change your way of seeing nature, health and disease that amounts to what Thomas Kuhn called a “paradigm shift,” or a new way of looking at both old and new facts to gain new knowledge.
The Basic Principles of Homeopathy and Heilkunst
- Law of Similars and Law of Opposites
- Similar and Dissimilar Diseases
- Artificial and Natural Disease
- Constant and Variable Diseases
- Dynamic Nature of Disease
- Wesen and Geist
- Dual Nature of the Living Principle
- Hahnemann and the Natural Healing Power
- Initial and Counter-action
This Module introduces you to the basic concepts and principles underlying the practice of Homeopathy and Heilkunst. These concepts provide you with the foundation for the more intensive and extended exploration provided in subsequent Modules.
Hahnemann’s Discovery of the Dynamic Nature of Disease
- Historical Study of the Development of the Principles of Homeopathy and Heilkunst.
In this Module you will be guided through the fascinating historical development of the basic principles of Homeopathy and Heilkunst (using the original texts), thus providing you with a concrete foundation and an appreciation for the logic, timelessness and consistency of these principles and their development out of Hahnemann’s direct observation of nature. In particular, the module contains the most complete explanation to date of the development of the dual remedy concept, which underlies much of the content of subsequent modules and is critical to the proper application of medicine.
Disease – A Comprehensive View
- Hahnemann’s Disease Categorisation
- Two Ways of Identifying Disease
- State and Condition
- True Diseases and False Diseases
- Disease Origins and Dimensions
- Temporality of Disease
- Members of the Human Being
- Self-Limiting and Protracted Diseases
- Natural Diseases and Spiritual Diseases
The first responsibility of the true physician is to identify disease. This requires a profound appreciation for, and knowledge of, what actually constitutes a true disease. This Module provides you with a systematic exploration and exposition of the structure of disease to that end and provides the underpinnings for the later study of effective means of treating disease, as well as of the various homeopathic remedies and medicines used (Materia Medica).
The Pathic Approach to Identifying Disease (Homeopathy)
- Totality of Characteristic Symptoms of a Given Disease
- Disease Gestalt and Disease Image
- Complex and Totality
- Disease Condition
- Kent’s Repertory
- Boenninghausen’s Repertory
- Computer Repertories
In this Module you will learn how to identify and treat disease by looking at the totality of characteristic symptoms of a given disease (pathic or variable Wesen diseases, on which much of traditional homeopathic prescribing is based) and the benefit and limitations of this method. The Module covers the use of the various homeopathic repertories developed to analyze the patient’s case in terms of their disease image, the differences between the repertories (when each is most effective), as well as an introduction to the main computer repertories and how they are used.
The Tonic Approach to Identifying Disease
- Disease Nosology
- Elements of Disease: Feeling, State, Impression, Sensation
- Dimensions of Disease
- Genesis of Disease
This is one of the most ignored or undeveloped aspects of Hahnemann’s system of remediation, involving the tonic diseases (of constant Wesen, meaning there are constant remedies for these constant diseases). Knowledge of these diseases provides you with an extremely powerful tool to ascertain these deeper diseases, often lying latent in the human organism, and then to quickly identify the relevant remedy for that disease. Prescribing in complex cases is made easier and treatment effectiveness is greatly enhanced by your knowledge of the tonic diseases and the remedies that cure them.
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430,917,101
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The 1911 Kolb Expedition through the Gates of Lodore - Part 1 of 5 of the 1911 Kolb Expedition Tour | Intermountain Histories
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A description of the Kolb Brothers’ experience river-running the Green River through Lodore Canyon in late September, 1911.
In Lodore Canyon Emery and Ellsworth Kolb quickly learned that a wild river made for a perilous journey. The Green River in this section is noted for its narrow channel, abundant boulders, and difficult rapids. Dropping 420 feet in twelve miles, the hydrologic forces funneled through this cut in the Uintah mountains are immense, measured at 9,000 cubic feet per second. At any moment, their wooden boats, laden heavy with supplies, were subjected to a force comparable to releasing five Olympic-sized swimming pools into a typical bedroom. Not only did several hundred rolls of motion picture film add weight, they were a logistical nightmare as they had to be kept secure and dry. The brothers hoped this added burden would pay out in years to come with a motion picture and photography show covering their exploits. The cold and rainy weather added to the difficulties of the trip. The arduous task of filming the journey compounded the typical trials of an already challenging whitewater expedition.
On September 22nd, 1911, Emery and Ellsworth entered Lodore Canyon, a remote and rough stretch of river. The next day Emery’s boat, The Edith, struck a boulder and began filling with water, forcing them to unload supplies and make an emergency camp. Discouraged by the blunder and damaged plates, the brothers lined their boats —pulled them by rope— down Lower Disaster Rapid. Considering the canyon is only twenty-one feet wide and the river drops fifty feet into an undercut bank, Emery was probably correct in stating later in his book about the trip, that it “would be certain death to try and run it.” Disaster struck on September 27th, when the river pinned Ellsworth’s boat against a rock and ejected him from the craft as it filled with water. Their assistant, James Fagan, retrieved the soaked gear downstream while Emery rescued his brother. As they waited for gear to dry, the brothers tried their luck fishing. Surprisingly, the cold muddy Green sustained an abundant population of fish, and the trio reeled in fourteen in under half an hour. They needed those calories shortly, as the final and largest hurdle in Lodore lay just around the bend; the notorious rapids of Triplet Falls and Hell’s Half Mile. Despite wisely choosing to line their boats and portage their gear through this stretch, it was by no means easy. In the depths of the 2,800 ft. gorge, it took them nearly three hours, nine trips, and a 100-foot climb just to move The Edith and its gear. More rain followed, leading Fagan to break down in tears.
Having successfully negotiated their first test of will power and technical skill, Ellsworth and Emery proved themselves to be competent rivermen. The fruit of their labor was the finest and earliest film ever produced of Lodore Canyon, and confidence that would be necessary for the many miles ahead.
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430,917,102
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Enduring Pyrenees - National Geographic - 1974 - International Club of Andorra
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By Robert Laxalt
The National Geographic Magazine
December 1974 Volume 146 – number 6
Published by the National Geographic Society
He must have been tall in his youth. One could see that in the sweep of shoulders beneath his high-collared mountain jacket and the long-boned hands that clasped the rustic shepherd’s staff. Age and hard work had shrunk him in body, but there was enduring strength in his weathered face. In a low-lying part of Gascony they had warned me against the Aragonese shepherds who roam the high Pyrenees, saying they were a hostile lot. But I have found that mountain folk are much the same everywhere —and that flatland people are prone to confuse reticence with hostility. Leaving our car in the valley, my wife, Joyce, and I had hiked up to a grassy knoll to picnic on cheese, bread, and wine. A breath of wind had brought to us the faint tinkle of bells, and we followed the sound, clambering up hillsides and over moss-covered rock. The mountain where we met him lay almost astride the meandering Pyrenean frontier dividing France and Spain. It was a green mountain sprinkled with the golden buttercups of June and gashed along its flank by a torrent of frothing water. Peaks jagged as primitive spearpoints surrounded us, and a profusion of waterfalls dropped in white plumes to the valley floor. This is the wild heart of the Pyrenees, the mountain chain that stretches for 270 miles from the Bay of Biscay on the Atlantic side to the Mediterranean Sea. Raised by shifting landmasses and shaped by Ice Age glaciers, the Pyrenees encompass about 21,000 square miles and boast 40 peaks exceeding 10,000 feet. Thrusting out of the Maldives massif, the 11,168-foot Pico de Aneto towers over all.
“Up here, at last,” the shepherd said, “it’s beautiful country. But I’m not so sure about what’s happening down there,” His arm swung out in the unconfined gesture of a mountain man, sweeping over the valley beneath us.
Long and narrow, the Vallée d’sure in the central French Pyrenees testifies to the breakdown of the centuries-old isolation of the mountains. The shepherd’s gesture took in brightly painted new chalets and resort hotels. These stood on the outskirts of medieval hamlets with gray stone houses, guarded by the turrets of fortified churches. Ski lifts soared to the high peaks. Gigantic water pipes, two abreast, plummeted down the hillsides to a hydroelectric station. Once-secluded meadows bloomed with the blue and yellow and red tents of campers.
Money once lured the young away. . .
Though Aragonese Spanish was his native tongue, the shepherd spoke in meticulous but distinctly accented French. “ Before the tourist came, we were tranquil and content here. But our children saw their shiny cars and fancy clothes, and they imagined that everybody outside of our valley lived that way. They told us our life was one of hard work and poverty and little joy.” He shook his head, and I knew then what caused the sadness in his gray eyes. “I lost my two sons in progress,” he said. “ They went away to the big cities for money.” The shepherd turned away from us to follow his sheep. “Times are changing,” he said over his shoulder. “ But I don’t know why they should.” As Joyce and I descended the mountain, a ragged fringe of clouds began to obscure the sharp peaks, singling an approaching storm. We passed rude stone farmhouses and newly mown fields. Men and women hurried to gather hay before it was soaked by rain. A black-shawled grandmother, perched atop a wagon with wooden wheels, speed the hay that others pitched up to her. Urging us toward the car, rain lashed our faces and thunder and lightning bounced among those tight mountains in a deafening cannonade. Then I realised what was missing in the hayfields: the presence of sons.
…But now it keeps them home
I spoke of the shepherds’s sadness with Maurice Jeannel, a montagnard with alert, hazel eyes and strong hands. Historian and author, he has the reputation of knowing the fastnesses of the Pyrenees better perhaps than any other living man. We talked on a street in the nearby village of St. Lary —a street thronged with vacationists, trout fishermen, and city children whose faces were flushed by the fresh mountain air. “Until a few years ago,” Jeannel said, “that shepherd’s lament could be heard in villages from one end of the Pyrenees to the other. But the exodus of out young in St. Lary has begun to reverse itself. The ones who are now growing up now rarely leave.” He pointed to the street, crowded with visitors. “All these people need accommodation. Our young may not choose to work on the farms, but they find good jobs in hotels and restaurants, as carpenters in construction, as alpinists and hiking guides in the summer, and as ski instructors in the winter.” He shrugged philosophically, “Progress works changes, but it has its benefits, too. There is prosperity here now.”
Because the peaks intercepts storms from the north, the Pyrenean slopes facing France are drenched with moisture, while the Spanish uplands are arid. Another division of this region is political: the boundary between France and Spain.
Yet Jeannel spoke of the Pyrenees as if they were one region. “The Treaty of the Pyrenees that France and Spain signed in 1659 created the frontier,” he said. “Illogically it divided ancient peoples of common stock and language who share both sides of these mountains. In this part of the Pyrenees, as an example, we belong politically to France but have cultural ties with Aragon. After centuries of isolation, a recent thing like a boundary means very little. Even the advent of modernism will simply add another layer of civilisation without erasing our old essence.”
Historic corridor to conquest
My own ancestral race, the Basques of the western Pyrenees, was divided by that arbitrary frontier. Yet these oldest and purest of Pyreneans, whose language and blood type hint at an ancestry totally different from that of other European peoples, were bound by ties no boundary could divide. The same holds true for the more numerous Catalans, at least 6 million, who spend across a generous third of the chain from northeast Spain through the tiny principality of Andorra and over the mountains into France.
Of the local languages of the Pyrenees, Basque is a unique tongue whose roots still mystify philologists, while Catalan stems from Latin. Both languages have incorporated influences of Spanish and French, which, even though the use of Catalan increases, are becoming the common means of communication throughout the Pyrenees. Despite their forbidding aspect, the Pyrenees have seen the great surges of European history. They were a passageway for the Celts, for the conquering armies of Hannibal and Ceasar, and, in the dark days of the Roman Empire, for the invading hordes of Vandals and Visigoths. After these intruders came the Arabs, who swept out of North Africa early eighth century, conquering most of Spain and penetrating as far north into France as Poitiers, where they were checked in 732. This massive invasion occupied only a few years, but nearly eight centuries passed before the Moors were defeated in Spain by Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile in 1492. The long-lasting Moors laid their imprint only lightly on the remote mountain valleys of the Pyrenees, so that very little physical evidence remains of their presence. After crossing the old invasion routes and the new passes over the mountains, I wondered if the modern rush to the Pyrenees was not changing the life of these mountains more swiftly that all that had gone before.
One of the places where changes are particutary evident is aristocratic old Biarritz on the Bay of Biscay, at the western extreme of the Pyrenean chain. The gnarled trees by the sea still bend to the westerly breezes there, and the long combers still crash white against the monstrous rocks in the bay, filling crusted pockets that gush as if bleeding from a hundred wounds. Lovers watch the sea from protected hollows in those rocks. But while standing aloof from the restless turmoil of the sea, Biarritz on the land attests to a collision between the traditional and the modern. Vividly coloured hotels and apartment houses brashly intrude beside the staid facades of the grand old hotels that witnessed the comings and goings of Empress Eugénie, Napoleon III, Bismarck, and Queen Victoria. The famous hotel Victoria appears abandoned, its ornate balconies empty, its gabled windows shuttered.
Villagers unfazed by innovations
At the other end of the Pyrenean chain, in Gerona Province, the leisurely tempo of old Spain still holds sway. All along the route from La Molina in the region of Catalonia to the Province of Huesca in Aragon, villages of brown-walled houses with roofs of red tile like lie like caps over hilltops that command the valleys below. They seem to wait for invasions that will come no more. Women hang out their washing on balconies in the hot, dry sun. Shepherds graze sheep and goats on hillsides of little forage, and nut-brown children with sunny smiles drive mule carts on dusty roads. They seem oblivious to furious activity near La Molina, in the pine-forested mountains above them. I went to see the manifestations of all that activity: a growing cluster of hotels and, on the slopes above La Molina, 80 miles of ski runs and lifts. One of the prime movers in this development is former Spanish Olympic skier Felipe Rigat Tortorici. In his late thirties, he seems young to be an entrepreneur. But his athletic frame cannot contain a Catalan enthusiasm for what he and his associates have wrought. “We Catalans initiate almost everything of importance in Spain,” he says proudly. “In three years we hope to have facilities to accommodate 20,000 people winter and summer.” He guided us through the luxurious rooms and gourmet restaurant of his Rigat Palace Hotel. They had a Catalan flavour of burnished wood and gleaning tile. “Have you ever seen such elegance in tourist resorts anywhere?” He did not seek an Aswer.
Bucolic road leads to Bedlam
La Molina has some way to go to equal the changes that have been wrought in nearby Andorra. Nowhere has development so altered the old character of the Pyrenees as in that fabled principality that embraces fewer than 190 square miles. The Approach to Andorra, howerer, is deceiving. From the drab French valley rising beyond Foix, we mounted toward Port d’ Envalira, coming upon rough stone villages and enjoying the fragrance of fresh-cut hay. At the edge of the sinuous road, precipitous drop-offs were hidden in thick mist. When there was a rent in this curtain, one could glimpse green mountains and horses grazing near early-summer snowbanks. At the top of the 7,904-foot pass we came upon a flock of sheep and a young Andorran shepherd, who turned to look at us with startled eyes. With his blade face, long wooden stocking cap, and draping leather cape, he seemed a figure from the past. In an instant the mist that had enveloped everything gave way to brilliant sunlight, and far below us a valley was shimmering with dew and veined with a silver stream. As we descended along the road, stone walls laced the hillsides, enclosing solitary farmhouses. Scattered villages huddled under their rooftops. It was as if we had come upon a story-book kingdom. Then our route led down to the valley floor. Here the roads were clogged with diesel trucks belching black fumes. Steam shovels and graders gouged the meadow grass. Bulldozers toppled old stone buildings. Finally reaching the capital, Andorra la Vella, we found a traffic jam of monumental proportions. A lone policeman with curling mustachios tried vainly to cope.
“Andorra is fully involved with progress,” said Casimir Arajol Duro, a gentle white-haired Catalan who is president of the local tourist office. “The population has more than doubled in ten years to 25,000 people, and it will probably double again in less time. There are already 215 hotels in Andorra, and three of four new hotels and dozens of new businesses come into existence each year. Andorra is poor no more.” He paused, then added hesitantly, “Perhaps we have gone too fast in this business of change. But we are moving now to preserve our old villages.” Many Frenchmen and Spaniards, as well as tourists from everywhere, travel to Andorra to shop at bargain prices; Andorra imposes only modest duties. Stores bulge with radios and cameras from Japan, cigars from Brazil, peasant skirts from Afghanistan, and liquors from all points of the compass. Actually a principality, under the protection of the Bishop of Seo de Urgel in Spain and the President of France, Andorra employs but 25 policemen and has no army, since it has never had war. Catalan is the official language. Political campaigns for membership on the ruling General Council are unknown. A candidate who files for office is simply assessed by the citizenry in casual cafe conversations.
Andorra captivated Europe’s conqueror
A short drive from the capital took us to the village of Santa Coloma and its 12th century
Romanesque chapel. A shy, dark boy, whose family was entrusted with the key, led us into the sanctuary, which held a rare primitive statuette of the Virgin. Child-size, of carved wood, and about as old as the little chapel, it is one of only a handful of such pieces that still exist. I asked our young guide if we could go up into the tower, an Andorran landmark. “It’s a little dangerous, “ he said, “All right, I will show yuo.” We inched around a spiral stairway, brushing aside veils of cobwebs, and climbed up rotting wooden rungs, some of which gave way beneath our feet. From the belly I looked out upon the old Andorra that Napoleon is sits to have found so incredible he wanted it preserved as a museum piece. In the distance rose an encircling ring of mountains under snow. At lower elevations were deep forests, tobacco fields in young growth, and, along the Valira River, stately poplars. At our feet was revealed an intimate view of Santa Coloma, a view that had been denied us by the high courtyard walls that shouldered the winding streets. Through open doorways we could see women in their kitchens. Children laughed at play, men worked in little vegetable gardens, and chickens and pigs wandered at will.
That view leaped unexpectedly into my consciousness in another village. But this time the experience was painful. Situated on a high knoll in the dry Spanish badlands of Aragon, medieval Terms has seen the passing of a hundred generations. Once its women paused to visit at the fountain and men conversed there after returning from the fields below at the end of the day. Today weeds sprout in the streets. Houses stand empty with broken windows. Leaning in dark entranceways are straw brooms no housewife will ever wield again. The church that was the core of life totters in neglect. Of Tiermas’s 800 inhabitants, only a handful remain. At the fountain in the square, I talked to an old man in tattered garments, and with pathetic remnants of shoes on his feet. “Do you see that reservoir down there?” he asked. “ Seventeen years ago it was a fertile valley. It was where we raised the crops that were our existence. Then the government decided they needed a reservoir there to irrigate the dry plains beyond. They bought our farmland and paid our people for their houses, and then located them somewhere else.” “There must have been sadness when the people of Tiermas had to go away,” I said. “Yes’” he answered. “But for the young, money managed to change that. In my case, I am very poor, and also very old, It is much too late for me to think of leaving.” I turned to watch a crippled man prodding a burro with a stick. The man continued: “We are all that’s left—the old who don’t want to leave their homes and the crippled who are afraid to go out into the world.” I left him standing alone by the fountain.
Animals take over a village at dawn
Joyce and I went down the rocky road and took the highway past the man-made lakes that provide precious water to the parched lower regions. We had seen a classic confrontation between the old and new — but one that was, in all times, inevitable.
Days later, in the central French Pyrenees, our road climbed a river-cut chasm towards Gavernie, famed for its awesome bowl-like cirque, carved by a glacier long melted. It was evening when our car pulled into the village of Gavernie, which seemed almost as quiet as deserted Tiermas. Our room in the inn held an iron bed with a feather quilt. Dinner was a feast of trout fresh from a local stream, roast lamb, and the robust wine of the house. Afterwards we explored the silent streets. I was awakened at dawn by a commotion outside and threw open the shutters to a sight I shall never forget. The village was still locked in the shadow of the peaks, but the streets were filled with horses and donkeys trotting to hitching posts, where they would be hired by sightseers bound for the Cirque de Gavernie or into the mountains. Fully 300 animals clip-clopped along without guides. All seemed to know where they were going, except a young gray donkey that was turning in circles. A girl darted out of the shadows, caught him by the head, whacked him resoundingly on the rump, and sent him in the right direction.
Home of the eagle and the izard
When the sun cleared the peaks, we rented two little short-coupled horses. Crossing a low bridge and following a swift stream, we tool the climbing path toward the cirque, which is in France’s National Park of the Pyrenees— 142,000 acres along the frontier. A few miles across the border lay Spain’s National Park of Ordesa. The parks shelter rare flowers, birds, and such animals as the izard, the goat like antelope also known as the chamois.
The immense amphitheatre of the Cirque de Gavernie burst into your view, and I understood why Victor Hugo called it “ the Colosseum of nature.” Only nature could have shaped this two-mile wide-bowl.
The brutal rock wall reared a mile above the floor. On the upper reaches, snowy patches reflected the morning sun in blinding shafts of light. Standing beneath that overpowering mass, I knew what it was to feel diminished to the size of an ant.
Several years ago, on a trip to the Basque region in the west, my wife and I climbed above the timberline and saw shaggy ponies running free on the high plateaus. Called Pottokak by the Basques, these animals are believed to be descendants of certain races of prehistoric horses painted on the walls of caves such as Lascaux in France. When I first saw the pottokak, their numbers had been reduced to 4,500 by hunters, who killed them for meat to be used in salami. Then Paul Dutournier, the honorary Mayor of Sae in the Basque Provice of Labourd, waged a successful campaign to provide the ponies with refuge. The mountain of La Rhune, looming ghostlike behind the old fishing port of St. Jean de Luz on the French side of the frontier, is today one of the principal pottakak reserves. From the Col de St. Ignace we mounted La Rhune on a funicular that passed over tangled forests of beech and oak. On the soft green plateaus above, we now saw colts gamboling through purple lupine while their slate coloured mothers browsed. In the span of a few years, the herd has grown almost tame; no longer do they flee at man’s approach. I like to think it a proper coincidence that descendants of prehistoric horses should find a home on La Rhune, a mountain that perhaps played a role in the ancient history of the Basques. Here their warriors ancestors hay have engaged in pagan worship and fertility dances; isolated, fiercely resisting change, they were belated converts to Christianity. In 1609 their tenacious hold on primitive beliefs brought about one of the bloodiest chapters in Basque history.
Hatred of Basques led to burnings
From La Rhune’s summit we looked down upon St. Pée our Nivelle, where Pierre de Lancre conducted sorcery trials. “De Lancre was a fanatical man, driven by a hatred of all things Basque,” historian Eugène Goyheneche told me in nearby Ustaritz. “Appointed by Henry IV of France to investigate sorcery, de Lancre convinced the king that the Basques practised devil’s rites on La Rhune. By torture and bribery, he turned neighbour into informer against neighbour. Before his reign of terror was done, he had burned hundreds of men, women, and children at the stake— thus adding to the large numbers of victims of the sorcery trials that swept through Europe.” On the outskirts of St. Pée our Nivelle stands the crumbling chateau where Pierre de Lancre stayed during the trials. We wandered through its dark interior, where the very walls seem to shriek of agonies suffered there. A lizard of mottled green and black scurried up a wall and watched us from a ledge, sending a chill up my spine. When we quit that sanctuary of evil, sunshine had seldom been so welcome.
Pagan monuments survive in the mountains
In some remote mountain villages of the Basque country, Catholic masses on certain feast days still are celebrated to the accompaniment of ceremonial dances from pagan times. Pagan monuments have been found throughout the region. Our search for one of the pagan ritual sites took us on a tortuous pilgrimage up a hill that rises in the old Basque Province of Soule. Through mist so thick the way was almost invisible, we went to road’s end by car, then continued afoot. At the top stood the chapel of the Madeleine. Recently reconstructed, the chapel enshrines a Christian altar. But it also contains an almost undecipherable stone marker inscribed in Latin and cloaked in time-dimmed mystery. The most likely explanation: it was dedicated to Heraus, “goddess of the red dust,” and was part of a pagan sanctuary maintained by the Romans on the hill of Madelaine two thousand years ago. It is strange to find such relics only sixty miles by road from one of Christendom’s most venerated shrines.
In spring and summer the streets of Lourdes are jammed. Priests, nuns in habits of black, blue, or white, and monks in sandals mingle with tourists from far corners of the world. The air is alive with many tongues. It was at the grotto of Massabielle in 1858 that young Bernadette Soubirous, of an impoverished family, saw visions of the blessed virgin, Bernadette said the Virgin had caused a spring to flow from the cave, and wished processions to be made there.
Today pilgrims stand patiently in line before fountains whose water, many testify, have helped to work cures. Old women in black scarves sit on stone benches, clutching rosaries. But the most moving spectacle at Lourdes is of hundreds of sick and crippled people on stretchers and in wheelchairs. They look with beseeching eyes at the white-robed statue of the Virgin in her rock niche, and the sound of prayers is like the rustle of autumn leaves in the wind.
From the tower of the Chateau of Lourdes we witnessed a candlelight procession. Legend tells that from an earlier tower at this site, Moors looked out upon the besieging soldiers of Charlemagne in 778. Within the battlements of the present fortress, staircases and sentry walkways, now deeply worn, knew the tread of other armies that surged across the Pyrenees. Today the castle houses the Pyrenean Museum, whose collections—furniture, costumes, and examples of architectural styles— are unmatched elsewhere in the mountain realm. Many of the old styles have changed, of course, and some have disappeared. But other Pyrenean manifestations endure. One is the character of the people. The Aragonese are often described as stubborn. Catalans speak of their pragmatism. In the region of Béarn, hotelier Jean Touyarot, who guided us through the sprawling chateau in Pau where Henry IV was born, told me the Béarnais are romantics with a positive outlook. “ Our old dictum stills applies.” he said. “ A man who cannot at least promise to do something for a friend is a very poor man indeed.”
Secrecy an inviolable tradition
Among the Basques, restraint and the guarding of village secrets are living traditions. The code of silence was demonstrated in 1970 during the trial of young Basque revolutionaries in Spain. Two days before the trial began, a West German consul accredited to Spain was kidnapped in San Sebastian. The consul was spirited over the mountains by other revolutionaries to a French Basque village, and held hostage against the chance that the youths would be sentenced to death. One of the villagers told me: “Many of us in the village knew he was here— even the location of the house where he was held prisoner. We were disturbed, but the revolutionaries promised they would not kill him. That satisfied us, so we ignored the whole affair. In time, they drove the consul to Germany and released him unharmed.” The man shrugged. “ It never occurred to us in the village that our secret was anybody else’s business, or particularly the government’s.” Even now my informant is not pleased that I am telling this four-year-old tale; the code of silence still holds.
Such an attitude towards government has long made it easy for smugglers to operate between Spain and France. As a result of a simple courtesy —giving a man a ride— I learned much about this vintage enterprise. We had taken the road to Roncesvalles, one of the great pilgrimage routes to the tomb of St. James in Santiago de Compostela in Spain. At Puerto de Ibañeta a footpath led us down to the narrow defile where, according to legend, Charlemagne’s rear guard, commanded by the heroic Roland, was massacred in 778. The battle inspired the French epic poem, the song of Roland, which alleges that Saracens did the deed. But most accounts of the engagement agree that Basques, not Saracens, were actually the attackers.
Strict code guides contrabandistas
Along the road we noticed a man on foot and offered him a ride. Upon reaching his village, he insisted that he reciprocate with coffee and brandy. He took us to a bar of whitewashed walls and bare tables, around which men were talking in conspiratorial tones. Our companion explained casually that they, like he, were smugglers of such traditional Pyrenean contraband as livestock and Spanish lace. Two Spanish policemen in green uniforms and black leather belts were drinking by a window. As I glanced at them apprehensively, our companion explained, “ They police villagers, not the frontier, so the business of contraband is not their concern.” The contrabandista took no offence at my curiosity after he learned I was of Basque blood, and therefore, as he put it, could be trusted to protect his name. “To be a good smuggler,” he said, “one must have these characteristics: strong legs and sound wind, the eyes and ears of a cat, and, of course, an elastic conscience.” I asked how a smuggling operation worked. He bend over his drink and said: “It is really very simple. Say that I and my comrades want to smuggle 50 Spanish mules, which because of their strength are much in demand in France, across the frontier. Knowing that the frontier guards are unhappy about going out in storms, we naturally wait until a stormy night. We dress in dark clothes and choose the most difficult route over the mountains. One man goes ahead about 400 yards to keep an alert for the guards. The rest follow at intervals of 30 paces, each leading three or four mules. If all goes well, we make 16 miles by midnight to a rendezvous with our counterparts on the French frontier. It is all very simple.” He grinned. “But what if the frontier guards see you?” His grin faded. “ Well, now, that part is not so simple.” He bent forward again and said, “ You must understand that after all these years, we have had to reach an understanding with the law. It is this: If a frontier guard sights us, he shoots his pistol once into the air. That is our signal to leave the mules and run. The guards confiscate the mules, which is all they really care about anyway.” “What if you try to fight them for possession of the contraband?” He waged his finger at me. “ That is bad, very bad. One hothead beat a guard nearly to death with his walking stick. We could not protect him because he had broken the accord. The guards had the right to shoot him.” He added laconically, “Which they did.” When I asked if the smugglers dealt in narcotics, he replied heatedly, “Never! No business of little packages for us. If one were to try it, we would ensure his arrest ourselves.”
Once a year Pamplona goes wild
By design my wife and I arrived in Pamplona, the capital of Navarra, when the gay ten-day Fiesta de San Fermín was officially over. For most of the year this old walled city is a place of reserved demeanour. But during the fiesta in July, Pamplona honours its patron saint by throwing off restraint like a winter coat and immersing itself in wild abandon. Twice before I had participated in the dancing, singing, and running of the bulls. Now I simply wanted quiet. But the sidewalk cafes were filled. Around the bandstand in the park people danced alternately to rock music and the fandango. A weary man in a wine-spattered shirt explained that the fiesta was indeed over: “But you must understand that a week is required for the excitement to run itself out.” Formerly a time of mingling for the people of the Basque country, the July fiesta in Pamplona now draws visitors from half of Europe. Not nearly so well known, but to my mind far more representative of festivals in the Pyrenees, is the spirited Bastille Day celebration at St.Jean Pied de Port in the French Province of Base Navarra. We reached the town on the eve of July 14, and with good fortune found a room in the Central Hotel. Typically Nasque, the little inn was immaculately clean. The windows sparkled and the wide oak boards of the floor, hand-rubbed with beeswax, gave off a soft, warm glow. Our dinner was Basque too, beginning with the pork pâté of the hotel, followed by pipérade, an omelette with tomatoes, mild peppers, and crisp slices of bacon. The main course was a Basque delicacy, milk-fed lamb, with meat so tender that it flaked away from the bone. A bottle of Irouléguy, the vin rosé of the region, was one of the most delightful wines we had ever tasted.
Explosion heralds a holiday
Next morning Bastille Day began literally with a bang. In the hotel I was leaning against the open window, my eyes casually sweeping rooftops where pigeons dozed in the gentle run. An explosion of firecrackers in the town square shattered the stillness. The pigeons flew straight up. The day was filled with contest between villages in jai alai and handball, tugs-of-war between veritable brutes of mountain men, and harrowing woodchopping with the axmen balanced on logs. Most spectacular of all was the somersaulting of young men over the horns of charging wild cows. Some ran forward to meet the animal, leaping at the last possible instant. Others stood stock-still, then sprang high as the cow passed beneath them. A miscalculation of a split second and the daring somersaulted could have been mortally battered by the impact. The evening throbbed with contests between troubadours, the vibrant singing and staccato dancing of the Aragonese, intricate steps of the Catalans, and stylised ritual dances of the Basques. Then participants and spectators alike swarmed to the main square for dancing and revelry that continued until first light of dawn. My ears rang with the sound of music and the piercing Basque battle cries that Roman legions and barbarian invaders had heard in these mountains more than a thousand years ago.
My historian friend Maurice Jeannel had been right. Progress may alter the face of the Pyrenees, but it will be a long time before it erases the essence of its peoples.
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Wilfred Owen's Dulce Et Decorum Est | ipl.org
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In the poem, Dulce et Decorum est the writer Wilfred Owen focus’ on experiences faced by the soldiers in World War I. Owen describes the horrific realities in the trenches and on the battlefield of France during WWI. Owen is trying to share with us his personal experience of War. He uses language features such as; similes and metaphors to stir readers emotions.
In the first line of the poem Owen uses a simile “bent double, like old beggars under sacks”, this is used to intensify the readers emotions about the realities of war. This simile makes the reader feel sad as our emotions are stirred right from the start of the poem. Soldiers in WWI were around 17 years old and are being compared to those of old ‘broken-down beggars’. This stirs readers emotions as we think about these young men who were once full of life but were taken from this to become an old beggar, who is crippled …show more content…
This shows how the men were so tired that it seemed as if they were walking in their sleep. The soldiers have become so drowsy as they fought tirelessly and continuously. Even when they could get some sleep, they had to sleep on the damp, smelly ground surrounded by rodents and spiders crawling around their heads as they slept. There was always the possibility that they wouldn’t wake up again, therefore sleep was rare and a precious gift. It made me think about the type of terrain they fought in day after day with no sleep, I know that I would not be able to keep fighting after everything they were forced to suffer through. This metaphor stirred me to feel unhappy about the war as I began to think about the those that went to war with big hearts to fight for their country but came home with an empty heart of regret. If they were fortunate enough to return home. The war left mark on every soldiers life therefore this metaphor stirred my emotions as it showed me the futility of war and that the effort was for
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It illustrates when troops are back from the war their are considering taking their lives because their feel like murders since; they took someone else’s life and all the killing that happens within the war. For example, when one of their comrade’s is killed they feel guilty, and it will lead them to feel like their should have done a better job protecting each other. As a result, what they experience during the war can cause trauma to the brain, trigger the memory system and every man’s life
This passage shows how the soldiers are emotionally and mentally drained by the horrors of war, and how they feel disconnected from the world they once knew. The
Soldiers typically lacked sympathy for what they went through from society ignoring the trauma they brought back from the Vietnam War. The following quote from the article presents the thought process of most soldiers to us: “By forgetting, he said he could prove that he was strong and could master his anxieties… by remembering, he felt he was admitting that he was weak and no longer in control” (Penk and Robinowitz 3). The previous quote shows how the soldiers felt that forgetting made them appear strong rather than letting their emotions weaken them, and this is why we see a soldier’s inner conflict as they force themselves to remember in the poem. In this quote from the poem the soldier has come to the monument for remembering those who passed in the war and as he looks at those names his first thought is: “No tears.
Hi Andrea, When I first read the poem I assumed it was talking about war because of the line “nightmare fighters.” I learned about war being harsh on soldiers and especially fallen ones but I never thought this would happen. I did not think that the soldiers did not care but they just need a way to get the body out fast for another solider to takeover the machine.
This is shown in the metaphor used to compare war to a “game” as it strongly suggests the poet’s message of war being fun and carefree. This metaphor is also important to the main message as it is used to persuade and encourage men that seeked adventure and glory. This was due to the lack of soldiers England had in the war by 1916, resulting in the call for volunteer soldiers. Due to the media, social pressure and shame men would receive from their community about their cowardliness and lack of masculinity, a vast majority of unknowing men volunteered for
Dulce et Decorum Est: Romance vs. Reality World War I lasted from July 28, 1914 to November 11, 1918, a time when young men were pressured into going to war. Many fifteen to eighteen year old boys were encouraged to go and sacrifice their lives as if it was an enchanting task. In the poem, Dulce et Decorum Est by Wilfred Owen, portrays to readers that war is not an easy and beautiful thing to partake in. Owen conveys the harsh reality of war through his strong diction, figurative language, and imagery.
When protesting war, authors use an immense amount of imagery to describe what happened. They sometimes describe the soldiers as “knock-kneed, coughing like hags”(Owens 2) after the soldiers left a fight. These soldiers were tired from a long where they could have died, which may have been dwelling on their minds. Some were forced to go to war and died like
Wilfred Owen utilizes imagery in his poem “Dulce et Decorum Est.” Owen uses visual and auditory imagery. Visual imagery is in line one of the poem: “Bent double, like old beggars under sacks.” Owen uses this to let the reader visualize how the how the soldiers looked while they were carrying their heavy packs through the fields and trenches of World War One. The first part of the quotation “bent double” lets the reader visualize that the soldiers backs were giving out form carrying the heavy packs.
There are plenty of literatures and works of art portraying what war is like. The genre ranges from personal memoirs to novels, and from poetries to journals. As far as I concerned the several work of art we have studies, Wilfred Owen’s Dulce et Decorum Est best illustrates what war is like because of three reasons.
The poem aims to glorify soldiers and certain aspects of war, it goes on to prove that in reality there really isn 't good vs bad on the battlefield, it 's just a man who "sees his children smile at him, he hears the bugle call, And only death can stop him now—he 's fighting for them all.", and this is our hidden meaning.
Approximately ten million men died fighting in World War 1. Nothing can quite capture the horrific, putrid scenes, lingering guilt, and heavy memories of these hellish seven years as well as poems have. John McCrae, Laurence Binyon, Wilfred Owen, and Siegfried Sassoon are just several of the poets who have endured the war and lived to write of its horrors. They all use metaphorical descriptions and imagery to depict their grief and respect for those who’ve died. The poems selected have left their readers in remembrance and grief over what has happened over 50 years ago.
Reflection for DULCE ET DECORUM EST Vedanshi Patel 10E DULCE ET DECORUM EST is a poem written by Wilfred Owen describing the horrors of war. In the poem Owen questions the old saying, “It is sweet and honourable to die for one’s country” and contemplates whether facing the horrors of war is worth the risk for achieving fame and glory for their country. Through the uses of a variety of poetic devices and figurative language, Owen successfully communicates his message about the gruesomeness of war. The theme of the poem is that war is a tragedy and one that all the soldiers of the war have been scarred with.
This metaphor displays his uncertainty as per his crucial part in that moment in time. The soldier pictures himself as the hand on a clock, subject to the inevitable force of a clockwork motor that cannot be slowed or quickend. He realises that he does not really know why he is running and feels “statuary in mid-stride”. However, towards the end of the poem, all moral justifications for the existence of war have become meaningless- “King, honour, human dignity, etcetera Dropped like luxuries in a yelling alarm”, which is extremely dismissive of all the motives people provide for joining the army, explicitly stating that those motives do not justify and do not withstand the war. Disorientation is also highlighted in the line “Stumbling across a field of clods towards a green hedge That dazzled with rifle fire” where the confusion between the natural world and man-made world is expressed.
Owen creates a stark contrast between the past and the present by emphasizing the deteriorated relationship between the veteran and women, as well as the veteran 's altered perspective of his surroundings. Owen also emphasizes the contrast through the use of literary techniques, such as irony, symbolism, and similes, and he also writes using a distinct structure. Women are used to highlight the way the soldier is treated before and after his disability. We are given an example in the second stanza when Owen writes "Now, he will never feel again how slim Girls ' waists are ... All of them touch him like some queer disease."
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measuring failure :: ITWissen.info
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A measurement error is the uncertainty with which a displayed measured value is afflicted and deviates from the actual value of the measurand. A distinction is made between absolute and relative measurement errors.
An absolute measurement error results from the difference between the measured value and the actual value. The relative measurement error is related to a quantity. It is dimensionless and is calculated from the quotient of the measured value to the reference value.
The reference quantities can be the correct value, the displayed value or the full scale value. Relative measurement errors are expressed in percent, in parts per million( ppm) or with a power of ten (`10^-3`).
Measurement errors have many causes, which lie in the measurement procedure, the measured object, the accuracy of the measuring instruments, the reading accuracy or external influences. Accordingly, measurement errors can be systematic or random. Systematic measurement errors are those in which all measurements have the same systematic errors. These can be errors in the measurement setup such as an incorrect ground connection or a ground loop, or the internal resistance of the measuring instrument falsifies the measurement result. The measurement error remains with all measurements. In contrast, random measurement errors tend to occur sporadically and are only noticed by the person performing the measurement when a different measurement result is displayed for the same measurement.
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THE SILENT TAKER : HOW TOXINS, MOLD AND HEAVY METALS IMPACT THYROID DISORDERS
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THE SILENT TAKER : HOW TOXINS, MOLD AND HEAVY METALS IMPACT THYROID DISORDERS
In the pursuit of holistic health, it is imperative for us to recognize the intricate connections between environmental factors and the delicate balance of our body's systems. Among these, the thyroid gland plays a pivotal role in regulating metabolism, energy production, and overall well-being. However, the presence of toxins, mold, and heavy metals in our environment can silently undermine the optimal functioning of the thyroid, leading to a spectrum of disorders.
Toxins and Thyroid Function:
Toxins are ubiquitous in our modern world, found in pollutants, pesticides, and even everyday products. These toxic substances can disrupt the endocrine system, causing imbalances in hormone production and utilization. The thyroid, being a key player in this system, is particularly vulnerable.
Certain toxins, known as endocrine disruptors, interfere with the synthesis and activity of thyroid hormones. Bisphenols, found in plastics, and phthalates, present in many personal care products, are notorious culprits. These disruptors can mimic or block thyroid hormones, leading to hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, depending on the nature of the interference.
Mold and Thyroid Dysfunction:
Mold exposure is another insidious threat to thyroid health. Mycotoxins produced by molds can enter the body through inhalation or ingestion, triggering inflammation and compromising immune function. The thyroid, susceptible to inflammation, may respond by decreasing hormone production, resulting in hypothyroidism.
Additionally, mold exposure can contribute to autoimmune thyroid conditions, such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis. The immune system, activated by mold-related inflammation, may mistakenly attack the thyroid tissue, exacerbating thyroid dysfunction.
Heavy Metals and Thyroid Compromise:
Heavy metals, including mercury, lead, and cadmium, are pervasive environmental pollutants. These metals can interfere with thyroid function at multiple levels. For instance, mercury inhibits the conversion of inactive thyroid hormone (T4) to its active form (T3), leading to hypothyroidism.
Moreover, heavy metals can accumulate in the thyroid gland itself, impairing its ability to produce hormones. This accumulation may trigger an autoimmune response, exacerbating the risk of thyroid disorders.
Some of Origin Healings approaches for Thyroid Health:
Given the interconnectedness of environmental factors and thyroid function, holistic approaches are crucial for maintaining thyroid health. This includes:
1. Detoxification: Regular detoxification practices, such as sauna therapy and targeted nutritional support, can aid in eliminating toxins and heavy metals from the body.
2. Mold Remediation: Identifying and addressing mold sources in living and working spaces is paramount. Proper ventilation, humidity control, and professional mold remediation can mitigate the impact on thyroid health.
3. Nutritional Support: Ensuring a nutrient-rich diet with essential minerals like selenium and zinc is vital for supporting optimal thyroid function. These minerals play key roles in the synthesis and conversion of thyroid hormones.
4. Mind-Body Practices: Stress management through practices like meditation and yoga can positively influence the endocrine system, including the thyroid.
Its all around us
Toxicity, mold exposure, and heavy metals represent silent threats to thyroid health in our modern environment. Understanding these connections empowers individuals to adopt holistic strategies that encompass lifestyle, nutrition, and environmental awareness. By taking proactive steps to minimize exposure and support the body's natural detoxification processes, one can pave the way for a healthier, balanced thyroid and overall well-being.
Get in touch to find out how you can detox successfully to produce a more energetic vibrant you.
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How Your Body Reacts Under Pressure - Panda Health
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What we covered
In our upcoming session, "Understanding the Physiological Effects of Stress," we will delve into the complex interplay of bodily changes that occur when experiencing stress. This will include exploring the fight-or-flight response, the release of stress hormones, and the impact on various bodily systems. This knowledge can help us better understand and manage our body's reactions in high-pressure situations.
When you encounter a stressful situation, your body prepares to either confront the challenge or flee from it. This response, known as the fight-or-flight response, triggers a series of physiological changes aimed at helping you deal with the perceived threat. Your heart rate and breathing quicken, your muscles tense, and your senses sharpen, all in preparation for action.
It's a primal response that served our ancestors well in life-threatening situations, and the remnants of this survival mechanism persist in our modern lives, often triggered by non-life-threatening stressors.
Release of Stress Hormones
The fight-or-flight response is accompanied by the release of stress hormones, particularly cortisol and adrenaline, to fuel the body's response to stress. These hormones increase your heart rate and blood pressure, boost energy levels, and enhance the brain’s alertness.
While these physiological changes can be helpful in the short term, prolonged exposure to stress hormones can have detrimental effects on your physical and mental health, making it important to understand how to manage and reduce stress levels.
Impact on Various Bodily Systems
The physiological effects of stress extend beyond the immediate fight-or-flight response. Prolonged or chronic stress can impact various bodily systems, including:
Cardiovascular System - Increased heart rate and blood pressure during stress can strain the cardiovascular system over time, increasing the risk of heart disease and other cardiovascular issues.
Immune System - Chronic stress can weaken the immune system, making you more susceptible to illnesses and infections.
Digestive System - Stress can disrupt digestion, leading to issues such as indigestion, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and other gastrointestinal problems.
Nervous System - Prolonged stress can contribute to anxiety, depression, and other mental health concerns.
Understanding how stress impacts these bodily systems can empower individuals to take proactive steps to manage their stress levels and prioritize their mental and physical well-being.
Managing Your Body's Reactions in High-Pressure Situations
Equipped with a deeper understanding of the physiological effects of stress, you can take proactive steps to manage your body's reactions in high-pressure situations. Here are a few strategies to consider:
Mindfulness and Relaxation Techniques - Engage in mindfulness practices, deep breathing exercises, or progressive muscle relaxation to counteract the physiological effects of stress and promote relaxation.
Physical Activity - Regular physical activity can help mitigate the impact of stress on your body by promoting the release of endorphins, the body's natural mood elevators.
Healthy Coping Mechanisms - Identify and adopt healthy coping mechanisms, such as maintaining a strong support network, practicing time management, and setting realistic goals to minimize stress.
Seeking Support - Utilize available resources, such as Panda's digital group sessions and content on managing stress, to gain valuable insights and tools for handling high-pressure situations in the workplace.
By leveraging these strategies and incorporating the knowledge gained from understanding the physiological effects of stress, you can proactively manage your body's reactions in high-pressure situations and promote your overall well-being.
Understanding the physiological effects of stress is an essential step in cultivating resilience and taking care of your mental and physical health, especially in the context of the workplace. We encourage you to join us in the upcoming session to deepen your understanding of stress and equip yourself with practical strategies for managing its impact on your body.
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JSI | Sustainability - GREENGUARD | JSI
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On average, 90% of our time is spent indoors – sleeping, at work in offices, at school, etc. The air we breathe indoors can expose us to pollutants that derive from activities, products and materials we use every day.
Asthma, one result of poor indoor air quality, affects 23 million people, including 6.8 million children. Asthma accounts for nearly 1.7 million physician office visits and nearly 2 million emergency room visits each year.
GREENGUARD Environmental Institute (GEI)
Founded in 2001 with the mission of protecting human health and quality of life through programs that reduce chemical exposure and improve indoor air quality. In keeping with that mission, GEI oversees third-party certification programs that identify acceptable product emission standards and certify low-emitting products.
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Naming Uppercase Letters S-Z
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What level is your kid at now? Have they started learning the alphabet? If they have, maybe they can now tell the difference between small letters and uppercase letters. In this worksheet, your kids will need to find the uppercase letters S, T and U. First, ask them if they can tell you some words that begin with these letters. Then, help them look among the mix of small letters, numbers and uppercase letters to find and circle the uppercase letters S, T and U.
First, ask your kids if they can identify the letters in this worksheet. If they can, ask them to give you some examples of words that begin with these letters. Now, they must look carefully through this worksheet. Ask them if they can spot the uppercase letters V, W and X hidden amongst the lowercase letters and numbers in this printout. Help your little ones circle these uppercase letters.
Find and circle the uppercase letters in this downloadable worksheet. Learning the alphabet is one of the first things your young one will need to successfully complete before learning to read and write. So, it is extremely important that your youngster has an accurate and proper understanding of the alphabet. This includes understanding and identifying the difference between uppercase and lowercase letters.
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History of coffee: Where did coffee originate and how was it discovere – Kings Coffee
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History of coffee: Where did coffee originate and how was it discovered
Coffee was introduced to India during the late seventeenth century. The story goes like, an Indian pilgrim went to Mecca known as Baba Budan he smuggled seven beans back to India from Yemen in 1670 (it was illegal to take coffee seeds out of Arabia at the time) and planted them in the Chandragiri hills of Karnataka.
The Dutch helped spread the cultivation of coffee across the country, but it was with the arrival of the British Raj in the mid-nineteenth century that commercial coffee farming fully flourished. Initially Arabica was widespread, but huge infestations of coffee leaf led many farms to switch to Robusta or Arabica/Liberica hybrids.
Where Did Coffee Originate?
Where did coffee originate? Well, that’s the easy bit. At the very beginning, it came from Ethiopia. But how the bean made it to every corner of the globe? That’s what we are going to dig into.
After a slow discovery in Africa, coffee went west into Europe to be discovered and coveted by the newer civilizations as well as east into Asia where it was planted and harvested.There’s a lot to cover, so grab a cup of coffee and read on.
The World’s Coffee Growing Regions
In halo’s abridgedtake on the world atlas of coffee, An informational guide that take coffee lovers on a global coffee tour of coffee growing regions we will explore, explain and guide readers to enjoy the best coffees from around the world.
The Bean Belt
Globally there are three primary coffee growing regions – Central and south America, Africa and southeast Asia. These regions are all located along the equatorial zone between the tropic of cancer and the tropic of Capricorn widely known as the bean belt.
Central And South America Coffee Regions
At the top of that Bean belt, is central America most coffee beans in the region come from Guatemala, Nicaragua, EI Salvador, Honduras and Costa Rica.
Costa Rica in particular has superior condition for growing exceptional coffee with incredibly Aromatic flavours. Central America coffee beans as a whole are exceptionally well-balanced, medium-bodied, and mild. They have medium acidity and a clean, bright taste and are enjoyed in almost every speciality coffee shop around the world.
The south America coffee region encompasses Brazil, Colombia, Bolivia, and Ecuador. Colombia coffee is one of the most talked about and popular coffees but its Brazil that produces by far the highest coffee volume in the world- a title that the country has held the past 150-year, Brazil boasts the total production of green coffee and arabica coffee, owing to its perfect climate and superior growing conditions.
Africa And the Middle East Coffee Production
The African coffee region encompasses a handful of countries, Namely Kenya, Ethiopia, and Tanzania. Other participating countries include Rwanda, Burundi, and Uganda. This African region produces a unique and complex morning fix with a sweet, fruity, and delicate floral aroma. Most African coffee originate from Kenya on the slopes of Mount Kenya and their beans are often full-bodied and full of sprit-lifting fragrance.
Ethiopia is also a significant producer in the African coffee region accounting for around 3% of the world coffee market, with approximately 60% of Ethiopia’s foreign income coming from coffee production alone.
Since the seventeenth century, Coffee has been grown and consumed in southeast Asia: particularly famous for Vietnamese and Indonesian Coffee beans.
The Indonesian Island of Sulawesi, Java, and Sumatra Produce distinct, full-bodied, rich and earthy beans, commonly used in blends. Beans produced here have clean, smooth characteristic, with a juicy fruit taste and nutty Aroma.
Vietnam is the world’s second largest coffee exporter, producing mild, Delicate-flavoured, and medium bodied beans. Several varieties of coffee are grown in Vietnam micro-climates, including Robusta and Arabica.
It’s not just Indonesia and Vietnam that produces excellent coffee. Sumatra’s reputation for producing coffee cannot be beaten with its low acidity, Earthy and rich dark chocolate tasting beans.
What’s the Difference Between Arabica and Robusta Coffee?
Arabica and Robusta are two words that get mentioned a lot in the coffee world. But what do they mean?
Arabica and Robusta are two species of coffee. Take a moment to think back to middle school and high school biology classes. Remember Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species? Arabic and Robusta are both part of the Coffea genus, which is in the Rubiaceous family
Arabica makes up about 70% of the global production of coffee, and is descended from the original coffee trees found in Ethiopia. Because of what arabica beans need to grow — elevation and a mild climate — and their lower yield than Robusta, arabica takes a higher price on the global coffee market. Arabica beans are known for being mild and aromatic, the kind of thing that specialty roasters go for.
Of course, just because a coffee is arabica does not mean it’s going to be great; there is plenty of arabica produced that does not make the specialty coffee cut.
In terms of taste, Robusta beans have a stronger, harsher taste than arabica. As a crop, Robusta is more resistant to disease and parasite, and it can grow in warmer climates. Robusta beans are also higher in caffeine, and are commonly found in blends and instant coffees. In other words, your average supermarket coffee.
Arabica vs. Robusta
Arabica and Robusta beans also look a little different. Arabica beans have a larger, more elliptical shape, while Robusta beans are smaller and rounder. Their chemical makeup is different, too. As mentioned, arabica has a lower caffeine content, but the species also has 60% more lipids and twice the concentration of sugars as Robusta. If you ever have the chance to get your hands on unroasted Arabica and Robusta, you would notice a difference in smell, too; arabica is sweeter and more floral, while unroasted Robusta beans are said to have a scent of grains or nuts.
Now you can drink that morning cup of coffee with just a little more knowledge of exactly what’s in it.
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5 Ways You Can Practice Sustainable Fishing
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When you’re constantly out on the water, under the blazing sun and bright blue sky, watching the aquatic wildlife swim below you, you develop a special appreciation and respect for the environment. It’s hard not to feel a duty to protect and preserve the natural world around you when you spend so much time reaping its benefits.
As an angler, there are a number of steps you can take to help sustain fish populations, marine habitats, and the ecosystem in which you fish. Start with these five habits to help you become a more environmentally responsible fisherman!
1) Responsible boating
If you prefer fishing from a boat to a spot on the shore or pier, be conscious of how your boat can impact the ecosystem you’re traversing. In shallow waters, a propeller can destroy underwater vegetation that fish rely on for food and habitat, as well as stir up sediment that blocks light transmission.
Avoiding or minimizing propeller use when boating in these areas will reduce disruption to the ecosystem. You can also make your boat eco-friendlier by installing a stainless steel propeller to reduce drag and an electric motor to increase fuel efficiency and decrease carbon emissions.
2) Catch & release fishing
Practicing catch and release fishing is one of the most effective ways to reduce the impact of sport fishing on native fish populations. Releasing fish back into the water allows them to continue growing and reproducing more robust offspring—which is why we practice catch and release for all trophy-size fish at Lawrence Bay Lodge.
Make sure you use the right equipment and handle fish carefully to give them the best chance at survival. If you’re adhering to catch and release guidelines, the only time you wouldn’t want to let a fish back into the water is if you catch an invasive species that threatens the native ecosystem.
3) Safe gear & technique
Another way to practice sustainable fishing is to use angling techniques and gear with minimal negative impact on the environment. You can, for example, opt to use a rod and reel for hook-and-line fishing that quickly releases bycatch and prevents overfishing by allowing only one fish to be caught at a time.
A few other sustainable habits you can adopt are to clean your gear when switching between locations (to avoid introducing foreign plant life or bacteria), refrain from dumping baitfish that will compete with native populations for resources, and use lead-free equipment and non-toxic sinkers. You should also take care to retrieve all of your litter and whatever lost equipment you can—lines, sinkers, etc.—when you’re finished so it does not harm any area wildlife.
4) Follow area guidelines
Regional fishing rules and regulations are in place to protect the local environment. When fishing in a new area, prep for your trip with a little research into area guidelines, so you can adapt your practices accordingly. Pay attention to signs posted in the area as well that might prohibit or restrict fishing and/or boating in specific locations.
Something else to keep in mind is that, although it may be annoying to pay for a license every time you fish in a new spot, the money you spend will go towards maintaining and caring for aquatic life in that area.
5) Responsible fish use
It’s understandable that sometimes you’ll want to take home a few of the fruits of your labor after a long afternoon spent reeling in fish. When you do plan on keeping a fish, you can still practice sustainability by ensuring none of it goes to waste. In other words, use all of what you catch.
If you’re bringing home a fish, chances are you plan on eating it—which is great! But did you know you can still make use of the bones and other inedible parts? If you compost them with other organic materials, such as sawdust, wood chips, bark, etc., you can use the product as a rich fertilizer.
Since 1981, Lawrence Bay Lodge has been practicing sustainable catch and release fishing for larger fish to help preserve and protect local populations. This also ensures that everyone who fishes with us has a chance at a trophy catch year after year. Additionally, our guides help make use of the small fish you catch by cooking them up for your delicious shore lunch at midday.
Contact us today to book a first-rate fishing trip you can feel good about!
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The Constitution Lesson Plan for 6th Grade | Lesson Planet
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This The Constitution lesson plan also includes:
- Join to access all included materials
Sixth graders examine and identify the Articles of the /constitution. They analyze them to determine details and structures of the government. Students discover the ideas of separation of power and checks and balances. In pairs, 6th graders also take a "Constitutional scavenger hunt."
- This resource is only available on an unencrypted HTTP website.It should be fine for general use, but don’t use it to share any personally identifiable information
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Once your children are six years old, they are required to go to school, since school attendance is compulsory in Germany. Most German schools are run by the state and there is no charge for your children to attend. In addition, there are private and international schools which charge fees.
The individual states are responsible for education policy. This means that the school system will to some extent depend on the region where you and your family are living. Children do not always have the same curriculum in every state, and textbooks may differ as well. Individual states also have different types of schools. Generally, the German school system is structured as follows:
Grundschule (primary school): Normally, six-year-olds begin their school careers at primary school, which covers the first four grades. Only in Berlin and Brandenburg does primary school continue up to sixth grade. At the end of primary school, you and your child's teachers will decide which secondary school your child will attend, considering your child's academic performance.
Weiterführende Schulen (secondary schools) – the most common types are:
- Hauptschule (secondary general school for grades 5 through 9 or 10)
- Realschule (more practical secondary school for grades 5 through 10)
- Gymnasium (more academic secondary school for grades 5 through 12 or 13)
- Gesamtschule (comprehensive school for grades 5 through 12 or 13)
Hauptschule and Realschule: Young people who have successfully completed the Hauptschule or Realschule are eligible for vocational training, or can transfer to the Sekundarstufe II/Oberstufe (≈ sixth form) at a Gymnasium or Gesamtschule.
Gesamtschule: Combines the Hauptschule, Realschule and Gymnasium and offers an alternative to the tripartite school system.
Gymnasium: At the end of the 12th or 13th grade, students take examinations known as the Abitur and if successful graduate from secondary school with a certificate of advanced secondary education, entitling them to study at a university or at a university of applied sciences. However, they may also choose to undergo vocational training and enter the job market directly.
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What is flow cytometry? The basics of flow cytometry and flow cytometers are explained. | Tech | Matsusada Precision
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Flow cytometry is one of the essential techniques for cell analysis. This article describes the basic mechanics of flow cytometry, measurement devices using flow cytometry, how flow cytometers work, and how they can be used.
Flow Cytometry is a technique for cell analysis that was introduced in the 1950s. Fluid-containing cells flow at high speed through a capillary with an observation window. The cell then passes in front of the observation window, and this single cell is observed.
Flow cytometry can measure cell characteristics such as cell size, cell count, and cell cycle. This provides information on individual cells from a heterogeneous cell population.
A flow cytometer is a cell analysis device that uses flow cytometry technology. Among flow cytometers, those with the ability to separate cells are called cell sorting, cell sorters, or FACS (Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorter).
In recent years, cell sorters have increasingly been used in a similar sense to flow cytometers. The cell sorter is a device that separates and collects the cells analyzed by flow cytometry. This classification and collection is called sorting.
Flow cytometers consist of two major components. The first is a fluid system for flowing and handling cells. The other is an optical system that includes a light source, a signal detector, and a processor for data acquisition.
In a fluid system, cells are arranged one by one in a row in a buffer called a sheath fluid by the flow of the fluid. In the optical system, a laser beam is shone on a row of cells, and the scattered light and fluorescence are measured by Photomultiplier Tubes (PMTs). This is the mechanism by which information on each cell can be obtained.
The cell sorter charges the target cells with this information. The cells are then separated by a high-voltage polarizer.
Because cells are measured in an undisturbed flow (laminar flow), it is possible to measure cells without damaging them.
Flow cytometers are used for cell cycle evaluation based on DNA content, as well as cell surface marker analysis using fluorescently labeled antibodies and intracellular introduction analysis of fluorescently labeled macromolecules. It is also used for sorting specific cells.
When conducting cell biology research experiments using flow cytometry, the first step is to plan what color fluorescent dye to assign to each antibody.
To prevent color mixing during analysis and to avoid confusion as to which cells are which, dyes are assigned while taking into consideration the maximum excitation wavelength, maximum emission wavelength, and luminance, as well as the type of laser used in the flow cytometer.
Next, follow the steps in the cell staining protocol. Cell staining can be done by direct staining, indirect staining, or intracellular staining. The staining method is selected according to the type of cell to be measured and the item to be measured.
After fluorescent dye assignment and staining, the specimen is filtered to remove cell clumps and strands (aggregates). This is because flocculence clogs the flow path and interferes with measurement.
After filtration, perform flow cytometry and analyze the results.
Flow cytometers are used in the study of cell biology as well as molecular biology. In particular, fluorescent molecules are used to analyze the function of cell surfaces and inside cells and make cell functions visible.
Flow cytometers are used to detect specific cells for molecular beacons and protein fluorescent labeling when conducting molecular biology studies. This measurement makes it possible to examine the immune system, etc.
Compared to fluorescence microscopy, analysis using a flow cytometer has the following features: "multiple parameters can be analyzed simultaneously," "quantitative analysis is possible," and "analysis speed is fast.
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Not by Bread Alone
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Not by Bread Alone
January 1, 1946
Arctic explorer and anthropologist Vilhjalmur Stefansson spent years living with indigenous Inuit and Eskimo people. He noted their general healthiness (and good teeth), and an absence of many of the diseases that plagued western cultures, such as scurvy, heart disease, and diabetes. Observing their dietary habits, he determined that their primary food was meat, both lean and fatty, and that their diets were very low in sugary or starchy carbohydrates. Was this meaty diet the key to their good health?
Stefansson’s classic Not By Bread Alone chronicles a 1928 scientific experiment, conducted by the Russell Sage Institute of Pathology at Bellevue Hospital in New York, in which Stefansson and his colleague Dr. Karsten Andersen ate a meat-only diet for one year. The two men stayed healthy and fared very well, leading him to claim that we should reexamine our notion of what foods constitute a healthy diet.
Later chapters promote the benefits of pemmican, a compact, portable, and high-energy food consisting of a concentrated mix of fat and protein made from dried lean bison meat, sometimes mixed with berries. Pemmican is like the original energy bar, and Stefansson spent considerable time and energy urging the military to adopt it for emergency rations.
This book is essential reading for anyone who wishes to eat an all-meat diet or wants to learn more about the health benefits of a low-carbohydrate diet of meat and fish.
ABSOLUTELY REQUIRED READING!
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Residual Testing | Medistri SA
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Biocompatibility failures and complications can occur from contaminates on medical devices. These can come from cleaning, disinfection, or manufacturing operations. Manufacturers should set acceptable residue levels based on device use and patient contact.
Residual testing is a method of analysing the chemical residues that may remain on a medical device after it has been exposed to a sterilisation process. Residues can affect the biocompatibility, functionality and safety of the medical device, and potentially harm the patient or user. Therefore, it is important to ensure that the residues are within acceptable limits according to the relevant standards and regulations.
Residual testing is important because it helps to ensure the safety and quality of medical devices that are sterilised by different processes. Residual testing can detect and measure the chemical residues that may remain on the device after sterilisation, and can help to reduce or eliminate them if they are above the acceptable limits. Residual testing can also help to comply with the relevant standards and regulations that govern the sterilisation industry. Residual testing is a vital part of quality control and validation for medical devices that are intended for patient contact.
There are two different methods for EO residual testing: simulated-use extraction and exhaustive extraction.
✔ Simulated-use extraction is a method that mimics the actual use of the device by extracting the residues with a suitable solvent under specified conditions. This method is used to determine the amount of residues that may be released from the device during its intended use.
✔ Exhaustive extraction is a method that removes all the residues from the device by using multiple solvents under extreme conditions. This method is used to determine the total amount of residues that are present on the device after sterilisation.
The most common analytical technique for measuring EO and ECH residues is gas chromatography (GC) or headspace analysis (HS).
👉 GC is a technique that separates and quantifies the components of a gas mixture by passing it through a column with a detector.
👉 HS is a technique that analyses the vapour phase of a sample by heating it in a sealed vial and injecting it into a GC system. Both techniques can provide accurate and sensitive results for EO and ECH residues.
ISO 10993-7 (2008) is an international standard that specifies the allowable limits for residual ethylene oxide and ethylene chlorohydrin in individual EO-sterilized medical devices, as well as the procedures for the measurement and compliance of these residuals. Ethylene oxide (EO) is a gas that is widely used to sterilize medical devices, but it can also leave behind harmful residues that can cause irritation, inflammation, or allergic reactions in patients.
Ethylene chlorohydrin is a by-product of EO sterilization that can also have toxic effects. Therefore, it is important to ensure that the levels of these residuals are within safe limits before using the sterilized devices.
ISO 10993-7 (2008) provides guidance on how to determine the allowable limits for different types of devices, based on factors such as the device category, the exposure duration, the body weight, and the surface area of the patient. It also describes methods for sampling, testing, and reporting the results of EO sterilization residuals. The standard is intended to help manufacturers, regulators, and users of EO-sterilized medical devices to ensure the safety and quality of their products.
In 2019, we’ve seen an amendment to this standard, which specifies the allowable limits for residual ethylene oxide and ethylene chlorohydrin in individual EO-sterilized medical devices, as well as the procedures for the measurement and compliance of these residuals. The amendment clarifies the applicability of the allowable limits for neonates and infants. It states that the allowable limits for neonates and infants are the same as those for adults, unless there is a specific justification based on a risk assessment.
The amendment also provides some guidance on how to perform such a risk assessment, taking into account factors such as the device category, the exposure duration, the body weight, and the surface area of the patient. The amendment aims to harmonize the requirements for EO sterilization residuals with other international standards and regulations, such as those from the European Union and the United States. The amendment is effective since December 2019 and applies to all EO-sterilized medical devices that are intended for use in neonates and infants.
✔ Medistri GMP Accredited In-House Laboratory in Switzerland is certified with ISO 17025.
👉 ISO 17025 is a standard that sets the criteria for testing and calibration laboratories to ensure their quality and reliability. It is useful for biocompatibility testing of medical devices, as it helps laboratories to follow the specific ISO standards, such as ISO 10993-7.
Residual testing is an essential part of quality control and validation for the sterilisation industry. It helps to ensure that the medical devices are safe and effective for their intended use and patient contact. Medistri can perform Ethylene Oxide Residual Analysis in our GMP Accredited In-House laboratory in Switzerland to analyse and demonstrate the safety of your sterile medical device.
🎯 To learn more about Medistri’s Residual Testing, visit on our website here or directly contact our team at [email protected].
- The Medistri Team
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Midbrain-Activation Tips, Issue #041
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|Back to Back Issues Page|
Midbrain-Activation Tips, Issue #041
November 01, 2014
MIDBRAIN ACTIVATION Nov. 02 -2014
Quote of the Week
"It is paradoxical that many educators and parents still differentiate between a time for learning and a time for play without seeing the vital connection between them."
-- Leo Buscaglia
Welcome to our weekly newsletter.
Welcome to our new members Please feel free to pass this on to your list
THE BACK ISSUES ARE AT...
* PERIPHERAL VISION EXPANSION: Developing Your Child's "Outside Vision"What is peripheral vision, and why is it important in Right Brain Education?
PERIPHERAL VISION Copyright (c) 1998, 2013 Right Brain Kids, LLC.
Peripheral vision is an important part of our Wink Eye Exercise program. While basic eye exercises increase visual scanning speed, peripheral vision activities increase the amount of data retrieved while scanning.
We believe that children have three primary modes of intake:
(1) Direct -- Information a child sees consciously, with direct focus = conscious
(2) Peripheral -- Information that a child scans quickly within his field of vision = subconscious
(3) Spherical -- Frequency-based information that is absorbed via some type of intuitive intake = superconscious
The more we maximize input through these avenues, the more connections we're able to build in the mind of a child.
What would you do if you could see more? What would you do with all the extra information? Peripheral vision expansion allows you to increase the breadth of focus of what you see every moment. In addition to putting peripheral objects in focus, these exercises actually have the potential to enlarge your whole field of vision.
EXPAND YOUR VISIONHere's a fun way to increase clarity in your peripheral vision.
--- Peripheral Vision Game: "KNOCK, KNOCK. WHO'S THERE?" ---
You will need:
- A set of items:
Choose five or six toys or everyday items you may have around the house -- such as a wooden spoon, a cotton ball, a candle, a cup, a slipper, a glove... whatever is handy!
1. Explain that you are going to play "Knock, Knock. Who's There?" You'll be hiding an object behind his back, slowly bringing it into his view path. As soon as he can see what it is, he can shout it out and hold the item as a reward.
2. Have your child look straight ahead at a central focus point. (You can encourage him to look at a spot on the wall, or affix a temporary sticker, or post it note shape, straight ahead.)
3. Stand behind him with your first object, such as a toy stuffed lion.
4. Have your child say, "Knock, Knock!"
5. Say, "Who's there?" while slowly bringing the object out from behind him, around to the right side.
6. As soon as he can see the object, have him say what it is! Give him the object to hold in his lap.
7. Continue with another object, only this time on the left side.
8. Continue with the rest of the objects, alternating from right to left.
While peripheral vision activities WIDEN the field of vision, constant use of computers and tablets and small game screens NARROW it down considerably.
SPHERICAL VISION: SEEING WITH YOUR RIGHT BRAINSometimes when playing "Knock, knock. Who's there?" a child will identify the object while it is still behind his back! We've seen it in the classroom again and again, particularly with the youngest age groups.
How is this possible?
When children "see" objects without the use of sight, we call it "right brain seeing." This is a natural, and common occurrence using the right brain's ability to recognize energy frequencies and the magnetic fields around every living and nonliving object.
Infants are especially good at this.
--- Story: MATH SPOTS ---
In our busy household, we try to make the most of every learning opportunity. So one day while our baby was in the bath with his older brother (then four years old), we flashed some math flashcards. The cards had blue dots on them to represent number quantities --
"4" had four dots, "5" had five dots, etc.
Meanwhile, our four-year-old son was busy pouring water from one cup to another, totally engrossed with his play, not paying any attention to our flashcards fun.
I held up two cards and asked Baby, "Which one is three?"
He looked at the "3" card. I said, "Yes! That's right."
I held the next card in my hand, but before I could bring it forward, our older son called out, "15!" without looking up from his play.
I looked down.
Indeed, the card I held was "15" -- that is, it had fifteen dots on it.
This understanding helps us to relax when presenting flashcards and bits of information. We know that we can simply show the flashcards, play the classical music or foreign languages, and that the child's impressionable mind will soak it up.
We hope you enjoy your right brain lessons with your child!
AWAKEN THE THIRD EYEFREE COURSE
DO YOU HAVE A PROGRAM RELATING TO EDUCATION?If you conduct classes or programs or workshops on whole brain development, right brain education, multiple intelligence etc. and would like world-wide exposure, please
WANTED DYNAMIC PROMOTERSREAD MORE ABOUT THIS OPPORTUNITY
MIDBRAIN ACTIVATION IN SRI LANKA/INDIACLICK HERE FOR DETAILS
For Feedback, Suggestions,Comments and Questions ===========================
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The results have been pooled for the ninth annual dipwell campaign | Moors for the Future
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A healthy blanket bog relies on a high water table for its unique and boggy conditions. Every year, volunteers measure the depth of the water table in hundreds of locations. This is known as Moors for the Future Partnership’s dipwell campaign.
The data has been analysed by Partnership scientists, and interesting results have surfaced. The benefits of restoration were unusually visible in 2018 (a drought year), with water tables much higher than they would have been without the restoration work. The rising of the water table was less visible in 2019 as all the locations were very soggy due to the wet autumn of 2019.
But even with the wet autumn clouding the results, the initial results from this year’s campaign generally show that water tables are continuing to rise. The bogs are becoming wetter even in the face of hot, dry summers. This improves their resilience to drought and reduces opportunities for devastating wildfires to burn uncontrollably.
These datasets underpin all the work the Partnership does by evidencing the effects of its conservation works. They were made possible by the brilliant volunteers who headed out each week in autumn, in often gruelling conditions, to collect this valuable data. 900 measurements were manually taken across the South Pennines Special Area of Conservation, adding richness and depth to this long-term dataset.
Long-term datasets are vitally important for conservation work as landscapes often take time to respond to changes made by conservationists. Observing and recording the effects of conservation actions informs researchers and land managers on how best to approach moorland restoration, by providing insight into what has worked to make the landscape healthier and what hasn’t.
Full analysis will be published in the final report on completion of the MoorLIFE 2020 project in 2021.
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Best Solutions for Cat Spraying Problems
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Maintain a clean environment to deter spraying. Learn how a clean litter box and home can reduce your cat's urge to spray.
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Declines in bee populations across the world threaten food security and ecosystem function. It is currently not possible to routinely predict which specific stressors lead to declines in different populations or contexts, hindering efforts to improve bee health. Genomics has the potential to dramatically improve our ability to identify, monitor and predict the effects of stressors, as well as to mitigate their impacts through the use of marker-assisted selection, RNA interference and potentially gene editing. Here we discuss the most compelling recent applications of genomics to investigate the mechanisms underpinning bee population declines and to improve the health of both wild and managed bee populations.
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Zayed, A. Effective population size in Hymenoptera with complementary sex determination. Heredity 93, 627–630 (2004).
Zayed, A. & Packer, L. Complementary sex determination substantially increases extinction proneness of haplodiploid populations. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 102, 10742–10746 (2005).
Lopez-Uribe, M. M., Jha, S. & Soro, A. A trait-based approach to predict population genetic structure in bees. Mol. Ecol. 28, 1919–1929 (2019).
Packer, L. et al. Conservation genetics of potentially endangered mutualisms: reduced levels of genetic variation in specialist versus generalist bees. Conserv. Biol. 19, 195–202 (2005).
Romiguier, J. et al. Population genomics of eusocial insects: the costs of a vertebrate-like effective population size. J. Evol. Biol. 27, 593–603 (2014).
Murray, E. A., Bossert, S. & Danforth, B. N. Pollinivory and the diversification dynamics of bees. Biol. Lett. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0530 (2018).
Pinto, M. A. et al. Genetic integrity of the dark European honey bee (Apis mellifera mellifera) from protected populations: a genome-wide assessment using SNPs and mtDNA sequence data. J. Apicult. Res. 53, 269–278 (2014).
Research in the laboratory of C.M.G. is supported by funding from the US National Science Foundation and the US Department of Agriculture. Research in the laboratory of A.Z. is supported by a Discovery Grant from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, Large Scale Applied Research Projects (BeeOMICs and BeeCSI) from Genome Canada and a York University Research Chair in Genomics.
Nature Reviews Genetics thanks D. de Graaf, K. Raymann and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work.
The authors declare no competing interests.
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Packer lab Bee Galleries: https://www.yorku.ca/bugsrus/resources/resources
The BeeCSI project: http://beecsi.ca
US National Honey Bee Pest and Disease Survey: https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/planthealth/plant-pest-and-disease-programs/honeybees/survey
Structural but not necessarily functional enzyme variants that migrate at different rates during electrophoresis, which are the result of genetic changes in the enzyme-encoding gene.
- Restriction fragment length polymorphisms
Genetic variations that create or abolish a restriction enzyme recognition site, leading to variation in DNA fragment sizes following digestion by restriction endonucleases, as revealed by gel electrophoresis.
Stretches of repetitive DNA with a core motif (typically two or three bases) that is repeated many times. Microsatellites have high mutation rates, leading to many alleles segregating within populations. Because of their polymorphic nature, they are naturally suited for DNA fingerprinting applications.
A genetic system in which females are diploid and males are haploid.
- Population genomics
Analysis of genetic diversity at a genome scale in populations to estimate population genetic parameters or to link genotype with phenotype.
Analysis of transcripts within specific tissues using microarrays or RNA sequencing.
Analysis of DNA or RNA from communities of organisms using high-throughput sequencing approaches. Metagenomics does not require isolation of specific species or strains from collected samples before sequencing and thus can be used to identify all species or variants within a sample using bioinformatics.
- Marker-assisted selection
Artificial selection programmes using predictive genetic markers to select individuals for breeding
- Genome-wide association studies
(GWAS). Studies that investigate the association between genotypes across the genome and their influence on phenotypic traits in natural populations.
- Effective population size
The size of an ‘ideal’ population (a random mating population of constant size with Poisson variation in family sizes) that would have the same genetic parameters as the actual population under study.
- RNA interference
(RNAi). The application of double-stranded RNA molecules to reduce or silence the expression of target genes.
- Single-nucleotide polymorphism
(SNP). A point mutation in a DNA sequence that introduces variation between individuals of a group or species.
- Positive selection
An evolutionary force that increases the frequency of beneficial mutations within populations.
- Selective sweeps
Processes by which strong positive selection on a mutation results in reduced genetic diversity at nearby linked loci.
Pertaining to genomes that have been generated by hybridization of typically distinct genomes.
- Extinction via hybridization
The loss of naturally distinct evolutionary lineages as a result of hybridization with other — typically managed — populations.
- Narrow sense heritability
The proportion of phenotypic variance attributed to additive genetic variance.
- Quantitative trait loci
(QTLs). Genomic loci that contain variants influencing a quantitative trait. Quantitative traits exhibit continuous variation within populations, such as height in humans or the amount of pollen collected by bee colonies.
- Haplotype blocks
Stretches of DNA characterized by high levels of linkage disequilibrium.
- Thelytokous parthenogenesis
A form of asexual reproduction found in honeybees from the Cape region of South Africa. Worker bees have the ability to lay unfertilized diploid eggs that develop into daughter workers.
- Adverse outcomes pathway
A conceptual framework that links a molecular phenotype (such as a change in gene expression or level of activity of a receptor) to a phenotypic change at another level of biological organization (such as physiology or behaviour) that is associated with a particular end point of interest (such as changes in survival, population demography or size). Adverse outcomes pathways are developed and refined using empirical data and are commonly used in ecotoxicological research.
A metagenomic method in which specific genomic regions (rather than whole genomes) are amplified and sequenced. These regions are selected to show high interspecific variation and low intraspecific variation, allowing identification of the different species within the sample. Metabarcoding is often used to minimize sequencing costs or to investigate fairly well-characterized communities.
- Corbicular loads
Pollen loads that are carried on the modified pollen basket (that is, the corbicula) of some bees of the subfamily Apinae.
The taxonomic analysis of pollen grains.
Pertaining to genetic loci that affect two or more phenotypic traits.
About this article
Cite this article
Grozinger, C.M., Zayed, A. Improving bee health through genomics. Nat Rev Genet 21, 277–291 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41576-020-0216-1
This article is cited by
Gene expression in bumble bee larvae differs qualitatively between high and low concentration imidacloprid exposure levels
Scientific Reports (2023)
Development of a multiplex microsatellite marker set for the study of the solitary red mason bee, Osmia bicornis (Megachilidae)
Molecular Biology Reports (2022)
Nature Reviews Genetics (2020)
Nature Reviews Genetics (2020)
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Treatment for Diarrhea - NIDDK
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Treatment for Diarrhea
In this section:
- How can I treat my acute diarrhea?
- How can I treat my child’s acute diarrhea?
- How do doctors treat persistent and chronic diarrhea?
- How can I prevent diarrhea?
- How can I treat or prevent dehydration caused by diarrhea?
- How can I treat or prevent my child’s dehydration caused by diarrhea?
How can I treat my acute diarrhea?
In most cases, you can treat your acute diarrhea with over-the-counter medicines such as loperamide (Imodium) and bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol, Kaopectate). Doctors generally do not recommend using over-the-counter medicines for people who have bloody stools or fever—signs of infection with bacteria or parasites. If your diarrhea lasts more than 2 days, see a doctor right away.
When you have acute diarrhea, you may lose your appetite for a short time. When your appetite returns, you can go back to eating your normal diet. Learn more about eating when you have diarrhea.
How can I treat my child’s acute diarrhea?
Over-the-counter medicines to treat acute diarrhea in adults can be dangerous for infants, toddlers, and young children. Talk to a doctor before giving your child an over-the-counter medicine. If your child’s diarrhea lasts more than 24 hours, see a doctor right away.
You can give your child his or her usual age-appropriate diet. You can give your infant breast milk or formula as usual.
How do doctors treat persistent and chronic diarrhea?
How doctors treat persistent and chronic diarrhea depends on the cause. Doctors may prescribe antibiotics and medicines that target parasites to treat bacterial or parasitic infections. Doctors may also prescribe medicines to treat some of the conditions that cause chronic diarrhea, such as Crohn’s disease, irritable bowel syndrome, or ulcerative colitis. How doctors treat chronic diarrhea in children also depends on the cause.
Doctors may recommend probiotics. Probiotics are live microorganisms, most often bacteria, that are similar to microorganisms you normally have in your digestive tract. Researchers are still studying the use of probiotics to treat diarrhea.
For safety reasons, talk with your doctor before using probiotics or any other complementary or alternative medicines or practices. If your doctor recommends probiotics, talk with him or her about how much probiotics you should take and for how long.
How can I prevent diarrhea?
You can reduce your chances of getting or spreading infections that can cause diarrhea by washing your hands thoroughly with soap and warm water for 15 to 30 seconds
- after using the bathroom
- after changing diapers
- before and after handling or preparing food
Rotavirus, which causes viral gastroenteritis, was the most common cause of diarrhea in infants before rotavirus vaccines became available. The vaccines have reduced the number of cases of rotavirus and hospitalizations due to rotavirus among children in the United States.1
Two oral vaccines are approved to protect children from rotavirus infections:
- rotavirus vaccine, live, oral, pentavalent (RotaTeq). Doctors give infants this vaccine in three doses: at 2 months of age, 4 months of age, and 6 months of age.
- rotavirus vaccine, live, oral (Rotarix). Doctors give infants this vaccine in two doses: at 2 months of age and at 4 months of age.
For the rotavirus vaccine to be effective, infants should receive all doses by 8 months of age. Infants 15 weeks of age or older who have never received the rotavirus vaccine should not start the series.
Parents or caregivers of infants should discuss rotavirus vaccination with a doctor.
To reduce the chances of getting travelers’ diarrhea when traveling to developing countries, avoid
- drinking tap water
- using tap water to make ice, prepare foods or drinks, or brush your teeth
- drinking juice or milk or eating milk products that have not been pasteurized—heated to kill harmful microbes—viruses, bacteria, and parasites
- eating food from street vendors
- eating meat, fish, or shellfish that is raw, undercooked, or not served hot
- eating raw vegetables and most raw fruits
You can drink bottled water, soft drinks, and hot drinks such as coffee or tea made with boiling water.
If you are worried about travelers’ diarrhea, talk with your doctor before traveling. Doctors may recommend taking antibiotics before and during a trip to help prevent travelers’ diarrhea. Early treatment with antibiotics can shorten a case of travelers’ diarrhea.
You can prevent foodborne illnesses that cause diarrhea by properly storing, cooking, cleaning, and handling foods.
How can I treat or prevent dehydration caused by diarrhea?
To treat or prevent dehydration, you need to replace lost fluids and electrolytes—called rehydration therapy—especially if you have acute diarrhea. Although drinking plenty of water is important in treating and preventing dehydration, you should also drink liquids that contain electrolytes, such as the following:
- caffeine-free soft drinks
- fruit juices
- sports drinks
If you are an older adult or have a weak immune system, you should also drink oral rehydration solutions, such as Pedialyte, Naturalyte, Infalyte, or CeraLyte. Oral rehydration solutions are liquids that contain glucose and electrolytes. You can make oral rehydration solutions at home (PDF, 184KB) .
How can I treat or prevent my child’s dehydration caused by diarrhea?
To treat or prevent dehydration, give your child liquids that contain electrolytes. You can also give your child an oral rehydration solution, such as Pedialyte, Naturalyte, Infalyte, or CeraLyte, as directed. Talk to a doctor about giving these solutions to your infant.
This content is provided as a service of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
(NIDDK), part of the National Institutes of Health. NIDDK translates and disseminates research findings to increase knowledge and understanding about health and disease among patients, health professionals, and the public. Content produced by NIDDK is carefully reviewed by NIDDK scientists and other experts.
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Territorial Department of Public Instruction | The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
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The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture
TERRITORIAL DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION.
In December 1890 the Oklahoma Territorial Legislature provided for the gubernatorial appointment of a superintendent of public instruction (and ex officio territorial auditor) and a Territorial Board of Education, thereby joining other U.S. territories and states in assigning supervision and oversight of public education. Comprised of superintendents from the seven original counties of Oklahoma Territory and the territorial superintendent, the board was modified in 1893 when the county superintendents were replaced by the presidents of Territorial Normal School (now the University of Central Oklahoma) and Territorial University (now the University of Oklahoma) and one city and one county superintendent. After an assistant superintendent, stenographer, and clerks were hired in the superintendent's office, the framework for the Department of Public Instruction was formed.
The board addressed topics such as the development of teachers' examinations, textbook adoptions, the manner of paying teachers' wages, standards and qualifications for teaching certificates, courses of study, and the creation of normal schools and county institutes. Separate from his board duties, the territorial superintendent apportioned the territorial school fund income and annual school taxes, interpreted the provisions of the school laws for the county and city superintendents, published the school laws every other year, prepared and distributed the forms necessary for collecting data, visited each county at least annually, and submitted a biennial report to the governor. These reports, both narrative and statistical in nature, provided the superintendent a forum to inform the legislature about necessary statutory changes and the public about the progress and the expansion of the educational system. With this delineation of duties, the major responsibility for the governance of the schools lay with the county and city superintendents.
At statehood in 1907, school was held for at least three months of the year in 3,648 schools operating in 3,441 districts of the twenty-six counties of Oklahoma Territory. More than thirty-six hundred teachers were employed to teach the 167,803 pupils enrolled, an increase from 438 teachers and 9,395 students in 1891.
All seven territorial superintendents were college graduates, and five had previously held education positions. James H. Lawhead, who served as the first superintendent from December 1890 to August 1892, had worked as Kansas state superintendent. Joseph H. Parker (1892–94) was a teacher and principal in Vermont and a Congregationalist minister in Oklahoma. Evan Dhu Cameron (1894–96) was a Methodist minister, and Albert O. Nichols (1896–97) was assistant auditor. Stuart N. Hopkins (1897–1901) worked in Iowa as a teacher, principal, and county superintendent before becoming superintendent in El Reno. Louis W. Baxter (1901–06) was superintendent of the Guthrie schools, and James E. Dyche (January–November, 1907) was a teacher, principal, and superintendent in Kansas.
The superintendent's office was not free of controversy. Parker was forced out for allegedly devoting too much time to his ministry, Nichols was charged with unfair purchasing practices relating to a textbook company, and Hopkins' tenure ended when the legislature adjourned without confirming his reappointment. However, the political climate did not keep these men from working to build a solid foundation for the supervision of the schools during the Territorial Era.
A. Kenneth Stern, "Laying Groundwork for the Future: The Oklahoma Territorial Superintendency and Superintendents of Public Instruction," The Chronicles of Oklahoma 77 (Fall 1999).
Browse By TopicEducation
The following (as per The Chicago Manual of Style, 17th edition) is the preferred citation for articles:
A. Kenneth Stern, “Territorial Department of Public Instruction,” The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, https://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry?entry=TE016.
© Oklahoma Historical Society
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The Long-Term Consequences of an Amputation Injury - Orangemarigolds
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Amputation can severely impact the quality of life and hamper a person’s earning ability. There are numerous causes of amputations. Some people require amputations due to diseases, while others go through or deal due to avoidable or preventable accidents.
Amputation has significant long-term financial impacts that can be addressed through legal actions. Legally speaking, amputation injuries frequently place a heavy financial burden on the victim in the form of medical expenses and lost wages. The victim might need continuous medical treatment, counseling, rehabilitation, and expensive prosthetics or other assistive equipment. Additionally, the victim might become permanently or momentarily unable to work, which would result in lost income and possible financial instability.
You should hire an attorney for calculating the compensation for your amputation injury and filing a lawsuit if you or a loved one has been hurt in an accident. The following are some long-term consequences of an amputation injury;
The effect an amputation injury can have on the victim’s physical health is one of the most important long-term effects. The extent and area of the amputation will determine whether the victim continues to feel agony, has phantom limb sensations or has mobility problems. They might need continuous medical attention, counseling, rehabilitation, and costly prosthetics or other aids.
Several long-lasting changes are imminent after a severe accident resulting in amputation. You must now get used to your new situation as an amputee. You might have trouble trying to fit in with some social groups or become uncomfortable around individuals you do not trust. Amputees must overcome the pressures of dealing with social limitations to keep their mental health in check.
Amputations are handled differently by various people. While some people can deal with losing a limb, others become extremely irritated about it. Their peers and family become concerned about their emotional issues. They might attempt self-medication or therapy to deal with their problems. The emotional anguish is also caused by mounting medical debt and the inability to pay it. While some people only get a partial amount from an insurance claim, others might not get any reimbursement at all.
Body Image Issues
Another long-term mental effect of amputation is problems with body image. Many victims struggle to accept their new bodies, develop self-consciousness about their appearance, or question their self-worth as a result. Today’s world is more concerned about body image than mental health. As a result, an amputee does not only have to deal with their mental health but their body image as well, which can take its toll on them.
Victims of amputation accidents may experience long-term serve effects. Their lives may be affected in several ways, including in the physical, emotional, psychological, financial, and social spheres. As a result, it is crucial for those who have suffered amputation injuries to get all the assistance they need to overcome these obstacles and improve the quality of their lives. Whether it was a doctor or a driver, you have the legal right to file a lawsuit against the party who was responsible for your amputation injury. The best course of action is to employ a personal injury lawyer who focuses on cases involving car accidents, medical malpractice, and other amputation injury-related issues. A skilled lawyer will help you file a lawsuit and guide you through the legal processes to recover at least the financial damages.
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Is Open Source Software Secure?
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Security is a significant concern in the open source software world. In fact, security is the measure of assurance and guarantee that open source software is safe from potential risks and dangers. We’ll be discussing the security threats and the solutions that can be used to protect open source software. We’ll also be discussing the benefits of open source software.
Open source software security is defined as the guarantee, or freedom of risk that an open source program offers. This assurance is what gives the software its trustworthiness and confidence. Open source software security is determined by many factors. Users are often most concerned about code integrity.
Amazon and other companies have pledged $30 million each to help fund a 10-point plan to improve the security of open-source software. The plan is expected to help reduce the time it takes to discover vulnerabilities, speed up the patching process, and improve the quality of open source software. It will also encourage digital signatures use and improve security awareness.
Open source software is safer than proprietary software. But, it does have its problems. An attacker can easily exploit security flaws in open-source code because it is often reused. Even the most secure software may be vulnerable if not properly protected. Equifax was the victim of a security breach recently when hackers exploited an Apache Struts flaw.
Open-source software vulnerabilities are widespread. They can affect millions. These vulnerabilities can even be exploited by inexperienced hackers. Although industry-wide efforts have been made to make open source software safer, organizations must still develop their own cybersecurity policies to protect it. Open source software security should be a top priority for every organization.
Visibility of open source parts is one of the main problems. Developers have a lot of control over open source environments thanks to security tools that can automatically inventory and evaluate components. These tools can be found in CI/CD pipelines and can help identify components that are vulnerable. Security tools can also be used to scan code as it is being written in a development environment.
Open source security can become complicated due to the different levels of dependencies between open-source code and the source code. This allows developers to minimize risk by securing both their code as well as the open-source components that it uses.
Open-source software at risk
Open source software has many concerns. Bad actors could gain access to it. Hackers can access source code using a variety of methods. These methods are often faster than going through millions of lines code.
One method is to track open source vulnerability. Hackers can exploit these vulnerabilities because they are publicly available. Many open source projects make the code public, so hackers can easily identify and flag potential vulnerabilities. This can help open-source project managers fix any issues before the vulnerability becomes public. Hackers can attack any organization that has not been capable of patching their software once a vulnerability is made public.
Another method is code auditing to find vulnerabilities. One study found open source vulnerabilities in 78 per cent of codebases. 54 percent were considered to be high risk. Open source software can be a great way for people to save time and money, but there are security risks. These vulnerabilities can impact an organization’s data and operations.
Options for securing Open Source Software
There are many options for securing opensource software. One of the biggest benefits of open source software is its ability to be reviewed by third parties, which makes it more secure that closed software. There is also a community that works together to fix bugs or security vulnerabilities. The process of patching an open source application should be seamless and trouble-free, and developers should have an incentive to fix security flaws as quickly as possible.
Another option is to include a digital signature for software releases. Software-based digital signings is the name of this process. Software components can be validated by organizations like Chainguard, TestifySec and OSSIG. Developers can also learn how to reduce vulnerabilities. A good idea is to replace a nonmemory-safe language such as Rust or C++ with a memory-safer language like Python.
Another option is to use an open source management software. These systems continuously scan open sources repositories, cross-reference vulnerability databases, and constantly scan them. Open source management systems can alert users about known vulnerabilities and the release of new patches by doing this. These tools can be purchased commercially or open-source. A good security management software will be able protect open source software from security threats.
Companies are becoming more aware of the importance of open source security. The federal government is pushing software companies and developers to comply with the NIST Secure Software Development Framework. Open Source Security Foundation, (OSSF), recently launched a new initiative to improve security for open source software. The Security Mobilization Plan is designed to protect open source software supply chains.
The open source community is doing a great deal to secure open source projects. However, the problem with vulnerabilities is that there is no central repository of information about them. It’s scattered across many resources and difficult to find. This is a problem for developers as they don’t know the name of the component.
Fortunately, open source software projects are generally able to patch vulnerabilities quickly. Unpatched vulnerabilities are still possible, but they can be fixed quickly. Developers will usually fix vulnerabilities quickly if they are publicly disclosed. You can still take steps to protect your open source code, such as disabling vulnerable functionality and setting hardware or software to not use vulnerable features.
Benefits of open source software
Open source software offers many advantages for businesses. It improves employee satisfaction and business processes. It also reduces operational overhead. What are the benefits of open-source software exactly? These benefits will be highlighted in the following. These are the three major benefits. These are some of the key benefits of open source for enterprise software.
Open source software offers flexibility and freedom. Businesses can customize it and make it work for them. A platform without license restrictions allows them to avoid vendor lock-in. Open source software makes it easy to customize and maintain and allows business owners the freedom to make changes to best suit their needs. It helps businesses stay ahead in the market.
Open source offers stability and security. Open source projects are often updated frequently, so bug fixes and new features are usually available quickly. Contrary to proprietary software, which can take several months to fix a single bug. Also, open source software allows users to try out new features early in the development cycle, which means organizations can adopt the latest version more quickly.
Creativity is a key component of open source projects. They help employees to improve their problem-solving and programming skills. They expose employees to a wide variety of languages and libraries, and they have the opportunity to network with other developers. This allows employees to develop a skill set that will benefit them in the long run.
Cost-effectiveness: Open-source solutions are often cheaper than proprietary solutions. Enterprise companies can scale quickly to save money. Open source solutions often are available online for free. Open source software is also free to update or enhance. Open source software is a great way to save money for your business. It can save you up to PS50 Billion annually.
Customization: Organizations have the ability to customize open-source software to create their own business tools. Businesses can modify, scale, and modify the source code readily available. This allows businesses to better balance their workloads while keeping up with changes in market.
Hello, My name is Shari & I am a writer for the ‘Outlook AppIns’ blog. I’m a CSIT graduate & I’ve been working in the IT industry for 3 years.
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Write short notes on Ancient Indian coin and Rock art. - Owlgen
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Write short notes on Ancient Indian coin and Rock art.
Ancient Indian coins:
Although a good number of coins and inscriptions has been found on the surface, many of them have been unearthed by digging the study of coins in called numismatics. Ancient coins were made of metal copper, silver, gold or lead. Coin moulds made of burnt clay have been discovered in large numbers. Since there was nothing like the modern banking system in ancient times, people kept money in earthen ware and also in brass vessels. They are preserved mostly in museums at Calcutta, Patna, Lucknow, Delhi, Jaipur, Bombay and Madras. Coins of the major dynasties have been cataloged and published. Our earliest coins contain a few symbols, but the later coins mention the names of kings, gods or dates. The areas where they are found indicate the region of their circulation.
Rock paintings and carvings also give us an insight into the subsistence pattern and social life of the Palaeolithic people. The earliest paintings belong to Upper Paleolithic age. Bhimbetka located on the Vindhyan range, is well known for continuous succession of paintings of different periods. Period belongs to Upper Palaeolithic stage and paintings are done in green and dark red colors. The paintings are predominantly of biscons, elephants, tigers, rhinos and boars. They are usually large, some measuring two-three meters in length. There is need to work out the frequency of the different types of animals to have more precise idea about the hunting life of Paleolithic people.
The paintings and engravings found at the rock shelters which the Mesolithic people used give us considerable idea about the social lfie and economic activities of Mesolithic people. Sites like Bhimbetka, Azamgarh, Pratapgarh and Mirzapur are rich in Mesolithic art and paintings. Hunting, food-gathering, fishing and other human activities are reflected in these paintings and engravings. Bhimbetka is extremely rich in paintings. Many animals like, boar, buffalo, monkey and nilgai are frequently depicted.
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Philippine Montessori | Highschool at Temple Hill
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A Time of Transformation
This is a time of transformation - a time when the human being is beginning to learn to become adult, and but as yet is very awkward at it.
Adolescents are genetically programmed for social interaction, and so the Montessori environment makes this possible, as well as constructive to their learning. Whatever discipline they study, collaborative work is part of the process - no matter the subject, have opportunities for research, song writing, story, poetry composition and appreciation, dialogue, drama, performance.
The adolescent is eager to be part of society in all its aspects - this is when the human being is most interested in how people earn a living, the organisation of politics, the morality of actions. The 12-18 year old is extremely idealistic and driven to change the world. While traditional education usually subjects this age to memorizing meaningless facts they cannot see as relevant to human life outside the classroom, the Montessori adolescent program offers learning about real life. Lessons have practical applications that enable students to see how they can make an impact on the community.
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Why Malapert Convert Ann Barnhardt Should Shut The Hell Up! Taken From Catholic Tradition...
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Malapert and Shakespeare Malapert debuted in English in the 14th century, was a favorite of Shakespeare, and is still used sporadically today. The prefix mal-, meaning "bad" or "badly" and deriving from the Latin malus, is found in many English words, including "malevolent" and "malefactor." The second half of "malapert" comes from the Middle English apert, meaning "open" or "frank." "Apert" further derives from the Latin word"apertus" ("open"), which gave us our noun "aperture" (meaning "an opening"). Putting the two halves together gives us a word that describes someone or something that is open or honest in a bad way-that is, a way that is bold or rude. The noun "malapert" also exists, and means "a bold or impudent person."
Reason why convert Ann Barnhardt and other convert ladies should shut the hell up:
The women among the heretics in times past were so shameless, & malapert, that they took upon them to dispute, and to reason of matters of religion: & they helped foreward the Heresy, by teaching, preaching, prating, wrangling, jangling, prophesying, and by all means possible. And do not, I pray you, the women amongst the Protestants the like, following therein their father Luther's advise, who licensed them to do such things, & namely to Preach?
The above lesson is taken from Catholic Tradition & Church Fathers as set down by a Catholic Priest in the year of our Lord 1600.
Ann Barnhardt is a dangerous woman. Her means of spreading her heretical doctrine:
- Pod Cast
Barnhardt makes no personal appearances - because she is not a Catholic - but a fraud. And if anyone were to witness Barnhardt attending Latin Mass in Public one would be dismayed at her lack of reverence and piety.
She is one of Luther's daughters
Remember she used the Luther's version of the Our Father for well over a year on her blog before I called her out on it.
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1. Use the information provided above to create a pay-off matrix to show the joint outcomes from the decisions made by the two c
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The demand for cars is rising rapidly in Doggerland. Two rival car companies Sunbeam and Hillman are each considering building a new plant to supply the growing market. Each company is aware that the potential profitability of their new plant will depend in part on the decision made by their competitor. The choices facing each company are shown below, as are the potential profits from each decision
1. Use the information provided above to create a pay-off matrix to show the joint outcomes from the decisions made by the two companies. From the payoff matrix identify the Nash equilibrium and explain why this would be the outcome of the game.
2. Now use the same information to create a decision tree, assuming that Sunbeam will make their decision first. Analyse the resulting decision tree and explain the decision that will each company will make.
3. Compare and contrast the outcomes from the payoff matrix and the decision tree.
4. Assess the methods that are available to Sunbeam and Hillman to reduce the uncertainty around the decisions created by their interdependence?
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Angiographic Catheter Types - SCW MEDICATH LTD.
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Angiographic Catheter Types
Angiographic catheters are essential tools in the field of interventional cardiology and radiology. These specialized catheters are used to access blood vessels, visualize the vascular system, and perform various diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. In this blog, we will explore the different angiographic catheter types available, with a focus on the SCW Medicath brand.
The Role of Angiographic Catheters
Before delving into the types of angiographic catheters, let's briefly understand their significance in medical procedures. Angiographic catheters are designed to:
Access Blood Vessels: They provide a pathway to access blood vessels, allowing physicians to introduce contrast agents and diagnostic or therapeutic devices.
Image Blood Vessels: Angiographic catheters enable the injection of contrast media, which enhances the visibility of blood vessels under fluoroscopy or X-ray imaging.
Perform Interventions: These catheters facilitate various minimally invasive procedures, including angioplasty, stent placement, embolization, and more.
Types of Angiographic Catheters
Diagnostic Angiographic Catheters
SCW Medicath Diagnostic Angiographic Catheters: These catheters are designed for the visualization of blood vessels and are often used in angiography procedures. The SCW Medicath brand offers a range of diagnostic catheters known for their exceptional image quality and precise navigation within the vascular system.
SCW Medicath Guide Catheters: Guide catheters serve as a conduit for introducing other interventional devices, such as guidewires and balloons, to specific target locations within the vascular system. SCW Medicath's guide catheters are known for their flexibility and support in navigating complex anatomies.
Catheter Shapes and Configurations
Angiographic catheters come in various shapes and configurations to suit different clinical scenarios. These include straight catheters, curved catheters, and specialty catheters like pigtail and multipurpose catheters. The choice of catheter shape depends on the specific diagnostic or interventional procedure and the anatomical site being accessed.
Advantages of SCW Medicath Angiographic Catheters
As a reputable brand in the medical industry, SCW Medicath is known for producing high-quality angiographic catheters that offer several advantages:
Precise Navigation: SCW Medicath catheters are designed for precise navigation within blood vessels, ensuring accurate placement during procedures.
Enhanced Imaging: These catheters are compatible with advanced imaging technologies, providing clear and detailed visualization of the vascular system.
Durability: SCW Medicath catheters are constructed using durable materials, ensuring their longevity and reliability during procedures.
Wide Range of Options: The brand offers a wide range of catheter types and configurations to accommodate various clinical needs and preferences.
In conclusion, angiographic catheters play a crucial role in modern medical procedures, enabling clinicians to diagnose and treat vascular conditions with precision and minimal invasiveness. The SCW Medicath brand, known for its commitment to quality and innovation, offers a comprehensive range of angiographic catheter types that meet the demands of medical professionals in interventional cardiology and radiology. Whether for diagnostic imaging or therapeutic interventions, these catheters are trusted tools in the pursuit of better patient outcomes and improved healthcare practices.
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These 12 sets of finger grappling techniques - Share Kung Fu
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The muscle groups and angle range of movement of the fingers are very small, so the fingers are the most vulnerable joints in the human body.
In general, the normal range of motion of the fingers is as follows: the opening and closing degree of the thumb is about 50-60 degrees (Figure A-1); The opening and closing degree between the remaining four fingers is generally not more than 35 degrees (Figure A-2); The four-finger dorsal hand is upturned, generally between 10 degrees and 30 degrees (Figure A-3); Flexed into a fist can reach 80 degrees to 90 degrees (Figure A-4).
Therefore, we implement the finger grappling technique, which is to follow the direction of the enemy’s finger range of motion maximum, exert force to force the enemy’s knuckles beyond the limit of the normal range of motion mentioned above, and be oppressed and hit by the superphysiological limit, resulting in severe pain and having to give in and beg for mercy.
Sorted out 12 sets of knuckle grappling techniques and shared them with you.
First, pout your thumb
The enemy points and provokes us with his right hand in front of us; Seeing the opportunity, we grasp the enemy’s right thumb with our right hand, clench it with four fingers, clasp the enemy’s metacarpophalangeal knuckles with our little finger, clasp the wrist downwards and pull back the enemy’s thumb that is pressed down, causing severe pain in the thumb and begging for mercy (Figures 1-1, Figs. 1-2).
2. Pouting index finger (1)
The enemy’s palms are facing down, ready to poke us in the throat; Our side quickly grabbed the enemy’s index finger, and the side of our little finger pressed the metacarpophalangeal joint of the enemy’s index finger, first moved forward, then pressed down and dragged back, so that the enemy’s index finger turned up beyond its limit and was painful, so as to bow down and catch (Figures 2-1, Fig. 2-2).
3. Pouting index finger (2)
The enemy’s palm strikes us, and we use our hand to grasp the enemy’s index finger extending from the palm, turn the wrist inward, and force the enemy’s palm upward; Immediately after our side, we press the metacarpophalangeal joint of the enemy’s index finger with the middle section of the index finger, press down and push forward with the thumb, then shake the wrist upward, stretch the arm up, and pout the enemy’s index finger downwards to force the enemy to submit (Fig. 3-1, Fig. 3-2).
4. Thumb pressure
Our side pretends to shake hands with the enemy, when our hand just touches the enemy’s hand, we slightly lift the elbow wrist outward, the thumb presses the metacarpophalangeal joint on the side of the enemy’s thumb, the index finger is extended forward, the thumb is pressed down hard, the upper end of the enemy’s thumb is jammed with the index finger and reversed, and then the entire wrist is rolled to the side forward and down, forcing the enemy to fall to the ground and catch (Figure 4-1, Figure 4-2).
5. Double buckle finger
When the enemy reaches out to us, we will aim at the enemy’s mouth and snap our index finger forward. Immediately, our wrist was lifted upwards, twisted the enemy’s thumb back with thumb pressure, and took advantage of the enemy’s pain to separate the four fingers, and used the tiger mouth of the other hand to aim at the enemy’s little finger, move the front thumb back, and kickback the index finger of the back hand, and at the same time drag the wrist down to submit the enemy to the enemy (Fig. 5-1, Fig. 5-2).
6. Flip your fingers
When the enemy reaches out to us, we first hold the enemy’s hand and twist it back, clasp the enemy’s little finger with four fingers and little finger at the same time, immediately exert force, flip the enemy’s wrist clockwise, and at the same time tightly clasp the metacarpophalangeal knuckle of the enemy’s little finger with the middle knuckle of the four fingers, sit on the wrist and pout the finger, and submit the enemy (Fig. 6-1, Fig. 6-2).
7. Oblique fingering
The enemy punches us in the chest with a straight right fist; We block the defense with our left arm and grab his right wrist, while our right thumb and index finger clasp the little finger of the enemy’s right hand, and our left thumb and index finger press the enemy’s right thumb. Immediately, our right hand clasped the enemy’s right little finger down, and the left hand pushed his thumb diagonally up, causing severe pain and giving in (Fig. 7-1, Fig. 7-2, Fig. 7-3).
8. Clamp the elbow and pull the finger
From behind the enemy’s flank, we grasp the ring finger and little finger of the enemy’s left hand with our right hand, and press the thumb against its metacarpophalangeal joint. We put the enemy’s big arm in the crook of our elbow, push the enemy’s elbow joint with the left hand, push the enemy’s metacarpophalangeal joint with the thumb of the right hand, and pull the enemy’s finger back to cause severe pain and yield (Fig. 8-1, Fig. 8-2).
We can force the enemy to submit and capture by grabbing the enemy’s fingers with both hands and tearing them to the sides (Figs. 9-1, Fig. 9-2). If the enemy stops us from behind, we can also tear the enemy’s fingers to free us (Figure 9-3).
10. Pressure arm sub-finger
We grasp the enemy’s ring finger and little finger from the enemy’s side, roll our fingers and raise our arms to press the enemy’s elbow joint, support the enemy’s wrist with the left hand, and continue to flex the wrist with the right hand, while using the big arm to force down the enemy’s elbow joint to make the enemy fall to the ground (Figure 10-1, Figure 10-2-Figure 10-3).
11. Positive pressure finger (1)
If our wrist is caught by the enemy, we should first penetrate the wrist from the bottom out and then upwards, so that the enemy’s mouth turns downward. Immediately, we clasped the enemy’s wrist with the four fingers of the other hand, and the thumb firmly held the enemy’s thumb, causing the enemy’s thumb to abduct beyond its activity limit and cause pain, so as to give in and capture (Figures 11-1, Fig. 11-2).
12. Positive pressure finger (2)
The enemy’s left hand grasps our left wrist; With our right hand, we grab the enemy’s left big arm, lean down, and press the enemy’s thumb with the left wrist to submit the enemy (Fig. 12-1, Fig. 12-2).
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Guiding JUICE to Jupiter
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Operating in the outer reaches of the solar system, far from the Sun, JUICE uses large solar arrays around the size of a badminton court - 85 m2 - to generate energy.
Divided into ten panels each measuring 2.5x3.5m, JUICE's solar wings will produce energy during its long journey to Jupiter. The solar energy will enable JUICE to carry out 35 fly-bys of Europa, Ganymede and Callisto and generate the 800 watts of power needed to operate the ten scientific instruments on board.
Airbus manufactured the panel structures and the deployment mechanism. Both have been subjected to robust testing to ensure they are ready to face the extremes of temperature the mission will encounter, from -230C at Jupiter up to +110C during Venus flyby, the hottest surface of the spacecraft reaching +250C.
Blowing hot and cold
JUICE's thermal control system is designed to minimise the impact of the external environment on the spacecraft, through the use of high efficiency Multi-Layer Insulation (MLI). MLI will moderate the external temperature during the spacecraft's closest approach to the Sun. It must also limit heat leakage in the cold Jupiter environment, in order to minimise demand for power from the spacecraft's heaters while its instruments are operating. Managing power will be a crucial factor throughout JUICE's mission, given the limited power generated by the spacecraft's solar panels. Jupiter is so far from the Sun that the solar energy it receives is 25 times lower than on Earth.
Aiming for utmost accuracy
With five billion kilometres to cover throughout the mission, four fly-bys to perform and 30 observation overflights, the complexity of the JUICE mission requires accurate navigation. The conventional technique is to improve standard radiofrequency navigation with a camera to take pictures of various objects (planets, stars). These images are returned to Earth for a cross-check. A ground team then tracks and plots the probe's precise trajectory, aiming the spacecraft's instruments toward areas of interest for science.
However this approach is not ideal for the JUICE mission. This is for two reasons: the true position of the moons during their orbit around Jupiter is not known with sufficient accuracy for ground teams to plot a course and it takes JUICE too long to communicate with Earth. A round-trip radio signal takes about one hour and 40 minutes, which prevents the ground team from adapting the probe's trajectory before flying by the moons.
This is why the "EAGLE" autonomous navigation technology which uses images taken by the 'Navcam' camera in real-time was developed. Instead of sending pictures of Jupiter's moons back to the team on Earth to aim the instruments, the JUICE NavCam is able to process them on board, thanks to algorithms based on detection of the edge of the moons. With this information, JUICE can independently refine the viewing angle of its instruments.
One of Jupiter's mysteries is the planet's enormous magnetic field. The magnetosphere rotates with the planet, capturing swarms of charged particles. This fast rotation creates a natural particle accelerator, causing the particles to release radio waves which can reach Jupiter's icy moons.
It's hoped that by investigating the moons' electrical and magnetic environment, the JUICE mission can increase our knowledge of how this harsh environment 740 million kilometres from the Sun shaped, and continues to shape, the conditions on their surface.
The sensitive instruments on board the probe, including a magnetometer, are designed to record data about Jupiter's magnetic field. However, to make the measurements as accurate as possible, JUICE must ensure that it is 'squeaky clean', in that its own presence and emissions do not disturb the instruments.
To produce such a 'clean' spacecraft was a huge challenge. In order to reduce electric and magnetic emissions and electrostatic interference with the instruments, most of the electronics are installed in two special housings on each side of the probe that help seal in emissions. Additionally, these housings protect the equipment itself from space radiation.
A ten-metre long arm, named Magboom, will keep the most sensitive sensors away from the probe and any electromagnetic interference it may generate while taking measurements.
Airbus engineers have also designed a unique layout for the 23,560 solar cells in JUICE's solar panels to minimise the magnetic field generated by the cells themselves. A conductive layer of indium tin oxide also sits on top of the solar cells to avoid electrostatic disturbances.
The 'reaction wheels', which allow the probe to orient itself in space, are also custom-designed for the mission. They emit 100 times less magnetic energy than wheels that have flown before. Finally, all of the probe's cables - totalling an amazing 15 kilometres - are wrapped in several layers of aluminium to avoid electrical interference.
As shown in this article, science missions are always the most challenging of space missions, but often the most rewarding for the teams who turn them into reality.
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Rocket Lab launches new constellation-class star tracker
Russia will use International Space Station 'until 2028'
NASA Boosts Open Science through Innovative Training
Orion stretches its wings ahead of first crewed Artemis mission
Elon Musk forms X.AI artificial intelligence company
SpaceX will try to launch most powerful rocket ever Monday
China bans ships from area north of Taiwan Sunday due to 'falling rocket wreckage'
SpaceX prepares for rehearsal, test flight of Starship rocket
Curiosity gets a major software upgrade
Ingenuity Mars Helicopter completes 50th flight
NASA unveils 'Mars' habitat for year-long experiments on Earth
Slip and Pivot: Sol 3797
China's inland space launch site advances commercial services
China's Shenzhou XV astronauts complete 3rd spacewalk
China's Shenzhou-15 astronauts to return in June
China's space technology institute sees launches of 400 spacecraft
'The Space Economy' - an Essential Guide for Investors and Entrepreneurs|
Viasat confirms ViaSat-3 Americas set to launch
Taiwan seeks satellite solutions after undersea cables cut
Safran to provide GNSS simulation solutions for Xona's LEO constellation
Intelsat to Extend Life of Satellite with new Mission Extension Pod
3D-printed rocket maker to focus on bigger vehicle for commercial launches
Tendeg selected by Lockheed Martin as strategic supplier of deployable antennas
SatixFy and Presto Engineering test rad-hard space-grade ASICs
HD 169142 b, the third protoplanet confirmed to date
Do Earth-like exoplanets have magnetic fields
New paper investigates exoplanet climates
JWST confirms giant planet atmospheres vary widely
Europe's JUICE mission blasts off towards Jupiter's icy moons
Juno Marks 50 Orbits Around Jupiter
A Jovian journey to the icy worlds of a Gas Giant
Guiding JUICE to Jupiter
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Latex Self Levelling Compound - Flexible Floor Screed
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Why Latex Self Levelling Compound?
I’m Andy Parkin, Managing Director of the Multi-Award Winning Speed Screed. In this article, I am going to take a look at latex self levelling compound.
Firstly, calling something ‘self levelling’ can be a little misleading because the screed will not level itself. In reality, the screed should be called self-smoothing. However, it is more commonly known as self-levelling within the industry.
Latex self levelling compound differs from the usual self screeds
The difference between ordinary screed and the latex self-levelling variety is that it contains a latex additive. Instead of using water to mix, this is replaced with latex. There is no need to add any additional water to this screed. The latex floor screed will then provide a good, level surface on which to lay carpet, vinyl, tiles or other final flooring solutions.
With the additional latex comes added flexibility, so if there is any type of movement in the base layer or substrate the compound can adjust and allow for that movement. This makes the latex screed perfect for bonding to materials that may be problematic for other types of screed, like plywood, for example.
Latex self levelling compound/floor screed is used for a variety of projects so it is worth looking at the type of applications it is most useful for:
Bonded screed layer – this is perfect for self levelling latex screed because the compound needs to form a good bond with the base layer.
Unbonded screed layer – the screed is not best suited for this type of construction because of the presence of a membrane between the substrate and screed.
Floating screed layer – this is used for sound or heating installations and because the screed sits of an insulation layer it is not a suitable form of construction.
Latex Self levelling Compounds: Preparation of the Substrate
When using latex screeds the key factor is the strength of the bonding process. The substrate must be completely solid without any cracks, crumbling areas or other problems with integrity. If the latex screed is placed on a suboptimal substrate it is likely to crack or delaminate.
Always take care to make sure that the substrate is free from any contaminants. This can mean dust, oil, grease or anything that can get into the screed. Any contamination must be removed before the latex self levelling compound is applied and this can be done mechanically by shot blasting or grinding the area. Any paint present on the substrate should also be removed.
Once mechanical cleaning is completed the area should be vacuumed to remove any remaining dust or dirt and a primer applied to help the latex self-levelling screed to bond firmly. Some types of latex self levelling compounds do not need the primer – always refer to the manufacturer’s instructions.
Each manufacturer has their own guidelines for thickness. As a rough guide, the minimum depth for this type of screed is around 2-3mm, with the maximum depth at 10-15mm. However, with some products thickness can be increased to around 30mm by adding in bulking aggregates following manufacturer’s guidance.
Latex self levelling compounds are usually used to help smooth the surface of a concrete or screed layer so that a thin floor covering can be laid. When properly applied it should stop any imperfections in the base showing through the final floor coverings.
If you need any more information about latex self levelling compounds, please get in touch with our helpful and experienced office team.
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What affects the burning velocity of oil&gas fired boilers | Reliable Steam Boiler, Thermal Oil Heater Manufacture
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What affects the burning velocity of oil&gas fired boilers
The oil&gas fired boiler,as one kind of environmentally friendly industrial boiler,is
widely used in food industry,pharmaceuticals industry, hotels ,schools,
etc.We should understand the factors affecting its burning velocity to
help us organize and control the burning processes better.The factors
mainly consists of the following aspects:
The influence of temperature on the burning velocity is extremely
significant.The combustible element in the fuel and oxygen is also
carrying on the slow oxidation reaction at room temperature,but we
cannot feel the temperature rise,when the temperature is higher,the
chemical reaction is very fast,high temperature flue gas is produced
continuously,this is burning.The burning velocity and temperature
perform the exponential function relationship.Therefore, the higher the
temperature inside the furnace,the more intense the burning is,if the
furnace temperature is low,the burning will be slow,even the stable
combustion can’t be guaranteed.
Concentration and pressure
The combustion of liquid fuel and gas fuel in the furnace belongs to
chemical reaction process,when the concentration of reactant (fuel and
air) increases,the chemical reaction will quicken because of the
increase of molecule collision.In addition, the change of pressure can
also cause the change of concentration,so,the pressure has a direct
effect on the burning velocity.
Mixture of fuel and oxidizer
A certain mixing ratio of fuel and oxidizer can make the chemical
reaction rate reach the highest value.Due to the combustion temperature
is also associated with the mixture ratio,the effect of mixing ratio on
the chemical reaction rate is more increased.
Other inert ingredients in the mixture
The inert ingredients such as nitrogen not only reduce the
concentration of the reactants,but also reduced the effective collision
of the reactants,which leads to the decline of chemical reaction speed,
the addition of inert gas will also cause the decline of combustion
temperature,which will further reduce the chemical reaction speed.
According to the above analysis, it is easy to
understand,oxygen-enriched or pure oxygen combustion will greatly
improve chemical reaction speed. Romiter Machinery generally
can run for more than 10 years because of scientific product
design,advanced processing technology and strict quality
control,customers’ satisfaction is our unremitted pursuit,they are ideal industrial boilers to provide hot water or steam,please feel free to contact us for more details!
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Helping parents and carers - Stop It Now
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Helping parents and carers
Need someone to talk to?
Call our confidential helpline or send us an anonymous message.Find out more
Working together to prevent child sexual abuse
We work with parents and carers to protect all children from sexual abuse.
We also offer child sexual abuse prevention courses to children’s centres, parents’ networks, schools and other agencies. Contact the team if you are interested in finding out more.
Find a project to help you
We run a number of projects in Wales designed specifically for parents and carers and for the wider public, including schools and children’s centres, to build their understanding of child sexual abuse.
Conwy Borough country Families First project
Conwy Borough County Families First has funded us to deliver protective sessions for families and professionals. We are keen to build on our strong local links in Conwy to help more families in the area.
- Organisations in Conwy who would like to book a session can download our English Conwy flyer (pdf) or the Welsh Conwy Flyer (pdf).
Parents Protect learning programme
This 12-part child sexual abuse learning programme aims to answer questions and give adults the information, advice and support to help them:
- understand potential risks
- recognise the warnings signs of abuse in children and adults
- build the confidence to prevent abuse
- realise why children don’t talk about abuse
- know where they can go for support if they have concerns
The programme is available in both English and Welsh.
Early Intervention Project
We provide two types of early intervention for vulnerable or at-risk families in Wales. This work is funded by the Welsh Government. One for small groups of parents and the second for vulnerable or at-risk families. Download the English Early Intervention Project Leaflet (pdf) or the Welsh Early Intervention Project Leaflet (pdf) for more information.
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The Adolescent Brain, 2019-2020 - Prospectus - Universiteit Leiden
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Only after completing Developmental and Educational Psychology or a similar course.
This course aims to examine adolescent development from a neuroscientific perspective. Adolescence is a period of vast changes in the biological, cognitive, and social domains. During the seven lectures within this course we will focus on social, emotional, and cognitive changes across adolescence and their links with biological and neural development. The course will provide an introduction to social developmental neuroscience, with a special focus on structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging methods and brain development, and will further focus on the links between brain development and socio-emotional development across adolescence. Most recent models of brain development will be used to extend our knowledge of current theories of adolescent development and to inform our understanding of the mechanisms behind social and emotional changes in adolescence. By doing so, this course offers a unique neuroscience background to understanding child and adolescent development.
The following fundamental questions will be examined during this course:
What are patterns of brain development across adolescence?
Which brain regions are related to increased sensitivity to affective and social influences across adolescence?
What is the ‘social brain’? Which brain networks are involved in social and emotional functioning?
How can we explain changes in (social) behaviour in adolescence, including prosocial behaviour and risk taking, by using mechanisms of brain development?
To explain adolescent development from a neuroscientific perspective, bridging neural and social-emotional and cognitive development
To use neuroscientific theories to explain adolescent behaviour
To critically evaluate experimental designs based on knowledge gained on neuroscience research methods
For the timetables of your lectures, workgroups, and exams, select your study programme. Psychology timetables
Students need to register for lectures, workgroups and exams. Instructions for registration in courses for the 2nd and 3rd year
Elective students have to enroll for each course separately. For admission requirements contact your study advisor.
For admission requirements, please contact your exchange coordinator.
Students are not automatically enrolled for an examination. They can register via uSis from 100 to 10 calendar days before the date; students who are not registered will not be permitted to take the examination. Registering for exams
Mode of instruction
7 2-hour lectures
The course grade will be determined by a final written examination. The written examination will be composed of open-end essay questions.
The Institute of Psychology uses fixed rules for grade calculation and compulsory attendance. It also follows the policy of the Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences to systematically check student papers for plagiarism with the help of software. Disciplinary measures will be taken when fraud is detected. Students are expected to be familiar with and understand the implications of these three policies.
Papers will be announced on Blackboard.
Bianca Westhoff, MSc. [email protected]
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MAMMI Study - Trinity College Dublin
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Public Involvement in Research
Research with, not just about women
Involving the public in the MAMMI study is an important step in ensuring that the real life experiences of women are considered when decisions are being made about the research we do.
Womens involvement in MAMMI
Public involvement in research is defined as conducting research ‘with’ or ‘by’ members of the public rather than doing research ‘to’, ‘about’ or ‘for’ them, helps to ensure the quality and relevance of the research, and is underpinned by democratic principles of citizenship, accountability and transparency. The MAMMI study was set up in 2011 to become a study ‘with and for women’, not just to do research 'about' women.During the study’s development phase, pregnant and postpartum women were consulted on the acceptability of the study documents and surveys, and the validity of the content, and their opinions and input shaped the final documents. In 2017, a group of women, participants in the study, contributed to the development of the follow-up study surveys and documents, and several are willing to be involved with the research on a long-term basis. This initiative will enable women to identify and prioritise research studies that are important to them and, ultimately, influence future services for childbearing women and mothers.
Dr. Deirdre Daly
Deirdre is a midwife with over 20 years experience working with mothers and families in maternity care services in Ireland and the UK. Deirdre first came up with the idea of setting up a study to examine maternal health in Ireland when she experienced the lack of conversation about maternal health issues, and the extent to which women's health problems remained hidden, with women suffering in silence from health problems that are treatable and curable and, if treated early enough, could prevent some of these problems from persisting into later life.
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Improving your mental health during stress-filled times | Texas Baptists
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Stress is all around us. It was present before COVID-19, and during the pandemic, I’m certain you have experienced even more stress than usual. Stress impacts mental health, and the ability to manage stress in healthy ways absolutely impacts mental health. Here are some stress management techniques which may be helpful for improving your mental health in terms of the body, mind and spirit.
Stress causes a reaction in our body that includes a hormone cascade to assist us in addressing the stressor. This process is meant to heighten our abilities for a short period of time with the expectation that once the stressor is removed, our bodies can return to a relaxed state. But, when we experience chronic stress, our bodies do not have the chance to return to that calmer state. We can only sustain this heightened response for so long before being impacted, usually in negative ways. Here are a few suggestions to mitigate the stress response and improve mental health in the process:
Exercise – 30 minutes, 4-5 times per week is recommended. Exercise generates the “feel good” chemicals in the body, which helps to offset those generated by the stress response.
Food – When stressed we often reach for salty or sugary foods that give us a quick boost of “feel good” hormones. But, our body will likely crash once that quick-fix ends. The better choice is to increase vegetable intake, cut back on sugar, fried foods and junk foods, and eat healthier overall. This helps to regular blood sugar and prevents spikes and crashes.
Water – Even mild dehydration can impact our ability to think clearly. Water is important to help flush out toxins created in the body by stress and keep our organs working well. An easy recommendation to follow is to divide your weight in half and drink that number of ounces of water every day (180 pounds/2=90 ounces of water). Cutting back on sugary drinks and caffeine will also help.
Sleep – Getting enough sleep and good quality sleep is so important for our bodies and minds to repair, restore and renew. Strive for 7-8 hours of sleep each night.
We all have an internal dialogue of some kind. And many of us struggle with a bent toward negative thinking patterns. Here are a couple of helpful tips to cultivate healthy thinking:
Challenge your thoughts – Scripture instructs us to take every thought captive into the obedience of Christ (2 Corinthians 10:5). Not every thought you have is truthful. Sometimes we can get stuck in negative or self-destructive patterns of thinking. Challenging your thoughts is one of the best ways to break unhealthy thinking patterns. Ask yourself questions like – Is this thought true? Is this thought helpful? Where does this thought come from? Then, take steps to replace any faulty thinking patterns with truth from God’s Word.
Take a break – Sometimes our brain just needs to take a break from problem-solving or decision-making. Allow yourself some downtime, optimally a few minutes several times a day, so your brain can rest. Meditation is a great tool to use and actually energizes your brain so that you can re-engage problem-solving or work tasks with more focus and energy.
Chronic stress and a prolonged sense of suffering or despair can have a negative impact on our spirit as well. Here are some ideas to address this issue and increase a sense of hope and motivation:
Scripture – The Word is full of verses that uplift and offer hope. Write some of your favorites down on sticky notes or note cards and place them in areas where they will frequently be seen to remind you of God’s love, hope and salvation. You could also listen to sermon podcasts that you find encouraging.
Prayer – Lifting your praises and burdens to the Lord can be a great source of strength and hope. Make time in your schedule for regular communion with God through prayer.
Solitude – Make time every week for moments of solitude where you can turn off the “noise” of technology devices, social media, news cycles, etc. Even a couple of minutes each day can be very helpful.
Music – Make a playlist of music that you find calming, inspirational or joyful and listen as you have time each day.
Nature – For some, being in nature is a great way to connect with God and renew the spirit. Make time to walk or sit outside and just be – listen to the noises of nature, take in the beauty of God’s creation, breathe in the fresh air and feel the breeze or sun on your skin.
Gratitude - Practicing gratitude is a great way to lift your spirits and redirect your focus on God. Every night before you go to bed, identify three things you are grateful for, from the day.
Start where you can. Don’t think of this as a to-do list and stress yourself over all the things you aren’t doing or don’t have time to do. Pick 2-3 of these strategies that you can start incorporating into your life, and when you’ve developed a habit of doing them on a regular basis (which usually takes about 3 weeks), then consider adding in a couple more.
Through implementing some of these ideas, you can learn to reduce stress and you can improve your mental health.
Summing it all up, friends, I’d say you’ll do best by filling your minds and meditating on things true, noble, reputable, authentic, compelling, gracious—the best, not the worst; the beautiful, not the ugly; things to praise, not things to curse. (Philippians 4:8, The Message)
To learn more about Texas Baptists Counseling Services visit txb.org/counseling.
Texas Baptists is a movement of God’s people to share Christ and show love by strengthening churches and ministers, engaging culture and connecting the nations to Jesus.
The ministry of the convention is made possible by giving through the Texas Baptists Cooperative Program, Mary Hill Davis Offering® for Texas Missions, Texas Baptists Worldwide and Texas Baptist Missions Foundation. Thank you for your faithful and generous support.
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We are more together.
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Oxytocin - The Behavioral Scientist
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What is Oxytocin?
Oxytocin is a peptide hormone and neurotransmitter produced in the hypothalamus and secreted by the posterior pituitary gland. It is often referred to as the “love hormone” or “cuddle hormone” due to its association with social bonding, trust, and attachment. Oxytocin plays a critical role in various physiological processes, including childbirth, lactation, and stress regulation.
Childbirth and Lactation
Oxytocin is essential for the process of childbirth, as it stimulates uterine contractions during labor and helps the uterus return to its normal size after delivery. Oxytocin also promotes lactation by stimulating the release of milk from the mammary glands in response to a suckling infant.
Social Bonding and Trust
Oxytocin is known to facilitate social bonding and attachment between individuals. It has been implicated in the formation of pair bonds between mates, parent-infant attachment, and the development of trust and empathy in social interactions.
Oxytocin is involved in stress regulation and has anxiolytic (anxiety-reducing) effects. It can counteract the effects of stress hormones, such as cortisol, and promote relaxation and a sense of well-being.
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Research suggests that oxytocin may play a role in the development of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by social communication deficits and repetitive behaviors. Studies have found that individuals with ASD may have altered oxytocin signaling, and interventions targeting the oxytocin system may hold promise for improving social functioning in this population.
Social Anxiety and Depression
Alterations in oxytocin levels and signaling have been implicated in social anxiety disorder and depression. Oxytocin may have potential as a therapeutic target for these conditions, as it has been shown to promote social engagement and reduce anxiety in both animal models and human studies.
Postpartum depression, a mood disorder that can affect women after childbirth, has been linked to disruptions in oxytocin signaling. Research suggests that interventions targeting the oxytocin system may help alleviate symptoms of postpartum depression and improve maternal-infant bonding.
Oxytocin is a hormone and neurotransmitter involved in various physiological and psychological processes, such as childbirth, lactation, social bonding, trust, and stress regulation. Dysregulation of oxytocin signaling has been implicated in several disorders, including autism spectrum disorder, social anxiety, depression, and postpartum depression. Further research on oxytocin may lead to novel therapeutic approaches for these conditions.
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Business Studies Key Terms Cards – The Cambridge Home Educator
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Business Studies Key Terms Cards
These cards were compiled to help with revision for the CAIE (0986) Business Studies IGCSE, and follows the Fisher et al 2016 and the Borrington and Stimpson Cambridge IGCSE Business Studies Coursebooks.
These cards were put together for the 2018 summer exams, but I’ve come back to them with my youngest for the 2022 summer exams.
Once we have gone through the entire course book, we use them by grouping the cards and putting them on a sheet of A1 in a configuration that makes sense to us – I always think of them like supermarket aisles, but you could equally do a mind map or similar. We then go through each card checking that my off-spring has fully understood each concept and discuss any blanks in knowledge.
By having the cards grouped, it helps them to visualise what concepts should always be thought of together, e.g. quality and lean production.
We then go on to use them when marking past papers, helping them pick out which cards would be relevant for the answer and what they could have put in the answer to maximise marks.
We also take the cards out of their specific chapter groupings to make larger mind maps or chains of thinking, e.g. expansion → (increase) market share → economies of scale → (reduced) variable/fixed/total costs → (higher) profit
Finally, I leave my child to try and memorise exact definitions for terms that come up in the 1 and 2 mark questions.
The cards are in the files below, followed by how to make them, and then pictures of how we grouped ours together – just in case you are looking for inspiration.
- Print out. (You may need to change the scale, depending on your computer. On mine the scale needs to be about 77% to fill an A4 sheet.)
- Cut through the middle along the shortest length (there should be five card names and their definitions/accompanying text on each half).
- Fold each half in half again, along the longest length, so that the card names are all on one side and the accompanying text is on the back.
- Stick the two sides together and cut so that each card is separate from the other four.
- Laminate if you think they are going to get heavy use, or just use as is.
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12 Reasons Why Wireframing is Important in Web Design Process | ThemeVault
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12 Reasons Why Wireframing is Important in Web Design Process
You may have heard the term 'wireframing' at some point in designing and it is a very important thing to focus on while designing a website. Wireframing is a quick and effective way to identify usability issues before the design process.
But what is wireframing?
A wireframe is a very basic layout of a web page that includes no color, no imagery and, in some cases, no text. It allows you to determine the hierarchy of the design and it also makes it easier to plan the content and UX.
Wireframing refers to the process in which web designers and clients discuss and determine the hierarchy of a webpage. Wireframing makes it easier to arrange the content. Wireframes are the simple layout of a webpage that outlines the placement of site elements, CTA areas, site features etc.
You do not need to make any choices of colors, fonts logo etc. while designing wireframe. Wireframe entirely focus on website structure only. Here are 12 reasons why wireframing is so important in web design process:
1. What Makes Wireframing so Useful?
Designers spend a lot of time in making wireframe because they know that without a strong foundation, the result will be inefficient. During wireframing, designers only focus on user experience only. User experience is the only thing that matters to everything on a website from conversion to customer trust. Without any distraction of colors, fonts & images, designers can work on the core design and important elements. By doing so, one can avoid any major and expensive changes in the long run.
2. Visually displays information hierarchy
Wireframe displays exactly how the page and content will be in place on the website before you start designing. By laying down the structure beforehand, you can make adjustments as per client's request before you go ahead with a design.
When wireframe created, designers can have an idea about which page and element are more important than others. So they can adjust the hierarchy on elements and pages in a manner that end result can be efficient enough.
3. Helps identify CTA’s and other information
Don't think about colors and style at this stage. While designing a wireframe, think about what action you want the user to take on your website when they first land? What step further you want customers to take on a website? These question will help you determine the important aspects of a website.
4. Constructs the placement of content
After knowing the important information about a website, you can move ahead with content. You can decide where to place the content and the CTAs'.
There is always a long list of ideas about features and content in designer's mind. Wireframe helps them what to include and what to discard and the functionalities need to be in place on a website.
Simply put, a wireframe allows designer and client to work together in creating website structure before implementation.
5. Helps you determine features
In the early stages of web design, web designers and clients can discuss and work together on including potential features and attributes that might offer better usability/experience to the visitors and can boost conversion.
You can also eliminate some of the features from wireframe if it doesn't add value to the goals of your website.
Clients many times don't understand what you mean when you say “google map integration”, “lightbox”, “Masonry” and many other types features. Wireframing the features can help to understand their functions to the client.
6. Focusing on User Experience
As we discussed above, wireframe eliminates all the distraction of color & design, designers can focus on the usability, functionality, and user experience of any website. Wireframes draw attention to basic structure and functions of any website and the elements that will have an impact on user experience.
7. Saving Time/Changes More Efficient
Creating wireframes may seem like putting a lot of time into it. But it helps you save time in long run throughout the project lifecycle. You don't need to think about the flow and purpose of each page when you are designing.
Wireframe saves a lot of time as the designs are already determined. Your client and developers become more clear about the design and content. Wireframes help avoid changes later in the process.
8. Saving Time/Changes More Efficient
It takes a lot of time, effort and money to design a website. Designers invest a lot of time into designing and the same applies to clients from the cost point of view. Clients invest a lot of money into it. And when it comes to design changes, they are just inevitable.
Designing a wireframe before designing web pages can help ease the process of design changes. We can review wireframes from both designer and client-side beforehand for eliminating the changes after designing the website. Changes can add up a lot to expense when they're made to a fully designed website.
9. Wireframes push usability to the forefront
This is one of the most important points in the wireframing process. Maintaining the usability of a website is the most important thing. Placement of links, CTAs', navigation buttons etc increases the ease of use. Wireframe can highlight flaws in your website structure.
10. Wireframes help make the design process frequentative
Wireframes help you ensure that you consider one element at a time while designing rather than combining the functions, layouts, creativity in one step. Omitting wireframe will increase the cost of making changes as the fully designed website will be reworked to implement changes.
Wireframes help you take one element at a time while designing rather than mixing functionality, layout, and creative aspects in a go.
11. Wireframes make site navigation better
The most important thing about a website is its navigation. If a user fails to find the service/product he is looking for, he will immediately leave your website. Content findability is the most important thing to focus on while designing navigation.
Wireframes give an idea of how easy or difficult it will be to locate important pages on the website. And also to clarify that whether the navigation confuses the user or clarify.
12. Wireframes Help Web Developers
Web developers don't need to think about the placement of individual functions, attributes, and content when they have wireframes handy. Wireframes eliminate a lot of questions and assumptions during the website building process.
Wireframes give a clear idea to web developers about what to do in next step. It also helps take a better decision as what technologies, techniques, and process to use to achieve an excellent result.
When you include wireframing in your design process, you win as the designer. This is not only the transition from wireframing to design. You can also eliminate the headache of the word and template changes later in the process. Once you are done with the wireframing and it gets approved you can start designing in the same file. Because everything is planned and measured you can simply apply styles and colors to the existing template design.
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Cambodia Is Teaching the World How to Clear Land Mines | The Nation
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Cambodia Is Teaching the World How to Clear Land Mines
The country’s history of bombardment has led it to develop expertise in the dangerous, delicate business of removing these hidden threats.
Siem Reap, Cambodia—Before I signed the waiver, Sophie Schillings went over the rules. “Please don’t run in the minefield,” she said. “And don’t pick anything up.”
This was my first time in a minefield. I was listening carefully.
It was a misty morning in Cambodia, and although it was barely 10 am, the heat was already baking the air. I was about to enter a known minefield near the Trei Nhoar commune, less than an hour’s drive from Siem Reap, Cambodia’s second-largest city and the gateway to its legendary temples. The HALO Trust, a UK-based NGO and the world’s largest demining nonprofit, was working to clear the mines from the area, and Schillings, HALO’s deputy program manager for Cambodia, was judiciously advising me on what not to do in a minefield.
I had come to Cambodia to observe the dangerous ballet of land-mine removal. More important, I had also come to learn how Cambodia has become a leading location for non-Cambodians to study the art and procedures of demining. Foreigners once flew over Cambodia to drop bombs; now foreigners fly to Cambodia to learn how to get rid of bombs. Practices and methods for mine clearance have been developed and refined here and exported to countries as far away as Ukraine, Angola, and Iraq.
Why Cambodia, you might ask? The answer lies largely with history. The nation is afflicted with some of the highest concentrations of land mines on earth, owing to the protracted wars in Southeast Asia, multiple foreign invasions, the madness of its homegrown genocide under Pol Pot, and the country’s long, slow climb out of civil strife. The northwestern region along the border with Thailand hosts what’s known as the K5 mine belt, a 750-kilometer stretch of death-in-waiting, planted in the 1980s during the fighting between the Vietnamese-backed People’s Republic of Kampuchea and the Chinese- (and US-) supported Khmer Rouge.
The east of the country is also riddled with unexploded ordnance (“UXO” in the professional lingo), mostly cluster munitions left over from the US carpet-bombing campaign under Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger. It is estimated that from 1969 to 1973, the United States dropped at least 26 million cluster submunitions, also known as “bomblets,” on this country of just 6.7 million people—a third of which fell within one kilometer of villages. Experts believe that between 1.3 million and 7.8 million of these submunitions failed to explode (so-called “duds”). These unexploded bomblets became de facto land mines that continue to haunt this nation and hold its territory hostage.
According to the Cambodian Mine Action and Victim Assistance Authority, a government agency, there were 65,028 casualties—including 19,821 deaths—from explosions of ordnance between January 1979 and July 2023.
But what I learned was that demining doesn’t just protect you from the weapons of past wars; it can also lead you to take positions on present conflicts. The day after I was out walking with deminers near Trei Nhoar, the US announced that it would be sending cluster munitions to Ukraine. Oleksii Reznikov, Ukraine’s recently replaced defense minister, has said that Ukraine now holds the dubious distinction of being the most heavily mined nation on the planet, and the war came up often in my talks with the Cambodian demining community. Every Cambodian I spoke with thought the American decision to send cluster munitions to Ukraine was a big mistake.
“Military leaders will demand one thing, but after the fighting it’s a completely different story,” Heng Ratana, the director general of the Cambodian Mine Action Center (CMAC), the government’s demining agency, told me as I sat in his office in Phnom Penh. “We have more than 200 cluster experts working in the field,” he said, “and we continue to discover cluster submunitions every day on the ground.”
Ratana explained that dud rates are always higher than the manufacturers promise, with a 25 to 30 percent failure rate in Cambodia, and buried cluster submunitions continue to maim or kill people routinely there. Since they fall through the air, bomblets often end up embedded deeper in the earth than a soldier would lay a land mine. In soft ground, cluster bomblets can be found a meter deep, Ratana said, making them harder and more dangerous to discover.
“From our own experience and the lessons learned here,” Ratana said, “we believe that to use cluster bombs in Ukraine hurts the Ukrainian people themselves.”
Land mines are the unacknowledged legislators of the earth. They determine who can walk the ground or work the soil. And they do so silently, lying in wait with inhuman patience for months or years or even decades. When, one day, a land mine does explode, it can burst with all the fury and vengeance of a long-ago conflict. Yet we continue to design them, produce them, and deploy them, convincing ourselves of their imminent need while reassuring ourselves of our dominion over objects. But every time we bury them in the ground, fire them from rockets, or drop them from the sky, we enslave ourselves for the foreseeable future to a tyranny of our own creation.
Like the hand grenade, the machine gun, and the armored warship, land mines were an invention of the US Civil War. Initially, the Confederacy improvised land mines out of a variety of artillery shells, but by 1863, a new science had been born. The Confederate States Congress allotted $100,000 to the Army Torpedo Bureau, “the world’s first institution devoted to landmine warfare,” according to Kenneth Rutherford, a historian of land mines. The bureau was headed by Brig. Gen. Gabriel Rains, the inventor of the Rains fuse, a sensor that would activate an artillery shell if someone stepped on it with a mere seven pounds of pressure. Confronted with this new reality, Union commanders would sometimes force Confederate prisoners of war to march in front of them as a rudimentary form of mine clearance.
German engineers refined the Rains fuse just in time for World War I. During World War II, Britain, France, Germany, and Italy laid as many as 19 million land mines in North Africa alone. World War II also saw the extensive deployment of bounding fragmentation mines, the most infamous being the German S-mine, also known as the “Bouncing Betty.” When tripped, these mines shoot up about three feet into the air and then explode, spraying shrapnel in a 360-degree radius and killing or mutilating anything nearby. As for cluster munitions, the United States deployed them extensively during the Vietnam War. A 1972 US Air Force review of BLU-63 bomblets, over 1 million of which were dropped in Cambodia, showed that the Hoffman Electronics Corporation received a contract to provide almost 24 million units to the Air Force. The cost per bomblet? Thirty-five cents.
Adjusted for inflation, 35 cents in 1972 equals $2.55 today. It’s often said in the demining community that a land mine costs as little as $1 to produce but $1,000 to remove.
In the early 1990s, after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the dissipation—or so it seemed at the time—of the threat of global nuclear annihilation, the international human rights community turned to the problem of land mines. In 1991, Asia Watch (part of Human Rights Watch) and Physicians for Human Rights jointly published a report titled “Land Mines in Cambodia: The Coward’s War,” which detailed the terrible toll that land mines had taken on civilians there. A movement was building, and Cambodia and Afghanistan were repeatedly mentioned as the countries that were suffering the greatest devastation by this indiscriminate weapon. Globally, the most recognized activist fighting the scourge of land mines was Princess Diana, who in 1997 famously walked through a minefield in Angola that was being cleared by HALO.
Later that year, the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention was signed in Ottawa, Canada, taking effect on March 1, 1999. To date, 164 countries (including Ukraine) have joined the treaty. However, 32 countries—including the United States, Russia, China, Iran, Israel, India, Pakistan, and North and South Korea—have not. The US position is complicated: In June 2022, the Biden administration, like the Obama administration before it, pledged to forgo the use of antipersonnel land mines and destroy US stockpiles, except for those that it considers necessary to defend South Korea against an invasion by its neighbor—often called the “Korea exception.” At the same time, the US also provides significantly more funding for global demining efforts than any other nation.
But the land-mine treaty does not ban the use, stockpiling, or production of every kind of land mine—only the victim-activated antipersonnel mine. Mines that are operated by remote control, for example, are not banned; neither are anti-vehicle and anti-tank mines. And cluster munitions are regulated by a different international treaty. The Convention on Cluster Munitions was adopted in 2008 and went into effect in 2010. That treaty has been signed by 124 countries, but 73 countries—including Ukraine, the US, Russia, China, Iran, Israel, India, Pakistan, and both North and South Korea—have not signed on.
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In Cambodia, the destructive force of land mines, cluster munitions, and other explosive remnants of war remains a terrifying reality in people’s daily lives. In Phnom Penh, I met Borin Bun, a 38-year-old mother of two who lost her right leg below the knee when she was a 10-year-old kid searching for mangoes; she didn’t receive a prosthetic limb until she was 18. That same year, she joined the Cambodian Handicraft Association, a small NGO that helps women who have been disabled by land mines or polio. I met Bun, who started as a weaver and is now a tailor, at the association’s workshop, a dimly lit sewing factory near the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum that raises funds by selling handmade silk scarves and souvenirs.
Land-mine discoveries and detonations continue to occur. The day before I visited the minefield near Trei Nhoar, a HALO deminer found an unexploded 60-millimeter mortar round nearby. The previous day, a 42-year-old farmer lost his right foot after stepping on a land mine as he was foraging for mushrooms near the Thai border. Though the first six months of 2023 saw a significant decline in explosive ordnance casualties compared with 2022, late June and early July saw five accidents (including two deaths) in 10 days, according to Miles Hawthorn, HALO’s program manager for Cambodia.
When land mines don’t kill their victims, they often destroy a person’s ability to make a living. Before I suited up with the deminers in a Kevlar vest and a white helmet with a thick visor, Ran Tith, a field officer and 14-year HALO veteran, told me that the minefield I’d be visiting, laid by the Khmer Rouge, is considered low-density. Even so, Chinese-made 72-Alpha antipersonnel and Type 69 bounding fragmentation mines had been found there. And after someone was killed by a mine explosion in 1998, the land was deemed too dangerous to farm—an expensive loss for the three families on whose land the minefield sat and the village of 724 people nearby. In an agrarian society like Cambodia’s, so much really does depend on wheelbarrows.
HALO (the acronym stands for Hazardous Area Life-Support Organization) began working in Cambodia in 1992, when the country, then governed by the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia, was slowly rising from the ashes of its civil war. Since then, HALO—which began in 1988 in Afghanistan, where it is still active—has cleared nearly 5,000 minefields and destroyed more than half a million mines and other explosive ordnance in Cambodia. Its staff there is made up of 1,214 Cambodians and eight international workers, and 51 percent of its deminers are women. Six of its employees are victims of land mines, all injured prior to working at HALO.
But the mission of HALO’s office here goes beyond Cambodia. HALO runs programs in 30 countries, including a new one in the Solomon Islands, established to remove the World War II munitions that still litter places such as Guadalcanal. Earlier this year, the Solomon Islands team came to Cambodia, as many other international teams have in the past, for instruction. And since 2006, HALO’s Cambodia office has been training people to become field officers for the organization’s other international operations.
I met the latest class, made up mostly of young people with experience in the international humanitarian sector and a few older, ex-military types. Carlos Scull, a solidly built 37-year-old Venezuelan, was one of the students. Scull, who holds a master’s degree in public policy, told me that he and his classmates had “been learning from the Cambodians from the beginning of our training.” He didn’t know where HALO would place him after completing the program, but he hoped at some point in the future to bring his newly honed demining skills “back to Latin America.”
The class had recently been out in the field demining for the first time, and Katie Robjent, a 29-year-old Briton, found two land mines. “I won’t lie,” she told me. “It was daunting.” The mines had been discovered in a small, parceled-out area and were buried only two to three centimeters in the ground. “It was a bit surreal,” Robjent said, “but also very satisfying and rewarding.” She was especially surprised by the loud sound and copious amount of smoke the mines produced when they were later destroyed by a controlled explosion. “It was an amazing feeling,” she said. “They were gone now. They can’t do any more damage.”
The life of Ny Ra, a 55-year-old operations manager at HALO’s Cambodia office, illustrates some of the ways that demining skills among Cambodians have developed and traveled. After his father was killed by the Khmer Rouge in 1979, Ny Ra and his family fled the city of Sisophon for Thailand, where he lived as a refugee from the ages of 12 to 25. The camps there were prime recruiting grounds for armed factions opposed to the Vietnamese-installed People’s Republic of Kampuchea, and Ny Ra said he was press-ganged into firing mortar rounds as part of a crew with the Khmer People’s National Liberation Front. In 1996, unemployed and in search of a steady paycheck after the civil war ended, he began demining with HALO. It’s not impossible that at some point in his long career, Ny Ra may even have cleared some of the same mortar rounds that he had fired as a young conscripted soldier.
He moved up through the organization and was one of the first employees trained to use the Handheld Standoff Mine Detection System, or HSTAMIDS. Developed by the US military, this specialized piece of equipment is a metal detector that also uses ground-penetrating radar. In 2008, Ny Ra was sent to Herat, Afghanistan, to teach Afghan deminers how to use HSTAMIDS. Later, he spent a year training deminers in Laos. Now back in Cambodia, he has trained demining teams from Colombia, Myanmar, and Ukraine. “This country is very experienced with land mines,” he told me. “We are like a demining university for others.”
HALO is far from the only international NGO operating in Cambodia’s demining sector. Others include the Norwegian People’s Aid, the UK-based Mine Action Group, and the Belgian organization APOPO, which is famous for training African giant pouched rats to sniff out land mines around the world. (APOPO is a Dutch acronym for Anti-Persoonsmijnen Ontmijnende Product Ontwikkeling—Anti-Personnel Landmines Detection Product Development, in English.) APOPO’s training and research center is in Morogoro, Tanzania, where African giant pouched rats are indigenous, but the group has been working in Cambodia since 2014.
Along with teams of specially trained technical survey dogs, APOPO has 59 mine-detection rats working in Cambodia. The rats, naturally endowed with an incredibly keen sense of smell, are taught in Tanzania to sniff out the TNT in an explosive. They can detect the smell of a mine buried up to about eight inches in the ground. Since the rats, which are slightly smaller than the average house cat, weigh less than three pounds, they are far too light to set off the device, and APOPO has never lost a single one to a land mine.
Nocturnal by nature, the rats have an abbreviated work schedule. They are awakened at 4 am. Sunscreen is gently applied to their ears and tails, and they are transported to a minefield to commence work. A typical day lasts from 6 am to 9 am. Thus far, APOPO’s Cambodian program has cleared 799 cluster munitions, almost 2,000 antipersonnel mines, and a similar number of other dangerous remnants of war, such as unexploded mortar rounds. In Cambodia, I learned, the three most productive rats are named Ronin, Princess Diana, and Sharleen.
Vankeng Dit took me around APOPO’s visitor center in Siem Reap one morning. There, I met and held Sofia, one of the rats, and watched another, Sharon, demonstrate her mine-detection abilities in the controlled environment of the center. Dit told me that since he began working with APOPO, he had given up eating rats, which are considered a delicacy in Khmer cooking. “The rats are our brothers and sisters,” he said. “We raise them as our children.”
That family spirit also attaches to APOPO’s technical survey dogs. Outfitted with small backpacks that include advanced electronics such as a GPS, camera, and beacon, APOPO’s dogs have learned how to survey large swaths of land quickly to ensure that the area is mine-free or to detect any mines that might still be hidden.
APOPO trains its dogs in Cambodia and then sends them and their handlers to other locations where APOPO works. Dogs have been sent to South Sudan and Turkey, and teams of dogs and rats have been sent to Nagorno-Karabakh. Next year, APOPO’s Cambodia operation expects to train six Ukrainian women in handling the technical survey dogs. (Ukrainian men between 18 and 60, needed for the war, are generally blocked from leaving the country.)
The largest demining organization in Cambodia is CMAC, established by royal decree on June 10, 1992. Only Afghanistan has an older national mine action center, but the United Nations has always played the central role in Afghanistan’s demining. The work in Cambodia, on the other hand, has been independent of the United Nations since 1993.
Over the years, CMAC has developed a number of specialized demining skills, including underwater explosives clearance, which is necessary because a vast number of bombs from the Vietnam War still sit at the bottom of the Mekong River. Explosive harvesting is another element of the agency’s work. The explosive components are cut out of the bombs while in place and then repurposed. CMAC provides the explosives to other demining organizations, such as HALO, so that they can conduct controlled explosions of the mines when they’re discovered, a common practice.
CMAC also shares its expertise in mine clearance with other nations in a South-South cooperation program, which began in 2010 when Colombian deminers came to Cambodia to learn CMAC’s techniques and CMAC went to Colombia to help develop the training program there. Different countries will have different needs, Heng Ratana, the CMAC director general, told me. Iraqi teams have come to CMAC to be trained in IED disposal, he said, while teams from Laos come to learn about clearing cluster munitions. Through this Japanese-funded program, CMAC has also worked directly with demining teams from Afghanistan, Angola, Mozambique, Myanmar, and, most recently, Ukraine.
The decades-long emergency of land-mine contamination in Cambodia has compelled the country to innovate. Cambodia’s political system, however, hasn’t been so agile. Many young Cambodians I met complained to me privately about political corruption and what is essentially one-party rule. Prime Minister Hun Sen ruled Cambodia for 38 years, and the elections this summer were widely seen as illegitimate, with the US declaring them “neither free nor fair.” Hun Sen, moreover, recently handed the prime minister’s post to Hun Manet, his eldest son, while promising that “if my son fails to meet expectations…I would reassume my role as prime minister.” Despite such political limitations, Cambodia’s demining sector remains internationally recognized for its professionalism.
But all eyes, in Cambodia and around the world, are on Ukraine now. When the war there ends, what kind of future will Ukrainians face, considering the number of land mines buried in their soil? What lessons can Ukraine take from Cambodia’s example?
The learning, in fact, is a two-way street. The problem in Ukraine isn’t only the spread of cluster munitions or the massive scale of land-mine contamination. Both Ukraine and Russia have laid antipersonnel mines, though Russia has used them far more extensively. Many military experts believe that Ukraine’s failure to advance in its latest offensive has been due to the Russian occupier’s extensive use of land mines. But the war in Ukraine has also created new types of land mines. In Ukraine, Russia is deploying never-before-seen mines, some of which it claims are equipped with artificial intelligence.
Ny Ra, HALO’s operations manager, was one of several people who told me about these new mines—including the POM-3, a successor to the Bouncing Betty. The POM-3 is a bounding fragmentation mine; when it’s triggered, the deadly portion of the mine springs up to five feet into the air before exploding, spreading shrapnel within a lethal radius of around 50 feet. But the POM-3 is set off by a seismic fuse, which means that you don’t need to step on it for it to detonate. Merely approaching the mine is enough for it to explode, making it particularly difficult to find using traditional mine-detection procedures. Russia claims that AI technology gives the mine the ability to distinguish between friendly footsteps and enemy approaches, a feat dismissed as simply impossible by technology experts.
It’s a brand-new mine that the world hasn’t experienced before, and for professionals like Ny Ra, it presents a rare opportunity to cultivate new skills. We were sitting in HALO’s board room, surrounded by displays of actual weapons that had been cut in half and a large variety of land mines and mortars, all stamped “FFE” (Free From Explosives). But there was no POM-3 in a display case. Ny Ra’s eyes sparkled as he described the mine to me. “I have asked my boss to go to Ukraine,” he said, smiling, “but we’ll see.”
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This article explores the significance, functionalities, implementation and the evolving landscape of IAM in a changing environment.
Understanding Identity Access Management (IAM)
Identity Access Management (IAM) is a framework of policies, technologies and practices that enables organizations to manage and control access to their assets. These assets can include data, applications, systems and networks. IAM ensures that authorized users have access while preventing unauthorized entry.
Key Components of IAM
IAM services consist of components that work together to provide a comprehensive access control solution;
Identity Management; At the core of IAM lies identity management. It involves creating, managing and authenticating user identities. This includes tasks such as user provisioning, and password management.
Management of Access; Access management, also referred to as authorization, regulates the actions that a user can take once they have been authenticated. It involves defining user roles, permissions and access policies.
User Verification; User verification is the process of confirming a user’s identity typically done through usernames and passwords. Multi factor authentication (MFA) has become increasingly prevalent to bolster security.
Simplified Login (SSO); Simplified login (SSO) allows users to sign in once and gain access to applications and services without having to re enter their login credentials each time. This streamlines the user experience while maintaining security.
Collaboration between Organizations; Collaboration between organizations enables users from entities to access resources within trusted organizations without creating identities for themselves. This is particularly valuable in business to business (B2B) and business to customer (B2C) scenarios.Visit here to know more about Identity Access Management Services.
The Importance of IAM
IAM services play a role in strengthening an organization’s security posture by ensuring that authorized users can access sensitive data and systems thereby reducing the risk of data breaches and cyberattacks. Unauthorized access is one of the causes of security breaches, which IAM helps mitigate.
Compliance and Auditability
Maintaining compliance is a concern for many organizations today. IAM solutions assist in meeting compliance requirements for data protection regulations such as GDPR, HIPAA, as various industry specific standards.
IAM also offers audit logs, which facilitate tracking and reporting of resource access. This is particularly important, for meeting requirements and conducting security audits.
Improved User Productivity
IAM systems streamline the user experience with Single Sign On (SSO) which allows users to access resources using a single set of credentials. This does not enhance user productivity. Also minimizes issues related to passwords like resets and lockouts.
Implementing IAM services requires consideration and following a series of steps to ensure an efficient solution. Here’s an overview of the process;
Assessment and Planning
The first step involves assessing the organization’s existing access control system and identifying goals and requirements for the IAM solution. This includes understanding user types required resources and authentication methods.
User Identity Management
The implementation starts with creating and managing user identities including provisioning and de provisioning users while defining their account attributes. It is crucial to establish authentication methods, like biometrics or multi factor authentication to secure user identities effectively.
Role Definition and Policy Establishment
Defining roles and access policies is an aspect of IAM implementation.Organizations must determine who should be granted access to resources and what actions they are allowed to perform. This involves establishing policies based on roles (RBAC) and implementing a grained control system (ABAC).
Integration is crucial for IAM systems to seamlessly connect with an organization’s existing applications, systems and directories. This can be achieved through connectors and APIs ensuring a secure user experience.
Access control mechanisms are implemented to enforce the defined roles and policies. This includes authentication, authorization and Single Sign On (SSO) functionalities. Access control should be flexible enough to accommodate adjustments as roles or policies change.
Monitoring and auditing capabilities are fundamental for IAM systems. Robust monitoring involves collecting and analyzing access logs generating reports and promptly alerting administrators about any activity. Auditing plays a role in compliance adherence well as detecting security incidents.
To ensure an IAM implementation training should be provided for both administrators and end users. Clear onboarding processes should guide users in navigating the system. Training ensures that the IAM system is utilized with proficiency while maintaining security.
The landscape of IAM has evolved significantly due to the adoption of cloud computing.
Cloud based identity and access management (IAM) solutions offer advantages, including scalability, flexibility and cost effectiveness.
Many organizations are now transitioning from, on premises IAM systems to cloud based alternatives. Cloud IAM providers provide features like updates and built in redundancy making management and maintenance simpler.
Integration with Mobile Device Management (MDM)
Due to the increasing use of devices in the workplace IAM solutions are now integrating with Mobile Device Management (MDM) systems. This integration ensures that access controls and security policies also apply to devices. It helps prevent data breaches and safeguards access from smartphones and tablets.
Embracing Zero Trust Security
The concept of Zero Trust security is gaining traction in the field of IAM. Unlike the trust but verify” approach Zero Trust assumes that no one. Whether inside or outside an organization. Can be fully trusted by default. IAM plays a role in implementing Zero Trust by verifying the identity and security status of users and devices before granting access.
Rise of Biometric Authentication
Biometric authentication methods such as fingerprint scanning and facial recognition are increasingly being adopted within the realm of IAM. These methods offer a level of security while also providing convenience as users no longer need to remember passwords. However they also raise concerns about privacy and data protection which must be carefully addressed.
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
Incorporating intelligence and machine learning into IAM systems is becoming more common to detect and respond to security threats. These technologies can identify user behavior helping to uncover security breaches. They are particularly valuable in addressing insider threats.
Challenges and Considerations
While IAM brings numerous benefits organizations must address the following challenges and considerations;
Balancing User Experience and Security
Finding the balance between security measures and user experience is a challenge. Strict security measures can hinder productivity while lenient security can expose the organization to risks. It is crucial for organizations to strike an equilibrium between usability and security.
Safeguarding Data Privacy and Ensuring Compliance
IAM systems often handle data, which raises concerns regarding data privacy and compliance with regulations. Organizations must ensure that their IAM practices adhere to regulations while effectively protecting user data.
Navigating Integration Complexity
Integrating IAM with existing systems and applications can be complex in organizations with legacy systems in place. Successful integration requires planning, thorough testing, well as collaboration among different departments.
Keeping Pace with an Evolving Threat Landscape
The threat landscape is constantly evolving, with new attack methods emerging. To counter these emerging threats organizations must keep their IAM systems up to date and adaptable.
In today’s digital era organizations no longer consider Identity Access Management (IAM) services as optional but rather, as a requirement. These services play a role in safeguarding data, managing access and ensuring compliance with regulations. The dynamic nature of IAM necessitates staying updated with emerging trends such, as cloud based solutions, Zero Trust security and biometric authentication.
Implementing IAM successfully involves planning, integration and continuous monitoring. Although challenges may arise along the way, the advantages of security, increased user productivity and regulatory compliance outweigh the efforts required to establish and maintain these systems. As organizations evolve and adapt to the changing landscape IAM will remain a fundamental component of their overall security strategy.
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What is generation gap essay? – True-telecom.com
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What is generation gap essay?
Generation Gap is a term given to the gap or age difference between two sets of people; the young people and their elders, especially between children and their parents. Everything is influenced by the change of time- the age, the culture, mannerism, and morality. This change affects everyone.
How to explain generation gap?
A generation gap refers to the chasm that separates the beliefs and behaviors belonging to members of two different generations. More specifically, a generation gap can be used to describe the differences in thoughts, actions, and tastes exhibited by members of younger generations versus older ones.
What are examples of generation gap?
An example of a generation gap is the knowledge of the older baby boomers about computers versus the knowledge of young people born after the Internet had already exploded and taken off.
What is the solution of generation gap?
The best way to get people to accept each other’s differences is to get them to work together. This might be through coaching and mentoring or by ensuring diversity across project teams and committees. People naturally seek out the things they have in common, so this can be a very effective approach.
Why is generation gap a problem?
Generation gap occurs between parents and children or between in-laws. It also occurs between teachers and students but the degree of gap is less because they do not spend much time with each other. This problem leads to communication gap and the two parties are unable to understand the channel for communication.
What are the reason for generation gap?
Generation gaps are caused by increased life expectancy, rapid changes in society, and the mobility of society. Effects of the generation gap include conflict among family members of different generations and misunderstandings.
What is the main cause of generation gap?
What are the effects of generation gap?
Generation gaps can impact relationships between family members of different generations. As younger generations are growing up in a mobile, fast-changing world, they experience changing values and attitudes that do not fit with the general traditions that are held by their parents or grandparents.
What causes generation gap?
Due to the responsibilities of being an adult and the stress that comes from work life, parents often find themselves too tired to spend enough time with their kids every day. This causes a lack of communication and interaction that widens the generation gap.
What are the impact of generation gap?
What is the conclusion of generation gap?
Conclusion: If two generations do not match each other but if one generation imposes its views on the other generation then it is a loss from the generation gap. We should avoid doing this because doing so increases tensions between two generations and often leads to confrontations.
What are the problem of generation gap?
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Silhouettes of a Leader | UMC YoungPeople
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Silhouettes of a Leader
Some of your students are, or will be leaders. But all of us take turns being followers. This activity will help students think about the attributes they want in a leader. Prepare by printing out an image of a silhouette for each student, and gathering magazines and newspapers for them to use to find words and images.
- When it’s time, explain that for the next 15 minutes, you’re going to try to create the perfect leader. Tell them to think about the qualities they hope for in a leader.
- Then give each student the silhouettes and ask them to use the magazines and newspapers to find words and images that describe their ideal leadership
- Students then cut out words and images that describe either the kind of leader they want to be or the kind of leader they want to follow and glue those onto the silhouette.
When there are 10 minutes left, invite anyone who wants to the chance to share their work.
- Assorted magazines, newspapers
- Glue sticks (because glue takes forever to dry)
- Handouts with the silhouette of a head
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What is Inventory Management? A Guide For Retailers (2023)
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Understanding Inventory Management
Inventory management is the process of ordering, handling, storing, and using a company’s non-capitalised assets – AKA its inventory.
For some businesses, this involves raw materials and components, while others may only deal with finished stock items ready for sale.
Either way, inventory management all comes down to balance – having the right amount of stock, in the right place, at the right time. And this guide will help you achieve just that.
Retail inventory management
Retail is the general term used to describe businesses that sell physical products to consumers. While not exclusive to retail, inventory management tends to play more of a role in this industry than any other.
We’ll therefore be focusing mainly on inventory management from a retail perspective within this guide.
Retail can be split into several areas:
Offline. Where a company sells via a brick-and-mortar store or physical location.
Online. Where a company sells over the internet via an ecommerce website or marketplace.
Multichannel. Where a company sells in multiple different places, usually a combination of online websites and marketplaces.
Omnichannel. Where a company provides a unified, integrated experience for customers across all the different online and offline channels it sells on.
A company’s inventory will therefore need to be managed in accordance with which of these retail models it operates within.
Inventory management in action
We’ve covered the broad definition of inventory management. But what’s actually involved when it comes to making good inventory management happen?
You want to keep inventory levels balanced at all times without ever having too much or too little of each product in stock.
This sounds simple, but rarely is. In reality, good inventory management all comes down to understanding:
Types of inventory. So you know what type of inventory is where and can have full visibility over it.
Inventory forecasting. So you know how much stock is needed to satisfy demand over an upcoming time period.
Purchasing inventory. So you know when and how to create purchase orders to re-order new stock.
Inventory storage. So you know how much of each inventory item can be suitably housed, and where to send it.
Inventory analysis. So you can use metrics to make more informed decisions about your inventory as time goes on.
Handling techniques. So you can quickly and efficiently book-in, put away, pick, pack and ship inventory as and when needed at your various locations.
Multichannel tracking. So you have visibility on where exactly your inventory is as well as additions (purchases) and subtractions (sales & shrinkage), to give as close to a live stock figure as possible.
Inventory accounting. So you can properly record your inventory on financial documents.
Inventory management systems. So you can automate as much of the inventory management process as possible. Choosing An Inventory Management System
These are the basic ingredients of quality inventory management. And you’ll need to take a systematic approach to them in order to best equip your business for long term growth.
Luckily, we expand on each of these points in depth within the different chapters of this guide.
The importance of inventory management
Good inventory management is a vital part of running a retail company. Without inventory, the business is worthless as it no longer has any stock to generate revenue from.
Good inventory management helps with providing a seamless customer experience, improving cash flow and maximizing profits, avoiding shrinkage and waste, and optimizing the fulfillment process. All making it an imperative task for serious retailers.
A retail business is useless without its inventory. And so while it may not be the most exciting subject, inventory management is vitally important to your business’s longevity.
Good inventory management helps with:
Customer experience. Not having enough stock to fulfill orders may cause overselling and ultimately unhappy customers.
Improving cash flow. Putting cash into too much inventory at once means it’s not available for other things – like payroll or marketing. Having a firm grip of your inventory levels is key to maintaining a good cashflow.
Avoiding shrinkage. Purchasing too much of the wrong inventory and/or not storing it correctly can lead to it becoming ‘dead’, spoiled, or stolen.
Optimising fulfilment. Inventory that’s put away and stored correctly can be picked, packed and shipped off to customers more quickly and easily.
What are the four types of inventory?
Work-in-progress (WIP) inventory.
Maintenance, repair & operations (MRO) goods.
We also include packing materials as a fifth type of inventory that an ecommerce retailer may need to keep track of.
How do you track inventory?
Inventory tracking can be done in a variety of ways, ranging from pen & paper, to online spreadsheet, to full blown inventory software like Veeqo. We cover each method in detail (including a spreadsheet template) in our dedicated chapter on inventory tracking.
The more sales channels you sell on (and the more sales you make on each one), the tougher this practice becomes. So most growing multichannel retail businesses will be looking at some form of automated system to take care of inventory tracking for them.
How do you manage inventory effectively?
The first step is to commit to regular and well-organized forecasting. You need to have a solid idea of exactly how much inventory you have on hand and plan to sell in an upcoming period, so you can plan for replenishment needs.
You’ll then need to purchase new inventory in a timely fashion, preferably based on specific reorder points. And also ensure you have the right organizational structure set up in your warehouse to allow for optimal storage, minimal shrinkage, and fast and systematic fulfillment.
A well set-up spreadsheet or automated system is essential to manage inventory across multiple sales channels. This way, you know exactly where inventory is, how much you have on-hand, and minimize the chances of over or under-selling what you have.
What are the methods of inventory management?
Choose an appropriate fulfilment option.
Take forecasting seriously.
Set reorder points for each product.
Use EOQ for optimal order quantities.
Give each variant a dedicated warehouse bin.
Sell older inventory first.
Prioritise with ABC analysis.
Always track your metrics.
Verify accuracy with regular counts.
Automate as much as possible.
Key inventory management terms
Inventory management is a complex subject. And there’s a lot of systems, processes and general pieces that go into the puzzle.
Here’s a glossary of key terms you’re likely to come across:
The average inventory on-hand over a given time period, calculated by adding Ending Inventory (EI) to Beginning Inventory (BI) and dividing by two.
Average inventory cost
An inventory valuation method that bases its figure on the average cost of items throughout an accounting period.
Back order (BO)
An order for a product that is currently out of stock, and so cannot yet be fulfilled for the customer.
A device used to digitally identify items via a unique barcode, then perform inventory and fulfilment tasks like booking-in, picking, counts, etc.
Beginning Inventory (BI)
The value of any unsold, on-hand inventory at the start of an accounting period.
A group of individual products in an inventory that are brought together to sell as one under a single SKU.
The total costs associated with holding and storing inventory in a warehouse or facility until it is sold on to the customer.
Cost of goods sold (COGS)
Direct costs of purchasing and/or producing any goods sold, including everything that went into it – materials, labour, tools used, etc. Does NOT include indirect costs – like distribution, advertising, sales force costs, etc.
Inventory that remains unsold for a long enough period of time for it to be deemed outdated and virtually unsellable.
Ending Inventory (EI)
The value of any unsold, on-hand inventory at the end of an accounting period.
An inventory valuation method that assumes stock that was purchased first, is also the first to be sold.
Also known as a stock take, this is the systematic process of taking a physical count of inventory in order to verify accuracy.
Inventory shrinkage is an accounting term to indicate inventory items that have been stolen, damaged beyond saleable repair or otherwise lost between the point of purchase and point of sale.
The process of giving unsold inventory a monetary value in order to show as a company asset in financial records.
The variations of a single product that a company may hold in its inventory. For example, stocking a t-shirt in various colours and sizes.
The ability of a person or business to see exactly where its inventory is and how it is being used.
An inventory valuation method that assumes the most recent products added to your inventory are the ones to be sold first.
The time it takes for a supplier to deliver new stock to the desired location once a purchase order has been issued.
A retail model that sells in multiple different places, usually online via a combination of websites and marketplaces.
A retail model that goes beyond multichannel to integrate all of a company’s online and offline sales channels into one, unified customer experience.
The process of getting a customer’s sales order from your warehouse or distribution centre to it being in their possession.
The systematic order management process behind organising, managing and fulfilling all the sales orders coming into a business. From receiving orders and processing payment, right through to picking, packing, shipping, handling returns and communicating with customers.
Taking online orders for a product that turns out to be out of stock (usually through poor inventory management). Preventing overselling is key to providing a high-quality experience for online customers.
Periodic inventory management
A type of inventory system that involves using manual processes to periodically count and update on-hand stock levels.
A type of inventory system that involves automating your inventory tracking so it stays perpetually updated in real-time.
Any inventory that has not yet reached its final destination of a company’s warehouse shelves, but is currently ‘en route’ somewhere within their supply chain – e.g. currently being manufactured, or being shipped by the supplier.
Purchase order (PO)
A commercial document created by a business to its supplier, detailing quantities, items and agreed prices for new products to add to on-hand inventory.
Sales order (SO)
A document created when a customer makes a purchase, detailing which products are to be received and how much has been paid or is owed.
Stock-keeping unit (SKU)
A SKU is a unique alphanumeric code applied to each variant in a company’s inventory, helping to easily identify and organise a product catalogue.
The complete flow a product or commodity takes from origin to consumer – including raw materials, to finished goods, wholesalers, warehouses and final destination. A retailer might only be directly responsible for certain chunks of this supply chain, but should still be aware of it in its entirety for the products they sell.
Third-party logistics (3PL)
Refers to the use of an external third party to handle warehousing, inventory, fulfilment and/or customer service on behalf of a retail company.
Key inventory management formulas
It’s not just common terminology you need to know when it comes to inventory management. There are some specific formulas to take note of too.
We’ll be going into greater depth with how and when to use these formulas later on in this guide. But here’s a quick run through to use as a reference point:
1. Inventory turnover
The inventory turnover ratio measures how many times your inventory is sold over a given time period. It’s, therefore, a critical analysis metric showing how effectively inventory is being managed overall.
The formula takes cost of goods sold (COGS) over a specific period, and divides it by average inventory over the same period.
Generally speaking, higher inventory turnover rates indicate better performance and efficiency. This is because the company would be getting through its inventory stocks more often – minimising carrying costs per unit.
This gives an insight into the overall efficiency of a company and its inventory management processes. The higher the inventory turnover rate, the more efficient a business is at getting through its inventory.
Inventory Turnover Calculator
Cost of Goods Sold÷Beginning Inventory+Ending Inventory2
Enter your data above to calculate your results
2. Sell through rate
Sell through rate takes the amount of inventory a retailer receives, and compares it against what is actually sold over a given period. It’s usually expressed as a percentage:
This helps analyse if your investment in a particular product is working out well. Low sell through rates indicate you either overbought or priced too high, while high sell through rates indicate you may have under bought or priced too low.
It’s a great way to make decisions on future purchase quantities for a product or from a particular supplier.
3. Days of inventory outstanding (DIO)
Days of inventory outstanding (DIO) measures the typical number of days it takes for inventory to turn into sales.
It’s hard to draw insights from just one calculation. But you should look into typical industry standards, and also keep track of whether you are trending up or down as time goes on.
4. Safety stock
Safety stock is the backup stock needed to meet unexpected supply problems and/or sudden changes in demand.
Bear in mind that you want to have enough safety stock to meet demand. But not so much that increased carrying costs puts a strain on cash flow.
5. Reorder point
The reorder point helps determine when to order new inventory. It is a specific point in time that acts as a trigger to re-order as soon as stock has diminished to that certain level.
It’s important to consider the lead time for new stock to be delivered when setting reorder points. Enough stock should be leftover to keep up with demand before the newly purchased inventory becomes available for sale.
6. Economic order quantity (EOQ)
EOQ is a formula that helps calculate exactly how much inventory to order. It takes into account a company’s typical demand, ordering costs and carrying costs to provide the most economical figure possible:
This is obviously quite a complicated formula to use. But we cover this in greater depth in Chapter 4: Purchasing Inventory.
Inventory management software
An inventory management software or system does all the heavy lifting for a retail business when it comes to its inventory. It tracks inventory additions and subtractions automatically, without relying on manual, paper or spreadsheet processes.
Systems like this are becoming more and more popular among growing businesses as they tackle the challenges of modern multichannel and omnichannel retail.
Choosing an inventory management system that’s right for your business can be a tricky process. But here are a few pillar features of good software:
Real-time tracking. Syncs a live inventory figure across all sales channels and warehouses.
Forecasting. Uses past sales data to project estimated inventory requirements into the future.
Purchasing. Helps manage all suppliers and purchase orders for quick and easy stock replenishment.
Rules & automations. Allows creation of inventory rules, e.g. to dictate how much stock shows on each sales channel.
Cloud-based. Accessed from anywhere with data never being overwritten by team members making changes.
Many systems (like Veeqo) will also help manage and automate a plethora of other operational tasks – like sales & wholesale orders, picking & packing, shipping, and returns.
Free Inventory Management Software
Veeqo provides powerful but easy-to-use inventory management software, and is free no matter how large your business and how many shipments you send. And, as an Amazon-owned company we are the best software if you sell through Amazon.
Sign-up now to access our software and discounted shipping rates.
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Which Countries Can Survive Major Earthquakes? - VoiceTube: Learn English through videos!
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Subtitles section Play video Print subtitles In August 2016, a 6.2-magnitude earthquake struck a mountainous region of central Italy, killing 292 people and displacing more than two thousand. The picturesque towns were hit especially hard, as they’re made up of centuries-old buildings only accessible by small, winding roads. Roughly 20 major earthquakes occur every year, and while they always lead to some degree of devastation, some regions are more uniquely equipped than others. So, which countries are best able to withstand major earthquakes, and why? Well to start, a major earthquake is defined as anything above 7.0 on the richter scale. These seismic events have caused billions in damage and killed thousands of people, but primarily as a result of poor infrastructure and inefficient response, rather than the earth’s shaking. That said, one country that is highly prepared is Chile, which has suffered 13 earthquakes of magnitude 8 or above since 1906 - one of which was a 9.5 in 1960: the largest earthquake ever recorded. The country sits alongside the ring of fire, an area of the pacific ocean where roughly 90 percent of the world’s earthquakes occur. So to prepare for inevitable disaster, Chile has implemented regular earthquake emergency drills, strict building codes and a comprehensive early warning system, including sirens and mobile phone alerts. The country also maintains a disaster relief agency, which regularly practices evacuations, and trains rescue crews year-round. As a result, Chile’s most recent 8.3 major quake in 2015 only saw 13 deaths, compared to more than 1,600 in 1960 according to USGS. Earthquake preparedness is not unusual for developed countries, however implementation often slips through the cracks as a result of corruption and government negligence. For instance, many builders find it cheaper to pay a bribe to a public official than to comply with strict building codes. But this is not a common practice in Chile, where people reportedly take the potential threat of an earthquake very seriously. . Another country with exceptional earthquake preparedness is Japan, which, like Chile, has a long and deadly history of frequent, major earthquakes. All new buildings must be able to sway with the earth’s shaking, and many older buildings have been retrofitted to do the same. Even more advanced are Japanese homes, most of which have special foundations that fill with compressed air when the earth shakes so that the home actually levitates. In the likely event a major earthquake strikes, all bullet trains come to an immediate halt, and TV channels switch to live coverage of relief efforts, including maps of coastal areas that are at risk of tsunamis. In 2007, Japan launched a nationwide earthquake warning system that detects tremors, determines the quake’s epicenter and sends online warnings throughout the country. It is considered the most advanced early-warning system in the world. But not all small, fault-lining countries are so prepared. In 2010, Haiti suffered a magnitude 7.0 earthquake, resulting in more than 150,000 deaths. So why were they so unprepared? In a word, money. Haiti is one of the poorest countries on earth, while Chile and Japan have strong economies that are able to fund preparedness programs and emergency response measures, making a major earthquake somewhat manageable. In the end, when it comes to earthquakes, the greatest armor is wealth.
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Beach Closures - Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
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What Causes Beach Closures?
The pollution that causes beach closures and illness in humans comes from many different places on land, but ultimately gets into the water primarily through one of two pathways—discrete point sources and diffuse non-point sources.
Point sources are single, identifiable inputs of polluted water that can often be monitored or controlled because they are readily identifiable. These generally include pipes or culverts pouring pollution directly into the water from a home or business. Non-point sources are diffuse flows passing over or through land (which might contain the pollution) before entering a water body. These are more difficult to detect, monitor, and control because they tend to be more variable, are often spread out over wide areas, and often invisible.
Many of the most common pollutants come from one of two places: humans and animals. Human fecal matter in water bodies constitutes the greatest public health threat because humans are reservoirs for many bacteria, parasites, and viruses that are dangerous to other humans and can cause a variety of illnesses. Residential buildings are a primary source of many of these pathogens, and the cause of many problems can often be traced back sewage overflows or leaky residential septic systems.
Runoff from agricultural land is also a serious health concern. Animal fecal waste may contain pathogens such as Cryptosporidium, or Salmonella. Likewise, pet waste can pose health threats to humans. A single dog feces contains more than 40 million enterocci bacteria (an indicator of other, more serious pathogens) and is equivalent to nearly 7,000 bird droppings.
Water running off of nearby land is often a major source of problems and pollution that closes urban beaches. Even a moderate rain can send enough water storm drains to overwhelm older “combined sewer systems” that mix runoff and sewerage. When a rainfall adds enough extra water to the system that the treatment plant cannot process everything fast enough and the excess, untreated water to flows into a nearby river, lake, or coastal area. That is why many beach closures occur after rainstorms—and why many municipalities now close beaches in advance of heavy rain.
Runoff from fields, lawns, parking lots, and streets can also wash directly into nearby waterways when it rains, carrying with it any pollutants that might have been on land. Even watering a lawn or washing a car can carry potentially harmful pathogens into the water. Leaky or malfunctioning septic systems, too, can cause potentially harmful pollution to seep slowly through the ground and into nearby lakes, rivers, and streams.
Why are Beach Closures Important?
In addition to disrupting a day at the beach, water pollution poses a serious health threat to beachgoers. The most common illness arising from contact with polluted beach water is gastroenteritis, an inflammation of the stomach and the intestines that can result in vomiting, diarrhea, cramps, and fever. Other minor illnesses include rashes and infections of the ear, eye, nose, and throat.
People can contract some illnesses simply by getting polluted water on their skin or in their eyes and nose. In a few cases, swimmers develop infections when an open wound is exposed to polluted water. These usually require little or no treatment and have no long-term health effects, but should be treated as soon as they arise. In very polluted water, however, swimmers can be exposed to more serious diseases like dysentery, hepatitis A, cholera, and typhoid fever.
Those with frequent exposure to water (such as surfers and divers), are most likely to get sick. Children, the elderly, people with weakened immune systems are most at risk of severe illness or of suffering complications from a wide range of illnesses contracted by exposure to water by any of a number of pathogens.
What Makes You Sick?
The infectious organisms found at the beach include bacteria, parasites, and viruses. The most common ones come from the stools of people or animals.
Salmonella are a group of bacteria that pass from the feces of infected people or animals to other people or other animals and can cause diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting between eight and 72 hours after exposure. Salmonellosis, the infection caused by consuming food or water containing Salmonella, results in an estimated 1.4 million cases and more than 400 deaths annually in the U.S.
Shigella are a group of bacteria that pass from the feces of an infected individual to other people and can cause diarrhea (often bloody), fever, and vomiting about a day after exposure. Approximately 14,000 cases of shigellosis, the infection caused by Shigella, are reported in the U.S. annually, though many more likely go unreported, as symptoms often resolve after a few days.
Cryptosporidium is a microscopic parasite that can live in the intestine of humans and animals and is passed via feces to another person or animal. Cryptosporidiosis is a disease caused by infection by the Cryptosporidium parasite and is characterized by stomach cramps or pain, nausea, vomiting, fever and diarrhea lasting an average of one week, though individuals may remain infectious after symptoms cease and may experience recurrence of symptoms. Children, elderly, and people with weakened immune systems face additional complications.
Norovirus are a group of highly contagious, related viruses that make up the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis in the U.S. Noroviruses are found in the stool and vomit of infected people, who generally recover in one to three days, but who can remain infectious for up to two weeks after symptoms cease.
Non-polio enteroviruses are second only to virus that causes the common cold as the most widespread viral agent in humans, causing roughly 10 to 15 million symptomatic infections in the U.S. each year. Most people who are infected with a non-polio enterovirus experience no symptoms; those who become ill usually develop mild upper respiratory symptoms (a "summer cold"), a flu-like illness with fever and muscle aches, or a rash.
Campylobacter are another group of bacteria that infect both humans and animals and are passed via fecal material. Symptoms of infection include diarrhea, cramps and fever, and they last for about a week. About 13 cases are diagnosed each year for each 100,000 persons in the U.S., but many more cases go undiagnosed or unreported. >em>Campylobacter is estimated to affect over 2.4 million persons every year.
Giardia is a microscopic parasite that lives in the intestine of humans and animals, and spreads via fecal material. Symptoms of Giardia infections appear one to two weeks after infection are often mild in most people. The infection sometimes resolves without treatment in two to six weeks, but can include severe diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and nausea.
What You Can Do?
There are a few, basic practices you can follow to stay safe at the beach and reduce the chances that you or someone else will become sick after a trip to the beach.
At the Beach
Plan ahead. Find out if the beach you want to go to is monitored regularly and if it has had closures in the past.
Look for good swim sites. In areas that are not monitored, choose swimming sites with good water circulation and exposure to open water.
Avoid potential sources of pollution. Avoid swimming at beaches where you see discharge pipes or at urban beaches after a heavy rainfall.
Practice basic hygiene. Wash your hands before you eat after digging in the sand and wash yourself with soap and clean fresh water after you swim or wade in the water.
Clean up after your pet. Clean up after your pet, especially at the beach, but also at home, and obey pet bans at the beach.
Conserve water. Even small amounts of extra water flowing over your lawn and down residential and storm drains can send large numbers of microbes and viruses to recreational waterways and beaches.
Direct runoff to the soil, not the street. Create a rain garden or use rain barrels to direct rain gutters and downspouts to soil, grass or gravel areas rather than blacktop, cement, or other “impervious” surfaces. Sweep your driveway instead of hosing it down and increase the amount of natural, “permeable” surface wherever possible.
Maintain your septic system. Even if you live miles from the beach, have your septic tank cleaned out regularly. Such maintenance prolongs the life of the system and can help prevent groundwater and beach contamination.
Practice smart lawn and garden care. Reduce the amount of polluted runoff, by planting natural vegetation rather than lawn, which often require less fertilizer and herbicide. Do not allow water used to water your lawn and landscaping to run into nearby storm drains.
What's Being Done?
Scientists and health officials cannot easily monitor or detect all of the possible pathogens that might be in the water, and so test for what are known as “indicator organisms.” These include E.coli in fresh water and enterococcus in salt water. Both are generally not harmful, but because they are common in human and animal feces, their presence above a certain level indicates that a potential health risk exists.
On Cape Cod, the Barnstable County Department of Health and Environment monitors fresh and marine waters weekly during the summer and officials use special culture media to grow and count colonies of the indicator organisms. The EPA recommends a water quality advisory be issued when the number of indicator bacteria colonies exceeds a certain level. For E. coli, this limit 235 colony forming units (CFU) in 100 milliliters of water; for enterocci, the recommended limit is 104 CFU in 100 milliliters.
Within 24 hours of water from a particular beach failing to meet quality requirements, the Department of Health (or its authorized representative) must post signs at the entrance to the beach and each parking lot warning that the beach is closed and that swimming may cause illness. The sign must also contain the reason for the warning, the date of the posting, and the name and telephone number of the board of health. Most states also maintain websites that report the status of all monitored beaches in the state.
As soon as the agency or organization in charge of monitoring finds a problem, they will immediately resample the water. Because it takes 24 hours to culture the samples, the beach will remain closed for at least a day. The beach will be sampled every 24 hours until the indicator bacteria falls below EPA limits.
If the beach is closed, just because you stay out of the water does not mean you will be safe. High levels of indicator bacteria have been found in beach sands and one small-scale health study found an increase in gastroenteritis associated with digging in and being buried in beach sand (Heany et al, 2009). There are, however, currently no EPA standards or advisory recommendations regarding exposure to pathogens in beach sands.
Current EPA methods for detecting indicator bacteria require at least 24 hours to provide results. Because of this, a beach closure actually reflects water quality from the day before. As a result, scientists are working on ways to provide more timely water quality results.
Quantitative PCR (qPCR) is a method that looks for genetic material of the indicator organisms. It can provide results within four to five hours. Current work is attempting to understand the relationship between qPCR data and the risk of disease.
Environmental Sample Processor (ESP) is an instrument that automatically samples and tests water for the DNA of specific target organisms. It is currently being used to watch for red tide and other harmful algae and a version might someday be able to monitor beach water quality.
Alternative indicator organisms are being studied for use in water quality monitoring. These might be better correlated with the presence of pathogens and so reflect risk of disease. Research is also underway to identify organisms that specifically indicate the presence of human fecal contamination or the source of non-human fecal material.
What About Shellfishing?
Shellfishing is a separate, but related, topic. Safety standards for the harvest and consumption of shellfish are established separately by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and are administered by the National Shellfish Sanitation Program.
Because of the differences between monitoring shellfish and bathing water, a swimming beach may be closed while nearby shellfishing areas remain open, and vice versa. Contact the town shellfish warden or similar authority to find out if shellfish are safe to eat when a nearby beach has recently been closed.
News & Insights
Beach parking lots across Cape Cod are closed to reduce the spread of COVID-19. As summertime approaches, will the beach crowds that normally show up after Memorial Day will be staying away this year? WHOI microbiologist Amy Apprill weighs in.
From Oceanus Magazine
WHOI biologist Rebecca Gast examines whether the recovered and thriving population of gray seals in Cape Cod waters has affected water quality off the beaches they frequent.
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Kupa, Kūpa, Kūpā: 31 definitions
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Kupa, Kūpa, Kūpā: 31 definitions
Kupa means something in Buddhism, Pali, Hinduism, Sanskrit, Jainism, Prakrit, the history of ancient India, Marathi, Hindi, biology. If you want to know the exact meaning, history, etymology or English translation of this term then check out the descriptions on this page. Add your comment or reference to a book if you want to contribute to this summary article.
Purana and Itihasa (epic history)Source: archive.org: Shiva Purana - English Translation
Kūpa (कूप) refers to a “well” (filled with water), according to the Śivapurāṇa 2.3.44 (“Menā regains consciousness”).—Accordingly, as Menā said to her daughter (Pārvatī): “O wretched daughter, what is it that you have done? This is extremely painful to me. You have given gold and brought a glass piece, O wicked girl. You have cast away sandal paste and smeared yourself with mud. You have driven away the swan and have held a crow in your hands. Setting aside the sacred river water you have drunk the well-water (kūpa-udaka). Losing the sun you have clung to the glowworm in all earnestness. [...]”.Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: The Purana Index
Kūpā (कूपा).—A river of the Śuktimat.*
- * Vāyu-purāṇa 45. 107.
Kūpa (कूप) refers to the name of a Tīrtha (pilgrim’s destination) mentioned in the Mahābhārata (cf. ). Note: The Mahābhārata (mentioning Kūpa) is a Sanskrit epic poem consisting of 100,000 ślokas (metrical verses) and is over 2000 years old.
The Purana (पुराण, purāṇas) refers to Sanskrit literature preserving ancient India’s vast cultural history, including historical legends, religious ceremonies, various arts and sciences. The eighteen mahapuranas total over 400,000 shlokas (metrical couplets) and date to at least several centuries BCE.
Ayurveda (science of life)Source: archive.org: Vagbhata’s Ashtanga Hridaya Samhita (first 5 chapters)
Kūpa (कूप) refers to “(water from) wells”, as mentioned in verse 5.13-14 of the Aṣṭāṅgahṛdayasaṃhitā (Sūtrasthāna) by Vāgbhaṭa.—Accordingly, “[...] as concerns (water from) wells [viz., kūpa], ponds, etc., one should know (if it comes) from jungle, swamp, or rock. No water or, in case of incapability, little (is) to be drunk by those suffering from weak digestion and visceral induration (and) by those suffering from jaundice, abdominal swellings, diarrhea, hemorrhoids, dysentery, and cutaneous swellings. Except in autumn and summer, even a healthy man shall drink only little”.Source: Shodhganga: Kasyapa Samhita—Text on Visha Chikitsa
Kūpa (कूप) refers to a “well”, as taught in the Kāśyapa Saṃhitā: an ancient Sanskrit text from the Pāñcarātra tradition dealing with both Tantra and Viṣacikitsā—an important topic from Āyurveda which deals with the study of Toxicology (Agadatantra or Sarpavidyā).—The Kāśyapasaṃhitā mentions that snake-bites that happen in certain places [like an unused well (jīrṇa-kūpa)] are highly inimical to the victim.
Āyurveda (आयुर्वेद, ayurveda) is a branch of Indian science dealing with medicine, herbalism, taxology, anatomy, surgery, alchemy and related topics. Traditional practice of Āyurveda in ancient India dates back to at least the first millenium BC. Literature is commonly written in Sanskrit using various poetic metres.
Vastushastra (architecture)Source: OpenEdition books: Architectural terms contained in Ajitāgama and Rauravāgama
Kūpa (कूप) refers to “well § 5.10.”.—(For paragraphs cf. Les enseignements architecturaux de l'Ajitāgama et du Rauravāgama by Bruno Dagens)
Vastushastra (वास्तुशास्त्र, vāstuśāstra) refers to the ancient Indian science (shastra) of architecture (vastu), dealing with topics such architecture, sculpture, town-building, fort building and various other constructions. Vastu also deals with the philosophy of the architectural relation with the cosmic universe.
Shaktism (Shakta philosophy)Source: Google Books: Manthanabhairavatantram
Kūpa (कूप) refers to a “well”, according to the Manthānabhairavatantra, a vast sprawling work that belongs to a corpus of Tantric texts concerned with the worship of the goddess Kubjikā.—Accordingly, “[...] (May) those who are engaged in union (yoga) with the Yoginīs, the adepts (sādhaka) intent on (the observance of the) Rule, the Siddhas, apprentices, teachers and yogis intent on spiritual discipline, (the beings) in the town or village, in the forest, the confluence of rivers, or in a well [i.e., vāpī-kūpa], (at the foot of a) solitary tree or in a cremation ground, the Circle of Mothers and those who are of many forms as well as those who are born of the earth and everyone else, may they, well pleased, always accept the bali”.
Shakta (शाक्त, śākta) or Shaktism (śāktism) represents a tradition of Hinduism where the Goddess (Devi) is revered and worshipped. Shakta literature includes a range of scriptures, including various Agamas and Tantras, although its roots may be traced back to the Vedas.
Jyotisha (astronomy and astrology)Source: Wisdom Library: Brihat Samhita by Varahamihira
Kūpa (कूप) refers to a “well”, according to the Bṛhatsaṃhitā (chapter 9), an encyclopedic Sanskrit work written by Varāhamihira mainly focusing on the science of ancient Indian astronomy astronomy (Jyotiṣa).—Accordingly, “If she [=Venus] should pass through the constellation of Hasta, the Kauravas and painters will suffer; there will be no rain; well-diggers and birds will suffer [i.e., kūpa-kṛt-aṇḍaja-pīḍā]. If she should enter the constellation of Citrā, there will be good rain. If she should enter the constellation of Svāti, there will be much rain; servants, merchants and boatmen will become wicked and lawless. If she should enter the constellation of Viśākhā, there will be good rain and tradesmen will suffer”.
Jyotisha (ज्योतिष, jyotiṣa or jyotish) refers to ‘astronomy’ or “Vedic astrology” and represents the fifth of the six Vedangas (additional sciences to be studied along with the Vedas). Jyotisha concerns itself with the study and prediction of the movements of celestial bodies, in order to calculate the auspicious time for rituals and ceremonies.
Shaivism (Shaiva philosophy)Source: Brill: Śaivism and the Tantric Traditions
Kūpa (कूप) refers to “wells”, according to Kṣemarāja’s commentary on the Svacchandatantra verse 4.85.—Accordingly, “The mundane path is the observance according to śruti and smṛti. The sacred rites [consist of] such actions as bathing at a sacred site and giving away food. The meritorious acts are [the donations and setting up of] such things as wells (kūpa), tanks and monasteries for ascetics”.
Shaiva (शैव, śaiva) or Shaivism (śaivism) represents a tradition of Hinduism worshiping Shiva as the supreme being. Closely related to Shaktism, Shaiva literature includes a range of scriptures, including Tantras, while the root of this tradition may be traced back to the ancient Vedas.
Yoga (school of philosophy)Source: ORA: Amanaska (king of all yogas): A Critical Edition and Annotated Translation by Jason Birch
Kūpa (कूप) refers to a “well”, according to the Vijñānabhairavatantra verse 115.—Accordingly, [while teaching contemplative techniques]: “Having stood above a great hole such as a well (kūpa), an immediate absorption of the mind clearly and completely arises for [the Yogin] whose mind is free of thoughts because of gazing [into it]”.
Yoga is originally considered a branch of Hindu philosophy (astika), but both ancient and modern Yoga combine the physical, mental and spiritual. Yoga teaches various physical techniques also known as āsanas (postures), used for various purposes (eg., meditation, contemplation, relaxation).
Mahayana (major branch of Buddhism)Source: Wisdom Library: Maha Prajnaparamita Sastra
Kūpa (कूप) refers to a “well” (i.e., filled with water), according to Mahāprajñāpāramitāśāstra (chapter 21).—Accordingly, “The immoral person is not respected (satkṛta) by people; his house is like a cemetery into which people do not go; he loses all his virtues like a rotten tree that people despise; he is like a frozen lotus that gives people no pleasure to see; filled with evil thoughts, he is dreadful like a demon; people do not turn to him, no more than a thirsty man goes to a poisoned well (kūpa); his mind is always disturbed like a guilty man who always fears the approach of punishment; he is like a field (kṣetra) covered with hailstones over which nobody can venture; [...] Even though he is called Bhikṣu because he has a shaved head, the yellow robe and presents his ‘ticket’ in the proper order, in reality he is not a Bhikṣu”.Source: academia.edu: A Study and Translation of the Gaganagañjaparipṛcchā
Kūpa (कूप) refers to “(hair) pores”, according to the Gaganagañjaparipṛcchā: the eighth chapter of the Mahāsaṃnipāta (a collection of Mahāyāna Buddhist Sūtras).—Accordingly as The Lord said: “O Śāriputra, in the buddha-field of the Tathāgata Ekaratnavyūha, there is a Bodhisattva, the great being Gaganagañja who is resplendent by the splendor of merit (puṇya-tejas), [...] who has proclaimed the dharma from all hair-pores (sarva-roma-kūpa-dharmākhyāna)) in accordance with individual suitabilities as adorned with the dharma, has attained all qualities of a buddha on the palm of his hand as adorned with manifestation, has illuminated all buddha-fields as adorned with splendor, [...]”.Source: De Gruyter: A Buddhist Ritual Manual on Agriculture
Kūpa (कूप) refers to a “well” (suitable for performing offering ceremonies), according to the Vajratuṇḍasamayakalparāja, an ancient Buddhist ritual manual on agriculture from the 5th-century (or earlier), containing various instructions for the Sangha to provide agriculture-related services to laypeople including rain-making, weather control and crop protection.—Accordingly [as the Bhagavān taught the detailed offering-manual], “At the time of drought one should prepare a maṇḍala with clay and cow dung measuring three hastas on a mountain, in a forest, at a monastery, a spring, a pool, a tank, a well (kūpa), a lake, or the residence of the Nāgas. One should dig a hole measuring a hasta in the middle of the maṇḍalaka. [...]”.
Mahayana (महायान, mahāyāna) is a major branch of Buddhism focusing on the path of a Bodhisattva (spiritual aspirants/ enlightened beings). Extant literature is vast and primarely composed in the Sanskrit language. There are many sūtras of which some of the earliest are the various Prajñāpāramitā sūtras.
General definition (in Jainism)Source: The University of Sydney: A study of the Twelve Reflections
Kūpa (कूप) refers to a “pit (of darkness)”, according to the 11th century Jñānārṇava, a treatise on Jain Yoga in roughly 2200 Sanskrit verses composed by Śubhacandra.—Accordingly, “Travelling living beings, fettered very tightly by numerous chains such as women, etc., fall into a deep pit of darkness (kūpa—andhamahākūpe) called life”.
Jainism is an Indian religion of Dharma whose doctrine revolves around harmlessness (ahimsa) towards every living being. The two major branches (Digambara and Svetambara) of Jainism stimulate self-control (or, shramana, ‘self-reliance’) and spiritual development through a path of peace for the soul to progess to the ultimate goal.
India history and geographySource: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Indian Epigraphical Glossary
Kūpa.—(Ep. Ind., Vol. VII, p. 46, note 8), an ordinary well; cf. vāpī which is a well with a flight of stairs. Note: kūpa is defined in the “Indian epigraphical glossary” as it can be found on ancient inscriptions commonly written in Sanskrit, Prakrit or Dravidian languages.
The history of India traces the identification of countries, villages, towns and other regions of India, as well as mythology, zoology, royal dynasties, rulers, tribes, local festivities and traditions and regional languages. Ancient India enjoyed religious freedom and encourages the path of Dharma, a concept common to Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism.
Biology (plants and animals)Source: Google Books: CRC World Dictionary (Regional names)
Kupa in Nigeria is the name of a plant defined with Calotropis procera in various botanical sources. This page contains potential references in Ayurveda, modern medicine, and other folk traditions or local practices It has the synonym Apocynum syriacum Garsault (among others).
Example references for further research on medicinal uses or toxicity (see latin names for full list):
· Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2005)
· Mediators Inflamm. (2005)
· The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa. (1985)
· Species Plantarum, ed. 4
· Autonomic & Autacoid Pharmacology (2007)
· Species Plantarum (1753)
If you are looking for specific details regarding Kupa, for example side effects, chemical composition, diet and recipes, health benefits, extract dosage, pregnancy safety, have a look at these references.
This sections includes definitions from the five kingdoms of living things: Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists and Monera. It will include both the official binomial nomenclature (scientific names usually in Latin) as well as regional spellings and variants.
Languages of India and abroad
Pali-English dictionarySource: BuddhaSasana: Concise Pali-English Dictionary
kūpa : (m.) a well; a cavity.Source: Sutta: The Pali Text Society's Pali-English Dictionary
Kūpa, (m.) (Vedic kūpa, orig. curvature viz. (a) interior= cavity, cp. Lat. cupa, Gr. ku/pellon cup; also Gr. ku/mbh, Sk. kumbha;— (b) exterior=heap, cp. Ags. hēap, Ohg. heap, Sk. kūpa mast). 1. a pit, a cavity: akkhi° the socket of the eye M. I, 80, 245; DhsA. 306; gūtha° a cesspool D. II, 324; Sn. 279; Pv. II, 316; Pug. 36; miḷha° a pit for evacuations Pgdp 23, 24; loma° the root of the hair, a pore of the skin DA. I, 57; Vism. 262, 360; also in na loma-kūpamattaṃ pi not even a hairroot J. I, 31; III, 55; vacca°=gūtha° Vin. II, 141, 222. As a tank or a well: J. VI, 213; VvA. 305.—2. the mast of a boat J. III, 126; Miln. 363, 378. See next.
Pali is the language of the Tipiṭaka, which is the sacred canon of Theravāda Buddhism and contains much of the Buddha’s speech. Closeley related to Sanskrit, both languages are used interchangeably between religions.
Marathi-English dictionarySource: DDSA: The Molesworth Marathi and English Dictionary
kupā (कुपा).—m (kutupa S) A glass bottle of a particular description. 2 A fissile stone, a kind of selenite or gypsum.
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kūpa (कूप).—m (Or kupaṇa or kumpaṇa) A hedge or fence gen. of an enclosure. Pr. kūpa jara śēta khāūṃ lāgalā tara māladhanī kāya karīla? If the keeper himself devour the property, what resource is left to the owner?
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kūpa (कूप).—m (S) A dug pit. Gen. understood in the sense of Well, i. e. the common round well without steps. See the compounds andhakūpa, jalakūpa, dhānyakūpa, śuṣkakūpa, śaucakūpa.Source: DDSA: The Aryabhusan school dictionary, Marathi-English
kupā (कुपा) [-ppā, -प्पा].—m A glass bottle. A state fissile.
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kūpa (कूप).—m A dug pit; a well. A hedge.
Marathi is an Indo-European language having over 70 million native speakers people in (predominantly) Maharashtra India. Marathi, like many other Indo-Aryan languages, evolved from early forms of Prakrit, which itself is a subset of Sanskrit, one of the most ancient languages of the world.
Sanskrit dictionarySource: DDSA: The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary
Kupa (कुप).—Ved. The beam or lever of a pair of scales.
Derivable forms: kupaḥ (कुपः).
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Kūpa (कूप).—[kuvanti maṇḍūkā asmin, ku-pak dīrghaśca Uṇādi-sūtra 3.27]
1) A well; कूपे पश्य पयोनिधावपि घटो गृह्णाति तुल्यं जलम् (kūpe paśya payonidhāvapi ghaṭo gṛhṇāti tulyaṃ jalam) Bhartṛhari 2.49; so नितरां नीचोऽस्मीति त्वं खेदं कूप मा कदापि कृथाः । अत्यन्तसरस- हृदयो यतः परेषां गुणग्रहीतासि (nitarāṃ nīco'smīti tvaṃ khedaṃ kūpa mā kadāpi kṛthāḥ | atyantasarasa- hṛdayo yataḥ pareṣāṃ guṇagrahītāsi) Bv.1.9.; प्रोद्दीप्ते भवने तु कूपखननं प्रत्युद्यमः कीदृशः (proddīpte bhavane tu kūpakhananaṃ pratyudyamaḥ kīdṛśaḥ) Bhartṛhari 3.88.
2) A hole, cave, hollow, cavity; as in रोमकूप (romakūpa); Śiśupālavadha 7.74.
3) A leather oil-vessel.
4) A post to which a ship is moored.
5) A tree or rock in the midst of a river.
6) A mast.
7) A pore, root; हृष्यन्ति रोमकूपाणि (hṛṣyanti romakūpāṇi) Mahābhārata (Bombay) 6.112.16; Śiśupālavadha 13.13.
-pī 1 A small well.
2) A flask, bottle.
3) The navel.
Derivable forms: kūpaḥ (कूपः).Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Shabda-Sagara Sanskrit-English Dictionary
(-paḥ) 1. A well. 2. A hole, a hollow. 3. A mast. 4. A tree or rock in the midst of a river. f. (-pī) 1. A small well. 2. The navel. 3. A flask, a bottle. E. ku to sound, (frogs croaking in a well, &c.) and pa Unadi affix: the vowel is made long; also kūpaka.Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Benfey Sanskrit-English Dictionary
Kūpa (कूप).—m. 1. A pit, Mahābhārata 1, 716. 2. A well, [Mānavadharmaśāstra] 4, 202.Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Cappeller Sanskrit-English Dictionary
Kupa (कुप).—[masculine] beam of a pair of scales.
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Kūpa (कूप).—[masculine] hole, cave, well.Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary
1) Kupa (कुप):—[from kup] m. the beam or lever of a pair of scales, [Śatapatha-brāhmaṇa; Kātyāyana-śrauta-sūtra]
2) [v.s. ...] field-lark, [Nighaṇṭuprakāśa]
3) Kūpa (कूप):—m. ([from] 1. ku and ap?; cf. anūpa, dvīpa), a hole, hollow, cave, [Ṛg-veda i, 105, 17; Atharva-veda; Śatapatha-brāhmaṇa] etc.
4) a pit well, [Śāṅkhāyana-gṛhya-sūtra; Manu-smṛti; Mṛcchakaṭikā] etc.
5) a post to which a boat or ship is moored, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
6) a mast, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
7) a tree or rock in the midst of a river, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
8) a leather oil vessel, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]
9) = mṛn-māna, [cf. Lexicographers, esp. such as amarasiṃha, halāyudha, hemacandra, etc.]Source: Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries: Yates Sanskrit-English Dictionary
Kūpa (कूप):—(paḥ) 1. m. A well; a hole; a mast; a tree or rock in a river. f. (pī) Small well; flask; navel.Source: DDSA: Paia-sadda-mahannavo; a comprehensive Prakrit Hindi dictionary (S)
[Sanskrit to German]
Sanskrit, also spelled संस्कृतम् (saṃskṛtam), is an ancient language of India commonly seen as the grandmother of the Indo-European language family (even English!). Closely allied with Prakrit and Pali, Sanskrit is more exhaustive in both grammar and terms and has the most extensive collection of literature in the world, greatly surpassing its sister-languages Greek and Latin.
Hindi dictionarySource: DDSA: A practical Hindi-English dictionary
Kūpa (कूप) [Also spelled kup]:—(nm) a well; a deep pit; —[maṃḍūka] lit. frog of a well—a know-little, one confined within narrow limits of experience and knowledge.
Kannada-English dictionarySource: Alar: Kannada-English corpus
Kūpa (ಕೂಪ):—[noun] a man who loves (a woman); a lover.
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1) [noun] a depressed part or place; a hollow; a depression.
2) [noun] a hole or shaft sunk into the earth to tap an underground supply of water, gas, oil, etc; a well.
3) [noun] a tall spar or, now often, a hollow metal structure, sometimes in sections, rising vertically from the keel or deck of a vessel and used to support the sails, yards, radar and radio equipment, etc.; a mast of a vessel.
4) [noun] (fig.) a filthy condition, entanglement, etc.
Kannada is a Dravidian language (as opposed to the Indo-European language family) mainly spoken in the southwestern region of India.
See also (Relevant definitions)
Starts with (+84): Kupa-rope, Kupabila, Kupaca, Kupacakra, Kupachakra, Kupaciya, Kupaciyamaram, Kupacupa, Kupada, Kupadanda, Kupadardura, Kupadarshaka, Kupadha, Kupadijalasthanalakshana, Kupaiyam, Kupaja, Kupajala, Kupajalodvahana, Kupaka, Kupakacchapa.
Ends with (+39): Akkhikupa, Amdhakupa, Andhakupa, Ankupa, Bekupa, Carmakupa, Catuh-samudrika-kupa, Chatuh-samudrika-kupa, Dharmakupa, Ekaromakupa, Gandakupa, Gayakupa, Guthakupa, Jalakupa, Jirnakupa, Kandarpakupa, Kanthakupa, Kanyakupa, Katikupa, Kavitamritakupa.
Full-text (+139): Andhakupa, Pratikupa, Romakupa, Kupanga, Kupam, Tanukupa, Mahakupa, Kupakara, Lomakupa, Kupamanduka, Kaupa, Kupaka, Mrimana, Kupika, Kupakhanaka, Kandarpakupa, Kuparajya, Upakupajalashaya, Kupadanda, Kupakha.
Search found 38 books and stories containing Kupa, Kūpa, Kūpā, Kupā; (plurals include: Kupas, Kūpas, Kūpās, Kupās). You can also click to the full overview containing English textual excerpts. Below are direct links for the most relevant articles:
Garga Samhita (English) (by Danavir Goswami)
Verse 6.15.9 < [Chapter 15 - The Glories of Nṛga-kūpa and Gopī-bhūmi]
Verses 6.15.12-14 < [Chapter 15 - The Glories of Nṛga-kūpa and Gopī-bhūmi]
Verse 4.17.8 < [Chapter 17 - Prayers to Srī Yamunā]
Chaitanya Bhagavata (by Bhumipati Dāsa)
Verse 1.9.120 < [Chapter 9 - Nityānanda’s Childhood Pastimes and Travels to Holy Places]
Verse 3.3.249 < [Chapter 3 - Mahāprabhu’s Deliverance of Sarvabhauma, Exhibition of His Six-armed Form, and Journey to Bengal]
Verse 3.3.237 < [Chapter 3 - Mahāprabhu’s Deliverance of Sarvabhauma, Exhibition of His Six-armed Form, and Journey to Bengal]
Vastu-shastra (4): Palace Architecture (by D. N. Shukla)
Bhakti-rasamrta-sindhu (by Śrīla Rūpa Gosvāmī)
Verse 3.2.11 < [Part 2 - Affection and Service (dāsya-rasa)]
Verse 2.1.237 < [Part 1 - Ecstatic Excitants (vibhāva)]
Rig Veda (translation and commentary) (by H. H. Wilson)
Kashyapa Shilpa-shastra (study) (by K. Vidyuta)
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The Christian Family in the Ante-Nicene Period - Wittenberg Door Campus Ministry
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Schaff, Philip. History of the Christian Church (The Complete Eight Volumes in One). Amazon Kindle Edition, 2014.
Volume 2, Ante-Nicene Christianity A.D. 100-325, “Chapter 8. Christian life in Contrast with Pagan Corruption.” Sections 88-103, Loc. 16158-17158.
§ 99. The Christian Family.
Schaff asserts that the Christian faith considered family very differently from the world at large during late antiquity (Schaff 2014, Loc. 16825). Likewise the private virtues of Christianity can lead to public virtue. Schaff considers the Christian view of marriage to be so radically different than that of the broader society that celibacy may have been attractive to many. It could well have seemed easier than such a new marriage culture (Schaff 2014, Loc. 16830). Ideas such as chastity and fidelity were significant departures from Roman ideals. Schaff gives numerous examples of the honor accorded to women (Schaff 2014, Loc. 16845). At the same time, though, Schaff sees the elevation of celibacy to be excessive (Schaff 2014, Loc. 16850). This led to a devaluation of marriage. In the few writings we do have about marriage, the relationship of respect and a lifestyle of mutual prayer are seen as very important. The Christian unity in the marriage is of paramount importance (Schaff 2014, Loc. 16865). A religious solemnization of the marriage was common at an early time (Schaff 2014, Loc. 16875). Marriage between a Christian and an unbeliever was “unanimously condemned by the voice of the church in argreement with the Mosaic legislation, unless formed before conversion” (Schaff 2014, Loc. 16884). Remarriage, including of widows, was generally prohibited (Schaff 2014, Loc. 16894). Again, Schaff finds the elevation of celibacy to erode the dignity of marriage.
Schaff notes that among Christians children were considered to have great dignity and value. It was not appropriate for a parent to act as a tyrant, to abuse, or to expose children (Schaff 2014, Loc. 16923). These principles also moved many Christians to care for poor and orphaned children.
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Bergevin-Williams & Old Lowden Pipeline and Diversion – Walla Walla County Conservation District
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Bergevin-Williams & Old Lowden Pipeline and DiversionNew BW/OL Diversion and screen.
Bergevin-Williams & Old Lowden Pipeline and DiversionBergevin Williams old push-up gravel dam, a fish barrier when under low flow conditions.
Bergevin-Williams & Old Lowden Pipeline and DiversionSteelhead spawning in a spring creek tributary to the Walla Walla River.
Bergevin-Williams & Old Lowden Pipeline and DiversionPouring the base pad for the diversion structure.
Bergevin-Williams & Old Lowden Pipeline and DiversionPlacement of the HDPE pipe in the trench going under the WW river.
Bergevin-Williams & Old Lowden Pipeline and Diversion26" fusion-welded HDPE pipe staged to go under Hwy 12.
Bergevin-Williams & Old Lowden Pipeline and DiversionAir-blast system cleaning debris off the new fish-friendly screen system.
Some of the water rights for farms served by the Bergevin-Williams and Old Lowden (BW-OL) ditches date back to 1870 and are among the oldest in the region. These serve very productive farms that benefit the entire valley. So when Mid-Columbia Steelhead were listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act, these irrigators readily accepted help from the Conservation District and the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife in changing their operations. Read the Final Report – BW-OL Pipeline and Diversion for complete details on this project.
Historically both Old Lowden and Bergevin-Williams irrigators had built gravel push up dams to divert water from the river. But changes in flow conditions sometimes led to fish passage obstructions and the possibility of fish stranding. After a new pneumatic dam and fish ladder were constructed for nearby irrigators (Lowden 2 and Garden City) it became possible to consider consolidating the BW-OL diversions and moving them to that site, thus eliminating the two gravel push-up dams. In addition, talks began of possibly piping the old inefficient earthen irrigation ditches. Water saved through increased efficiency could be set aside in the Trust Water Rights Program and left in the river for fish.
The irrigators of the BW-OL ditches and the Conservation District began plans to build a consolidated irrigation diversion and to pipe the open ditches. Bonneville Power Administration provided funding to construct the diversion as it would eliminate two potential fish passage barriers. And, with an estimated 4.5 cubic feet per second of potential water savings, the Washington Dept. of Ecology (WA-DOE) agreed to provide funding to pipe the Bergevin-William/Old Lowden ditches. Farmers would benefit by having an updated, reliable irrigation water delivery system that allowed them to manage their water more efficiently and the public would benefit from improved fish passage and flows.
The project was done in two phases. Installing the diversion came first, with the diversion and fish screen installed on the south side of the Walla Walla River at River Mile (RM) 31. The new diversion structure used the existing pneumatic dam serving the Lowden 2/Garden City ditches. A 213-foot long pipeline of 28-inch high density polyethylene (HDPE) fusion-welded pipe was installed from the new diversion structure to the north side of the Walla Walla River where it connected to the new piped irrigation water conveyance system. The second phase was the pipeline itself, consisting of approximately 9.6 miles of piping to serve 1,840 acres, with 18 new or modified pumping stations and 11 metering stations. The project saves an estimated 2,405 acre-feet of water.
Both phases of the project faced some unique hurdles. For example, the BW-OL gravel push-up dams were located downstream of the pneumatic dam and fish ladder. Moving the diversion upstream, even to save water and benefit fish, meant water was taken out of the river upstream, reducing flows in a small section of the river. Regulators had to be convinced that the benefits for endangered fish species far outweighed this minor negative impact. Construction of the pipeline needed to be done during the winter months when irrigation was at its lowest point, leading to construction taking place in some of the wettest and coldest times of the year. But these and other hurdles were overcome, and today the BW-OL diversion and pipeline are in full operation, providing irrigation water to over 1800 acres of highly productive cropland and saving over 2,400 acre-feet of water each year, allowing for continued irrigation and water for fish. It is an impressive project testifying to the will of many parties, each with different priorities and objectives, coming together to create a system that benefits everyone.
For the full story, with history, costs, and construction details, read the Final Report – BW-OL Pipeline and Diversion.
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430,917,151
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30 weird and wonderful facts about our body - Your Med Guide
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The human body is an excellent machine and the way it works and how it does it is a little bit weird but also wonderful.
An old saying goes, “words hurt more than actions,” and that is because our tongues are the strongest muscles in our bodies.
Over your lifespan, you would have produced enough saliva to fill a swimming pool twice over. So think of that next time you’re drooling over your favorite meal.
Our hearing decreases when we overeat. Bet you didn’t know that!
Like fingerprints, every human has a unique tongue print.
And more germs are transferred shaking hands than kissing. Namaste!
Our workhorse heart pumps blood and transports oxygen to all our cells, our skin renews itself every 27 days and our stomach produces acid powerful enough to dissolve razor blades – just for those interested!
Among all these amazing weird and wonderful things our bodies do, there is one thing that sets us apart from all other living organisms. Next time you’re watching the tear-jerker “The Notebook” and you cry a little when Noah is reading to his dying wife (come on, we’ve all been there), remember this, we are the only animals to produce emotional tears.
How special and unique is that, right?
We all may be very different in our own unique ways but there are many fascinating biological similarities that we all share in common. Here is an interesting infographic by Vapester which features 30 weird and fascinating health & body facts.
30 weird and wonderful facts about our body
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