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first - you might want to redefine you search. are you looking for happiness or rather positive affect? happiness is fairly ambigious term, and it ' s much more associated with positive psychology studies on well - being. if you are interested in more global definition of happiness, check the work of mihaly csikszentmihalyi. on the other hand, there is a large number of studies on physiological measurements of positive affect. one such physiological measurement is electromyography ( emg ) - recording the electrical activity produced by skeletal muscles. emg will detect very brief smiles or higher activity in cheek muscles ( zygomaticus major ) which are correlated with positive affect. there is quite classic ( but very quoted ) paper on that : cacioppo jt, petty re, losch me, kim hs. ( 1986 ) electromyographic activity over facial muscle regions can differentiate the valence and intensity of affective reactions. j pers soc psychol., 50 ( 2 ) : 260 - 8. download another simple physiological assesment is heart rate measured by the interbeat interval ( ibi ). for example, study by brosschot & thayer ( 2003 ) shows that heart rate response is longer after negative emotions than after positive emotions. brosschot jf, thayer jf. ( 2003 ) heart rate response is longer after negative emotions than after positive emotions. int j psychophysiol., in fact, the full spectrum of somatic measurements have been used along heart rate including pulse transmission time to the finger, skin conductance level or pupil dilation ( partala, 2003 ). all those are a bit less reliable methods and usually they detect arousal rather then indicate physiological differences between positive and negative affect. partala t. ; surakka v. ( 2003 ) pupil size variation as an indication of affective processing. international journal of human - computer studies, finally, i would advise browsing literature on measurements of negative affect. you are likely to find some interesting methods there, like in this paper on the psychophysiology of crying ( gross et al., 1994 ). gross jj, frederickson bl, levenson rw. ( 1994 ) the psychophysiology of crying. psychophysiology, 31 ( 5 ) : 460 - 8. download
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is this bone a neanderthal flute? cave bear femur fragment from slovenia, 43 + kya doubts aired over neanderthal bone ' flute ' ( and reply by musicologist bob fink ) science news 153 ( april 4, 1998 ) : 215. by b. bower amid much media fanfare, a research team in 1996 trumpeted an ancient, hollowed out bear bone pierced on one side with four complete or partial holes as the earliest known musical instrument. the perforated bone, found in an eastern european cave, represents a flute made and played by neandertals at least 43, 000 ye us ago, the scientists contended. now it ' s time to stop the music, say two archaeologists who examined the purported flute last spring. on closer inspection, the bone appears to have been punctured and gnawed by the teeth of an animal - - perhaps a wolf - - as it stripped the limb of meat and marrow report, april nowell and philip g. chase, both of the university of pennsylvania in philadelphia. " the bone was heavily chewed by one or more carnivores, creating holes that became more rounded due to natural processes after burial, " nowell says. " it provides very weak evidence for the origins of [ stone age ] music. " nowell presented the new analysis at the annual meeting of the paleoanthropology society in seattle last week. nowell and chase examined the bone with the permission of its discoverer, ivan turk of the slovenian academy of sciences in ljubljana ( s. n. : 11 / 23 / 96, p. 328 ). turk knows of their conclusion but still views the specimen as a flute. both open ends of the thighbone contain clear signs of gnawing by carnivores, nowell asserts. wolves and other animals typically bite off nutrient - rich tissue at the ends of limb bones and extract available marrow. if neandertals had hollowed out the bone and fashioned holes in it, animals would not have bothered to gnaw it, she says. complete and partial holes on the bone ' s shaft were also made by carnivores, says nowell. carnivores typically break open bones with their scissor like cheek teeth. uneven bone thickness and signs of wear along the borders of the holes, products of extended burial in the soil, indicate that openings made by cheek teeth were at first less rounded and slightly smaller, the researchers hold. moreover, the simultaneous pressure of an upper and
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bone thickness and signs of wear along the borders of the holes, products of extended burial in the soil, indicate that openings made by cheek teeth were at first less rounded and slightly smaller, the researchers hold. moreover, the simultaneous pressure of an upper and lower tooth produced a set of opposing holes, one partial and one complete, they maintain. prehistoric, carnivore - chewed bear bones in two spanish caves display circular punctures aligned in much the same way as those on the slovenian find. in the march antiquity, francesco d ' errico of the institute of quaternary prehistory and geology in talence, france, and his colleagues describe the spanish bones. in a different twist, bob fink, an independent musicologist in canada, has reported on the internet ( http : / / www. webster. sk. ca / greenwich / fl - compl. htm ) that the spacing of the two complete and two partial holes on the back of the slovenian bone conforms to musical notes on the diatonic ( do, re, mi... ) scale. the bone is too short to incorporate the diatonic scale ' s seven notes, counter nowell and chase. working with pennsylvania musicologist robert judd, they estimate that the find ' s 5. 7 - inch length is less than half that needed to cover the diatonic spectrum. the recent meeting presentation is " a most convincing analysis, " comments j. desmond clark of the university of california, berkeley, although it ' s possible that neandertals blew single notes through carnivore - chewed holes in the bone. " we can ' t exclude that possibility, " nowell responds. " but it ' s a big leap of faith to conclude that this was an intentionally constructed flute. " to the editor, science news ( reply by bob fink, may 1998 ) ( see an update of this discussion on bob fink ' s web site, november 2000 ) the doubts raised by nowell and chase ( april 4th, doubts aired over neanderthal bone ' flute ' ) saying the neanderthal bone is not a flute have these weaknesses : the alignment of the holes - - all in a row, and all of equivalent diameter, appear to be contrary to most teeth marks, unless some holes were made independently by several animals. the latter case boggles the odds for the holes ending up being in line. it also would be strange that animals homed in on this one bone in a cave full of bones, where no reports of
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some holes were made independently by several animals. the latter case boggles the odds for the holes ending up being in line. it also would be strange that animals homed in on this one bone in a cave full of bones, where no reports of similarly chewed bones have been made. this claim is harder to believe when it is calculated that chances for holes to be arranged, by chance, in a pattern that matches the spacings of 4 notes of a diatonic flute, are only one in hundreds to occur. the analysis i made on the internet ( http : / / www. webster. sk. ca / greenwich / fl - compl. htm ) regarding the bone being capable of matching 4 notes of the do, re, mi ( diatonic ) scale included the possibility that the bone was extended with another bone " mouthpiece " sufficiently long to make the notes sound fairly in tune. while nowell says " it ' s a big leap of faith to conclude that this was an intentionally constructed flute, " it ' s a bigger leap of faith to accept the immense coincidence that animals blindly created a hole - spacing pattern with holes all in line ( in what clearly looks like so many other known bone flutes which are made to play notes in a step - wise scale ) and blindly create a pattern that also could play a known acoustic scale if the bone was extended. that ' s too much coincidence for me to accept. it is more likely that it is an intentionally made flute, although admittedly with only the barest of clues regarding its original condition. the 5. 7 inch figure your article quoted appears erroneous, as the centimeter scale provided by its discoverer, ivan turk, indicates the artifact is about 4. 3 inches long. however, the unbroken femur would originally have been about 8. 5 inches, and the possibility of an additional hole or two exists, to complete a full scale, perhaps aided by the possible thumbhole. however, the full diatonic spectrum is not required as indicated by nowell and chase : it could also have been a simpler ( but still diatonic ) 4 or 5 note scale. such short - scale flutes are plentiful in homo sapiens history. finally, a worn - out or broken flute bone can serve as a scoop for manipulation of food, explaining why animals might chew on its ends later. it is also well - known that dogs chase and maul even sticks, despite their non - nutritional nature. what appears " weak " is not the case for a flute,
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for manipulation of food, explaining why animals might chew on its ends later. it is also well - known that dogs chase and maul even sticks, despite their non - nutritional nature. what appears " weak " is not the case for a flute, but the case against it by nowell and chase. letter to the editor : antiquity journal : " a bone to pick " by bob fink i have a bone to pick with francesco d ' errico ' s viewpoint in the march issue of antiquity ( article too long to reproduce here ) regarding the neanderthal flute found in slovenia by ivan turk. d ' errico argues the bone artifact is not a flute. d ' errico omits dealing with the best evidence that this bone find is a flute. regarding the most important evidence, that of the holes being lined up, neither d ' errico nor turk make mention of this. this line - up is remarkable especially if they were made by more than one carnivore, which apparently they ' d have to be, based on turk ' s analysis of the center - spans of the holes precluding their being made by a single carnivore or bite ( turk, * pp. 171 - 175 ). to account for this possible difficulty, some doubters do mention " one or more " carnivores ( chase & nowell, science news 4 / 4 / 98 ). my arguments over the past year pointed out the mathematical odds of the lining up of the holes occurring by chance - chewing are too difficult to believe. the appendix in my essay ( " neanderthal flute - - a musicological analysis " ) proves that the number of ways a set of 4 random holes could be differently spaced ( to produce an audibly different set of tones ) are 680 ways. the chances a random set would match the existing fragment ' s spacing [ which also could produce a match to four diatonic notes of the scale ] are therefore only one in hundreds. if, in calculating the odds, you also allowed the holes to be out of line, or to be less than 4 holes as well, then the chance of a line - up match is only one from many tens of thousands. and yet randomness and animal bites still are acceptable to account for holes being in line that could also play some notes of the scale? this is too much coincidence for me to believe occurred by chance. d ' errico mentions my essay in his article and what he thought it was about, but he overs
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for holes being in line that could also play some notes of the scale? this is too much coincidence for me to believe occurred by chance. d ' errico mentions my essay in his article and what he thought it was about, but he overstates my case into being a less believable one. my case simply was that if the bone was long enough ( or a shorter bone extended by a mouthpiece insert ) then the 4 holes would be consistent and in tune with the sounds of do, re, mi, fa ( or flat mi, fa, sol, and flat la in a minor scale ). in the 5 points i list below, extracted from turk ' s monograph in support of this being a flute, d ' errico omits dealing with much of the first, and all of the second, fourth and sixth points. turk & co ' s monograph shows the presence on site of boring tools, and includes experiments made by turk ' s colleague guiliano bastiani who successfully produced similar holes in fresh bone using tools of the type found at the site ( pp. 176 - 78 turk ). they also wrote ( pp. 171 - 75 ) that : 1. the center - to - center distances of the holes in the artifact are smaller than that of the tooth spans of most carnivores. the smallest tooth spans they found were 45mm, and the holes on the bone are 35mm ( or less ) apart ; 2. holes bitten are usually at the ends of bones rather than in the center of them ; 3. there is an absence of dents, scratches and other signs of gnawing and counter - bites on the artifact ; 4. the center - to - center distances do not correspond to the spans of carnivores which could pierce the bone ; 5. the diameters of the holes are greater than that producible by a wolf exerting the greatest jaw pressure it had available - - it ' s doubtful that a wolf ' s jaws would be strong enough ( like a hyena ' s ) to have made the holes, especially in the thickest part of the wall of the artifact. 6. if you accept one or more carnivores, then why did they over - target one bone, when there were so many other bones in the cave site? only about 4. 5 % of the juvenile bones were chewed or had holes, according to turk ( p. 117 ). * turk, ivan ( ed. ) ( 1997 ). mo
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the plant collections of the smithsonian institution began with the acquisition of specimens collected by the united states exploring expedition ( 1838 - 1842 ). these formed the foundation of a national herbarium which today numbers 4. 8 million historical plant records, placing it among the world ' s largest and most important. nearly 800, 000 specimen records ( including over 90, 000 type specimens with images ) are currently available in this online catalog. select a tab on this page to search by keyword or selected fields. if you don ' t know what you want to see, you may want to look at the sample records in the quick browse section below. searches are limited to 2000 records and the results are sorted by taxonomic group. if you need to retrieve a larger record set, contact the department of botany ' s data manager. see the help tab to learn more about searching and then exploring your returned results ( sorting, exporting, etc. ). | | sample records from the dc flora collection | | 2205692 2197595 2191752 2175968 2213272 2196389 2200318 2192830 2219158 2200909 2208745 2223985 2175937 2192264 2220376 | | sample records from the botanical type register | | 2119407 2149872 2161549 2790611 2105614 2099734 2134596 2116358 2166713 2151580 2158541 2143664 2097212 2076608 2167306 2121665 2095940 2075490 | | sample records from the wilkes expedition | | 2524597 2705372 2705371 2743367 2699717 2741233 2741229 2733613 2741227 2680776 2741226 2741217 2741216 2687168 2702446 2684992 2680753 2680752 2741176 2741175 2693758 2680751 2678261 enter your keywords separated by spaces and click search. records that match your search terms will be returned. - using parentheses to clarify the logic, you can create complex queries with or and not ( here capital letters are required, otherwise they will be treated as keyword terms ). - you can also use double - quotes to specify terms that should be treated as one. - lastly, you can include the terms image ( s ) or type (
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here capital letters are required, otherwise they will be treated as keyword terms ). - you can also use double - quotes to specify terms that should be treated as one. - lastly, you can include the terms image ( s ) or type ( s ) to find records that have images or that are type specimens. note that searching for common ( vernacular ) names may not yield the expected results. associating common names with specimen records is a work in progress. keyword search example : marantaceae ( " new guinea " or australia ) images use the by field search to find specimen data that match values in specific database fields. enter a value or choose one from the dropdown lists. - click the search button to initiate a search. clear resets all fields. - some lists are linked, so for example, choosing a country narrows the choices for province / state / territory, and district / county. dropdown choices also narrow as you type, for example, typing zing in the family field might narrow the choice to zingiberaceae. - note that the province / state dropdown is populated only after you have chosen a country. you can type a province / state without selecting a country. - check only records with images if you want to restrict the search to records with multimedia content. - you will receive a warning when you enter invalid information in the text fields. for example, catalog numbers are composed strictly of letters and numbers ; other characters will raise a warning. the results of your searches can be displayed in grid ( a sortable, customizable table ) or gallery view ( best for reviewing images ). use the switch button to cycle between these views. - you can choose whether to display 5, 10, 20, 50, or 100 records at a time. in sheet view : - click on the scientific name to view the full record. - click on the thumbnail to view larger resolutions of the image. use control + click ( command + click ) to open a new browser tab. in grid view : - you can choose the columns to display from any column ' s dropdown menu ( mouse into a column header and click the dropdown icon ). under columns, click the name to display or hide the field ( you do not need to click the checkbox specifically ). - you can drag a column header to change its order of appearance in the grid. - you can also drag the edge of a column to make it wider or narrower. - click in the expansion ( ) column to view the
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checkbox specifically ). - you can drag a column header to change its order of appearance in the grid. - you can also drag the edge of a column to make it wider or narrower. - click in the expansion ( ) column to view the full record. in gallery view : - click the image to view the full record. see exporting results for information on downloading results to, for example, excel or google earth. open the full collection record by clicking the expansion button ( ) in grid view, on the scientific name in sheet view, or anywhere within the image frame in gallery view. inverse expansion buttons ( ) indicate records with multimedia ( typically, images ). - in the record window, metadata for the multimedia content is available when you mouseover the thumbnail. - clicking the thumbnail opens the content in your browser or other appropriate application. - record windows may be resized or moved within the browser window. - you may have up to ten record windows open at any one time. sort results in grid view by clicking the column header ( or by choosing sort from the column ' s dropdown menu ). - sort on multiple columns by consecutively sorting columns in reverse order. for example, to view results sorted by country and province / state, first sort by province / state and then sort again by country. - for any column you can choose to sort in ascending or descending order. export all or selected results by clicking the export results as csv button in the bottom toolbar in grid, or gallery view. - select individual records for export by checking the export selection box ( along the left edge of the grid view grid ). - clear all selections with the clear selections button in the bottom toolbar. - results are exported as comma - separated - values, one record per line, which can be saved to disk or opened directly with applications such as microsoft excel. you can also export all or selected results to a kml file for viewing with google earth or other kml viewers, by clicking the export as kml button. this button is grayed when all or selected results lack latitude / longitude values. to create a link to specific records at nmnh provide the appropriate unit and querystring to : where unit is : - anth, birds, botany, ento, fishes, herps, iz, mammals, ms, or paleo and querystring is ( use a plus - sign to separate words ) : - one or more catalog numbers, e. g. - one or more bar
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ento, fishes, herps, iz, mammals, ms, or paleo and querystring is ( use a plus - sign to separate words ) : - one or more catalog numbers, e. g. - one or more barcodes, e. g. - the name of a type specimen, e. g. : - the name of a specimen or object, e. g. : - the name ( qn ) and / or type status ( qt ) of a specimen, and / or its collector ( co ), and / or the collection ( cn ) it is part of, e. g. : ( holotypes whose name includes torre and bartsch collected by webb and part of the henderson collection ) - to open the collections search to a specific search tab, e. g. tabs are numbered left to right, beginning with zero. - iz /? ti = 1 ( invertebrate zoology keywords search ) - mammals /? ti = 3 ( mammals whale collection search ) there are ways to speed up your queries ( or slow them down! ) and to find specific information. - the more specific you make your queries the faster they will execute. using more, rather than fewer, terms will very likely speed up your search. - these following special characters modify the interpretation of search terms ( use with as many other terms as possible to avoid slowing your search ) : - * matches any number of characters, e. g. * pseudo * -? matches a single character, e. g. young? lus frank? -! negates the presence of a term, e. g.! new - ~ matches all terms with the given stem, e. g. ~ spear for spear, spears, spearing, etc. - = match is case - sensitive, e. g. = paris - query results are typically limited to 5000 records. avoid general queries, when you can, that are likely to bring back very large numbers of records, e. g. searching for poaceae. - long running queries are automatically terminated, with no results returned. please use the feedback page to report back any problems you find with the data, or with using these search pages.
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2025-12-17T20:53:58.228384
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bees are vital for pollination. you can buy leafcutter bee houses to attract the bees to your garden. the leaf - cutter bees are solitary and unlike honey bees do not swarm like honey bees so they are little or no danger to humans or pets. bees are vital for pollination. you can buy leafcutter bee houses to attract the bees to your garden. leafcutter bee house. leaf cutter bees like hollow tubes and bamboo are ideal. they also excavate tunnels in flower pots where light gritty compost is used. the female has used the circular cuts to seal off the ends of the chamber, whereas the longer cuts are wrapped around the sides. the adult bee will provision the chamber with pollen and lay an egg. the larva feeds of the pollen. the female larva are the first to be layed and are deepest in the line. this means that if the nest is predated by a woodpecker, the feamles have a better chance of avoiding being eaten. the male larva is nearst the exit and will be the first to be eaten. although this larva will probably die, i carefully replaced the bamboo and sealed it with wax to keep the chambers intact and dry. leaf damage on rose by leaf cutter bees
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subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics
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2025-12-17T20:53:58.229562
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coyotes spend a good deal of their day sleeping. members of a pack or family may sleep within close proximity of each other, or they may sleep much further apart, but probably within the same couple of acres of each other. they have amazing built - in time clocks, but they also are influenced by circumstances of the moment. my own dog could tell the time and knew what was to be done at that time. for example, i always set off, with my dog, at exactly 2 : 40 to pick up one of my kids at school. but one day i fell asleep β i would not have made it on time except that my dog began poking me with her muzzle at exactly 2 : 40. needless to say, i was amazed. the same is true for coyotes β they seem to know when it is time to meet up, but if people or dogs are around, they will delay. most coyotes i know like to go trekking alone. after all, their staple diet consists of voles and gophers β animals that really can β t be divvied up very well. might as well hunt alone. but some coyotes do enjoy trekking together, usually in pairs. when they hunt in pairs, there is usually a rendezvous beforehand. rendezvous locations can remain the same for a while, or they can change drastically from day to day, but coyotes seem to have various favorite meeting spots which they alternate between for a while, before changing these altogether. this is where they congregate to then move together for their foraging. in this case here, the older female had spent her day sleeping in the sun quite some distance from where the young male had been also sleeping in the sun. the female was the first to move around β she disappeared into some bushes. in the meantime, i watched the male who moved from where he had been sleeping to a new location where he curled up and then dozed a while longer. finally, he got up, stretched, scratched, and began to forage. i watched him catch a vole and toy with it. he continued searching for voles and then looked up ahead. he must have seen the female approaching, because he sat down and watched intently. she trotted over, and arrived on the scene. the ritual began with hugs and kisses. they are hidden in the grass in these photos, but you can see what is going on. it was intense, but lasted only about a minute. that was the first phase of the meeting. then there was a pause where all activity
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2025-12-17T20:53:58.232098
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the richboro elementary meadow project students in the richboro elementary ecology club have been planting a meadow each year since 2008. we were the first school in council rock school district to do so, and our project has inspired the district to plant four acres of meadows at several other council rock school locations. why plant meadows? meadows provide habitats for more insects and other animals than green lawns. the first year we planted the meadow, we found two praying mantids had moved in! additionally, meadows do not need to be mowed more than once a year, so they save fossil fuel. below are photos and descriptions of our current meadow as well as meadows from previous years. the fourth planting of richboro elementary school ' s meadow students in the richboro elementary school ecology club planted its fourth meadow this spring. students sowed the flower seeds harvested last fall in the newly prepared plot. additional native seeds, including sunflower and asters, were planted. students and teachers look forward to seeing what surprises await when returning to school in the fall. the third planting of richboro elementary school β s meadow the ecology club at richboro elementary school planted its meadow for a third growing season this april. using seeds harvested from the meadow last fall, the club members, ranging from grades two through five, took turns planting seeds in a grid - like pattern across the meadow plot. sunflower seeds were pushed into the ground with planting sticks, and the soil was raked to cover the seeds. as the club ended, the clouds gathered and watered the meadow, as if on cue. we look forward to watching our garden bloom as the seasons turn. richboro elementary school β s meadow the ecology club at richboro elementary school planted its meadow for a second growing season this april. the club, with over 40 students and 5 teachers, worked together to sow seeds on a drizzly, windy day. the seeds had been harvested by the students last fall from the meadow β s first dried flowers. the charming sign, including drawings by 13 children, will be posted at the front of the meadow. richboro elementary school β s meadow blooms and seeds are harvested last spring the ecology club at richboro elementary school planted seeds to create a meadow in the front of the building. not certain how successful the meadow would be, the club members were greeted at the beginning of this school year by a surprisingly full field of colorful blooms. this fall the flowers matured to produce seeds. to complete the cycle, the ecology club plans to plant the seeds next spring. the earth laughs in
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2025-12-17T20:53:58.234762
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wood anemone - dainty spring bloomers for the woodland garden it ' s time to read and vote for your favorite article in the 2013 write - off contest! the four finalist ' s articles are featured in the may 13 newsletter and can be found through this link. hurry! voting ends may 18. if your garden is has dappled shade and you are looking for a lovely spring woodlander to combine with spring bulbs, trillium and hepatica, then try growing wood anemone, anemone nemorosa. available in white, pink or blue shades, this charming spring flower is sure to delight you! ( editor ' s note : this article was originally published on june 5, 2010. your comments are welcome, but please be aware that authors of previously published articles may not be able to promptly respond to new questions or comments. ) one of the harbingers of the european spring is drifts of wood anemone growing under the deciduous forests of beech, oak and maple. botanically, wood anemones are called anemone nemorosa. plants produce wiry stems to 10 to 25 cm. each stem produces a whorl of three, trisected leaves and is topped with a single 2 to 3 cm diameter flower. each bloom normally has 6 to 8 tepals ( the β petals ' are actually modified sepals ). in the wild, white is the normal colour but pink and blue forms do exist. plants may be grown from seed but the seed needs to be sown as soon as it is ripe ( they quickly lose viability if left dry on a shelf ). they require a stratification period ( essentially a winter ) before they will germinate. due to the fussy nature of seed germination, plants are more commonly grown by division of their narrow rhizomes. if happy, wood anemone will multiply quite rapidly via underground rhizomes to produce a large - size colony. if dug after flowering, you can separate the plants into numerous plantlets. all you need is a growing stem and a couple of inches of the rhizome. in the garden, wood anemones prefer dappled shade. their soil should be moderately moist and organic - rich. they make admirable groundcovers under deciduous trees but in warm climates, may go dormant by mid summer. in cool climates, they will stay green well into september. wood anemones have been grown as garden ornamentals for hundreds
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rich. they make admirable groundcovers under deciduous trees but in warm climates, may go dormant by mid summer. in cool climates, they will stay green well into september. wood anemones have been grown as garden ornamentals for hundreds of years. as a result of their natural variation, many named varieties now exist, most which were selected many years ago. while the wild form has small 2 to 3 cm diameter flowers, some selected forms have flowers approaching 6 cm in diameter. availability of this woodland anemone is variable. generally you will need to seek out a specialty woodland plant nursery. β lychette ' has white flowers twice the size of the wild type. two of the largest - flowered selections include β allenii ' and β robinsoniana '. both have lavender flowers but the outside of the tepals is lilac - blue on β allenii ' while the exterior is more grey - blue on β robinsoniana '. also quite large - flowered is β blue beauty ' and β blue bonnet ', both which are pale blue. the richest blue colour is found on β royal blue ' but its flowers are a little smaller than the previous selections. shown above is ' allenii ' ( top left ), ' robinsoniana ' ( top right ), ' royal blue ' ( bottom left ) and ' blue eyes ' ( bottom right ) β rosea ' and β westwell pink ' have very pale pink flowers that age to deep pink. one of the prettiest is β vestal '. this selection has small flowers that are white but has a double, pompom - like center. β monstrosa ' has flowers double flowers that are a mix of white and green while β blue eyes ' has double white flowers with a blue center. if unusual flowers are your thing then try β green fingers ' whose white flowers have a small, central leafy tuft. more bizarre still is β bracteata ' whose tepals are replaced by tiny green leaves! shown above is ' vestal ' ( top left ), ' green fingers ' ( top right ), ' monstrosa ' ( bottom left ) and ' westwell pink ' ( bottom right ) closely related to wood anemone and sometimes growing in the same area isa. ranunculoides with small buttercup - yellow flowers. in areas where the two species overlap, you many encounter a natural hybrid called a. x lipsiensis. from this hybrid comes the selection β pallida ' whose flowers are 3
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. ranunculoides with small buttercup - yellow flowers. in areas where the two species overlap, you many encounter a natural hybrid called a. x lipsiensis. from this hybrid comes the selection β pallida ' whose flowers are 3 cm and a pretty butter yellow. shown above is a. ranunculoides ( left ) and a. x lipsiensis. i would like to thank the following people for the use of their pictures : galanthophile ( ' green fingers ' ), kmac ( ' westwell pink ' ), kniphofia ( ' monstrosa ' ) and wallaby1 ( ' blue eyes ' ). about todd boland i reside in st. john ' s, newfoundland, canada. i work as a research horticulturist at the memorial university of newfoundland botanical garden. i am one of the founding members of the newfoundland wildflower society and the current chair of the newfoundland rock garden society. my garden is quite small but i pack it tight! outdoors i grow mostly alpines, bulbs and ericaceous shrubs. indoors, my passion is orchids. when not in the garden, i ' m out bird watching, a hobby that has gotten me to some lovely parts of the world.
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2025-12-17T20:53:58.239891
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my passion is studying early man, specifically how we became who we are. is our violence an aberration or part and parcel of survival? no other mammal kills their own, but maybe β as the alpha on the planet β our greatest threat to our survival is our own species, so we β re forced to destroy each other. what was lacking in h. habilis that led to their extinction, to be replaced by the big - brained, scrawny homo erectus? habilis was preyed upon by species with bigger claws, sharper teeth and thicker skin. habilis ( and my friend lyta ) scavenged their left - overs, in between hiding from the imposing mammals that dominated the plio - pleistocene african savanna. but, eventually hiding wasn β t enough and h. erectus took over ( we don β t know if they fought with each other or if habilis left β with a whimper β ). h. erectus, with his longer lower limbs for running and walking efficiency, his bigger brain especially in the areas for planning and forethought ( and speech depending upon whose research you β re reading ) was tall, thin, and barrel - chested, hardly daunting in a world of sabertooth cats, mammoth and giant sloths. yet, it is he who spread from africa to china, india, the middle east, java. it is he β not predator cats or alligators β who developed a highly adaptable culture allowing him to survive a wide range of climates and habitats. that is the first of their firsts. want more? - first appearance of systematic hunting. - first use of fire ( though arguably no control of it ) - first indication of extended childhood ( thanks to the helplessness of their infants ) - first indication of the ability to lead a more complex life ( their acheulian tools were sophisticated, their hunting was planned ) - first to wear clothing ( how else to survive georgia and china ) - first to create complex tools and weapons their faces were short but wide and the nose projected forward, hinting at the typical human external nose. they had a pronounced brow ridge. their cranium was long and low and somewhat flattened at the front and back. the cranial bone was thicker than earlier hominids. remnants show damage from being hit in the head by something like clubs or heavy rocks. their arms and legs were also robust, with thicker bones and clear evidence of being heavily muscled. the suspicion is they were a more violent species than ha
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##minids. remnants show damage from being hit in the head by something like clubs or heavy rocks. their arms and legs were also robust, with thicker bones and clear evidence of being heavily muscled. the suspicion is they were a more violent species than habilis. is that why habilis disappeared? the tougher group survived and bred offspring with their thicker, more protective skulls. you probably remember my friend lyta is a homo habilis ( see her page ). i β ve lived her life through otto β s ability to β see β into the past. where other primates rest when they have enough to eat, she thinks and shares information with her band. where most mammals sleep when they aren β t hunting, playing or resting, lyta worked β knapped tools, collected food for a cache, planned. i have come to believe that her survival depended not so much on her physique ( which was sorely lacking in that physical time ) as what was inside of her : her courage, ability to plan ahead, strength of her convictions, what we call β morals β. these are very human traits that can β t be preserved in bones and teeth. i wouldn β t know they existed if not for otto. i β ve posted an excerpt from that research on scribd. com ( born in a treacherous time ). my next project is to determine how man migrated throughout the world. where did he get the courage? was he forced out because he couldn β t defend his territory? or was it wanderlust? was he a seeker, wanting more for his life? did he get bored and need to challenge his constantly - growing brain?
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2025-12-17T20:53:58.243621
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dictionary and translator for handheld new : sensagent is now available on your handheld a windows ( pop - into ) of information ( full - content of sensagent ) triggered by double - clicking any word on your webpage. give contextual explanation and translation from your sites! with a sensagentbox, visitors to your site can access reliable information on over 5 million pages provided by sensagent. com. choose the design that fits your site. improve your site content add new content to your site from sensagent by xml. crawl products or adds get xml access to reach the best products. index images and define metadata get xml access to fix the meaning of your metadata. please, email us to describe your idea. lettris is a curious tetris - clone game where all the bricks have the same square shape but different content. each square carries a letter. to make squares disappear and save space for other squares you have to assemble english words ( left, right, up, down ) from the falling squares. boggle gives you 3 minutes to find as many words ( 3 letters or more ) as you can in a grid of 16 letters. you can also try the grid of 16 letters. letters must be adjacent and longer words score better. see if you can get into the grid hall of fame! change the target language to find translations. tips : browse the semantic fields ( see from ideas to words ) in two languages to learn more. 1. the language of educated people in ancient rome " latin is a language as dead as dead can be. it killed the ancient romans - - and now it ' s killing me " classical latin ( n. ) latin inscription in the colosseum | spoken in | | roman republic, roman empire | | region | | mare nostrum ( mediterranean ) | | era | | 75 bc to the 3rd century ad, when it developed into late latin | | writing system | | latin alphabet | | official language in | | roman republic, roman empire | | regulated by | | schools of grammar and rhetoric | the range of latin, 60 ad classical latin in simplest terms is the socio - linguistic register of the latin language regarded by the enfranchised and empowered populations of the late roman republic and the roman empire as good latin. most writers during this time made use of it. any unabridged latin dictionary informs moderns that marcus tullius cicero and his contemporaries of the late republic while using lingua latina and sermo latinus to mean the latin language as
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. most writers during this time made use of it. any unabridged latin dictionary informs moderns that marcus tullius cicero and his contemporaries of the late republic while using lingua latina and sermo latinus to mean the latin language as opposed to the greek or other languages, and sermo vulgaris or sermo vulgi to refer to the vernacular of the uneducated masses, regarded the speech they valued most and in which they wrote as latinitas, " latinity ", with the implication of good. sometimes it is called sermo familiaris, " speech of the good families ", sermo urbanus, " speech of the city " or rarely sermo nobilis, " noble speech ", but mainly besides latinitas it was latine ( adverb ), " in good latin ", or latinius ( comparative degree of adjective ), " good latin. " latinitas was spoken as well as written. moreover, it was the language taught by the schools. prescriptive rules therefore applied to it, and where a special subject was concerned, such as poetry or rhetoric, additional rules applied as well. now that the spoken latinitas has become extinct ( in favor of various other registers later in date ) the rules of the, for the most part, polished ( politus ) texts may give the appearance of an artificial language, but latinitas was a form of sermo, or spoken language and as such retains a spontaneity. no authors are noted for the type of rigidity evidenced by stylized art, except possibly the repetitious abbreviations and stock phrases of inscriptions. good latin in philology is " classical " latin literature. the term refers to the canonicity of works of literature written in latin in the late roman republic and the early to middle roman empire : " that is to say, that of belonging to an exclusive group of authors ( or works ) that were considered to be emblematic of a certain genre. " the term classicus ( masculine plural classici ) was devised by the romans themselves to translate greek ΡγκΟιθΡνΟΞ΅Ο ( egkrithentes ), " select ", referring to authors who wrote in greek that were considered model. before then, classis, in addition to being a naval fleet, was a social class in one of the diachronic divisions of roman society according to property ownership by the roman constitution. the word is a transliteration of greek κληΟΞΉΟ ( klesis
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addition to being a naval fleet, was a social class in one of the diachronic divisions of roman society according to property ownership by the roman constitution. the word is a transliteration of greek κληΟΞΉΟ ( klesis ) " calling ", used to rank army draftees by property from first to fifth class. classicus is anything primae classis, " first class ", such as the authors of the polished works of latinitas, or sermo urbanus. it had nuances of the certified and the authentic : testis classicus, " reliable witness. " it was in this sense that marcus cornelius fronto ( an african - roman lawyer and language teacher ) in the 2nd century ad used scriptores classici, " first - class " or " reliable authors " whose works could be relied upon as model of good latin. this is the first known reference, possibly innovated at this time, to classical applied to authors by virtue of the authentic language of their works. in imitation of the greek grammarians, the roman ones, such as quintilian, drew up lists termed indices or ordines on the model of the greek lists, termed pinakes, considered classical : the recepti scriptores, " select writers. " aulus gellius includes many authors, such as plautus, who are currently considered writers of old latin and not strictly in the period of classical latin. the classical romans distinguished old latin as prisca latinitas and not sermo vulgaris. each author ( and work ) in the roman lists was considered equivalent to one in the greek ; for example ennius was the latin homer, the aeneid was a new iliad, and so on. the lists of classical authors were as far as the roman grammarians went in developing a philology. the topic remained at that point while interest in the classici scriptores declined in the medieval period as the best latin yielded to medieval latin, somewhat less than the best by classical standards. the renaissance brought a revival of interest in restoring as much of roman culture as could be restored and with it the return of the concept of classic, " the best. " thomas sebillet in 1548 ( art poetique ) referred to " les bons et classiques poetes francois ", meaning jean de meun and alain chartier, which was the first modern application of the word. according to merriam webster ' s collegiate dictionary, the term classical, from classicus, entered modern english in 1599,
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2025-12-17T20:53:58.262627
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poetes francois ", meaning jean de meun and alain chartier, which was the first modern application of the word. according to merriam webster ' s collegiate dictionary, the term classical, from classicus, entered modern english in 1599, some 50 years after its re - introduction on the continent. governor william bradford in 1648 referred to synods of a separatist church as " classical meetings " in his dialogue, a report of a meeting between new - england - born " young men " and " ancient men " from holland and england. in 1715 laurence echard ' s classical geographical dictionary was published. in 1736 robert ainsworth ' s thesaurus linguae latinae compendarius turned english words and expressions into " proper and classical latin. " in 1768 david ruhnken ( critical history of the greek orators ) recast the mold of the view of the classical by applying the word canon to the pinakes of orators, after the biblical canon or list of authentic books of the bible. ruhnken had a kind of secular catechism in mind. in 1870 wilhelm sigismund teuffel in geschichte der romischen literatur ( a history of roman literature ) innovated the definitive philological classification of classical latin based on the metaphoric uses of the ancient myth of the ages of man, a practice then universally current : a golden age and a silver age of classical latin were to be presumed. the practice and teuffel ' s classification, with modifications, are still in use. his work was translated into english as soon as published in german by wilhelm wagner, who corresponded with teuffel. wagner published the english translation in 1873. teuffel divides the chronology of classical latin authors into several periods according to political events, rather than by style. regarding the style of the literary latin of those periods he had but few comments. teuffel was to go on with other editions of his history, but meanwhile it had come out in english almost as soon as it did in german and found immediate favorable reception. in 1877 charles thomas cruttwell produced the first english work along the same lines. in his preface he refers to " teuffel ' s admirable history, without which many chapters in the present work could not have attained completeness " and also gives credit to wagner. cruttwell adopts the same periods with minor differences ; however, where teuffel ' s work is mainly historical, cruttwell ' s work contains
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work could not have attained completeness " and also gives credit to wagner. cruttwell adopts the same periods with minor differences ; however, where teuffel ' s work is mainly historical, cruttwell ' s work contains detailed analyses of style. nevertheless like teuffel he encounters the same problem of trying to summarize the voluminous detail in a way that captures in brief the gist of a few phases of writing styles. like teuffel, he has trouble finding a name for the first of the three periods ( the current old latin phase ), calling it mainly " from livius to sulla. " the language, he says, is " β¦ marked by immaturity of art and language, by a vigorous but ill - disciplined imitation of greek poetical models, and in prose by a dry sententiousness of style, gradually giving way to a clear and fluent strength β¦ " these abstracts have little meaning to those not well - versed in latin literature. in fact, cruttwell admits " the ancients, indeed, saw a difference between ennius, pacuvius, and accius, but it may be questioned whether the advance would be perceptible by us. " some of cruttwell ' s ideas have become stock in latin philology for better or for worse. while praising the application of rules to classical latin, most intensely in the golden age, he says " in gaining accuracy, however, classical latin suffered a grievous loss. it became cultivated as distinct from a natural language β¦ spontaneity, therefore, became impossible and soon invention also ceased β¦ in a certain sense, therefore, latin was studied as a dead language, while it was still a living. " these views are certainly debatable ; one might ask how the upper classes of late 16th century britain, who shared the renaissance zealousness for the classics, managed to speak spontaneous latin to each other officially and unofficially after being taught classical latin by tutors hired for the purpose. latinitas in the golden age was in fact sermo familiaris, the spoken latin of the roman upper classes, who sent their children to school to learn it. the debate continues. a second problem is the appropriateness of teuffel ' s scheme to the concept of classical latin, which teuffel does not discuss. cruttwell addresses the problem, however, altering the concept of the classical. as the best latin is defined as golden latin,
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teuffel ' s scheme to the concept of classical latin, which teuffel does not discuss. cruttwell addresses the problem, however, altering the concept of the classical. as the best latin is defined as golden latin, the second of the three periods, the other two periods considered classical are left hanging. while on the one hand assigning to old latin the term pre - classical and by implication the term post - classical ( or post - augustan ) to silver latin cruttwell realizes that this construct is not according to ancient usage and asserts " β¦ the epithet classical is by many restricted to the authors who wrote in it [ golden latin ]. it is best, however, not to narrow unnecessarily the sphere of classicity ; to exclude terence on the one hand or tacitus and pliny on the other, would savour of artificial restriction rather than that of a natural classification. " ( this from a scholar who had just been complaining that golden latin was not a natural language. ) the contradiction remains ; terence is and is not a classical author depending on context. after defining a " first period " of inscriptional latin and the literature of the earliest known authors and fragments, to which he assigns no definitive name ( he does use the term " old roman " at one point ), teuffel presents " the second period ", his major, " das goldene zeitalter der romischen literatur ", the golden age of roman literature, dated 671 β 767 auc or 83 bc β 14 ad according to his time reckoning, between the dictatorship of lucius cornelius sulla and the death of the emperor augustus. of it wagner translating teuffel writes the golden age of the roman literature is that period in which the climax was reached in the perfection of form, and in most respects also in the methodical treatment of the subject - matters. it may be subdivided between the generations, in the first of which ( the ciceronian age ) prose culminated, while poetry was principally developed in the augustan age. the ciceronian age was dated 671 β 711 auc ( 83 bc β 43 bc ), ending just after the assassination of gaius julius caesar, and the augustan 711 β 67 auc ( 43 bc β 14 ad ), ending with the death of augustus. the ciceronian age is further divided by the consulship of cicero in 691 auc or 63 bc into a first and second half. authors are assigned to
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67 auc ( 43 bc β 14 ad ), ending with the death of augustus. the ciceronian age is further divided by the consulship of cicero in 691 auc or 63 bc into a first and second half. authors are assigned to these periods by years of principal achievements. the golden age had already made an appearance in german philology but in a less systematic way. in bielfeld ' s 1770 elements of universal erudition the author says ( in translation ) : " the second age of latin began about the time of caesar [ his ages are different from teuffel ' s ], and ended with tiberius. this is what is called the augustan age, which was perhaps of all others the most brilliant, a period at which it should seem as if the greatest men, and the immortal authors, had met together upon the earth, in order to write the latin language in its utmost purity and perfection. " and of tacitus " β¦ his conceits and sententious style is not that of the golden age β¦ ". teuffel evidently received the ideas of a golden and silver latin from an existing tradition and embedded them in a new system, transforming them as he thought best. in cruttwell ' s introduction, the golden age is dated 80 bc β 14 ad ( " from cicero to ovid " ), which is about the same as teuffel ' s. of this " second period " cruttwell says that it " represents the highest excellence in prose and poetry, " paraphrasing teuffel. the ciceronian age is now " the republican period " and is dated 80 β 42 bc through the battle of philippi. later in the book cruttwell omits teuffel ' s first half of the ciceronian and starts the golden age at cicero ' s consulship of 63 bc, an error perpetuated into cruttwell ' s second edition as well. he must mean 80 bc as he includes varro in golden latin. teuffel ' s augustan age is cruttwell ' s augustan epoch, 42 bc β 14 ad. the literary histories list all authors canonical to the ciceronian age even though their works may be fragmentary or may not have survived at all. with the exception of a few major writers, such as cicero, caesar, lucretius and catullus, ancient accounts of republican literature are glowing accounts of jurists and orators who wrote prolifically but who
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may not have survived at all. with the exception of a few major writers, such as cicero, caesar, lucretius and catullus, ancient accounts of republican literature are glowing accounts of jurists and orators who wrote prolifically but who now can ' t be read because their works have been lost, or analyses of language and style that appear insightful but can ' t be verified because there are no surviving instances. in that sense the pages of literary history are peopled with shadows : aquilius gallus, quintus hortensius hortalus, lucius licinius lucullus and many others who left a reputation but no readable works ; they are to be presumed in the golden age by their associations. a list of some canonical authors of the period, whose works have survived in whole or in part ( typically in part, some only short fragments ) is as follows : the golden age is divided by the assassination of julius caesar. in the wars that followed the republican generation of literary men was lost, as most of them had taken the losing side ; marcus tullius cicero was beheaded in the street as he enquired from his litter what the disturbance was. they were replaced by a new generation that had grown up and been educated under the old and were now to make their mark under the watchful eye of the new emperor. as the demand for great orators was more or less over, the talent shifted emphasis to poetry. other than the historian livy, the most remarkable writers of the period were the poets vergil, horace, and ovid. although augustus evidenced some toleration to republican sympathizers, he exiled ovid, and imperial tolerance ended with the continuance of the julio - claudian dynasty. augustan writers include : in his second volume, on the imperial period, teuffel initiated a slight alteration in approach, making it clearer that his terms applied to the latin and not just to the age, and also changing his dating scheme from years auc to modern. although he introduces das silberne zeitalter der romischen literatur, " the silver age of roman literature ", 14 β 117 ad, from the death of augustus to the death of trajan, he also mentions regarding a section of a work by seneca the elder a wenig einfluss der silbernen latinitat, a " slight influence of silver latin. " it is clear that he had shifted in thought from golden and silver ages to golden
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regarding a section of a work by seneca the elder a wenig einfluss der silbernen latinitat, a " slight influence of silver latin. " it is clear that he had shifted in thought from golden and silver ages to golden and silver latin, and not just latin, but latinitas, which must at this point be interpreted as classical latin. he may have been influenced in that regard by one of his sources, e. opitz, who in 1852 had published a title specimen lexilogiae argenteae latinitatis, mentioning silver latinity. although teuffel ' s first period was equivalent to old latin and his second period was equal to the golden age, his third period, die romische kaiserheit, encompasses both the silver age and the centuries now termed late latin, in which the forms seemed to break loose from their foundation and float freely ; that is, literary men appeared uncertain as to what " good latin " should mean. the last of the classical latin is the silver latin. the silver age is the first of the imperial period and is divided into die zeit der julischen dynastie, 14 β 68 ; die zeit der flavischen dynastie, 69 β 96 ; and die zeit des nerva und trajan, 96 β 117. subsequently teuffel goes over to a century scheme : 2nd, 3rd, etc., through 6th. his later editions ( which came out in the rest of the late 19th century ) divide the imperial age into parts : the 1st century ( silver age ), the 2nd century : hadrian and the antonines and the 3rd through the 6th centuries. of the silver age proper, pointing out that anything like freedom of speech had vanished with tiberius, teuffel says β¦ the continual apprehension in which men lived caused a restless versatility β¦ simple or natural composition was considered insipid ; the aim of language was to be brilliant β¦ hence it was dressed up with abundant tinsel of epigrams, rhetorical figures and poetical terms β¦ mannerism supplanted style, and bombastic pathos took the place of quiet power. the content of new literary works was continually proscribed by the emperor ( by executing or exiling the author ), who also played the role of literary man ( typically badly ). the talent therefore went into a repertory of new and dazzling mannerisms, which teuffel calls " utter unreality. " crutwell picks up this theme : the
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subdomain_quantum_field_theory
| 0.469494
| 512
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<urn:uuid:ca387b2a-7df2-4bb1-8e2d-9e82dcdc8b5a>
| 8
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2025-12-17T20:53:58.267629
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, who also played the role of literary man ( typically badly ). the talent therefore went into a repertory of new and dazzling mannerisms, which teuffel calls " utter unreality. " crutwell picks up this theme : the foremost of these [ characteristics ] is unreality, arising from the extinction of freedom β¦ hence arose a declamatory tone, which strove by frigid and almost hyterical exaggeration to make up for the healthy stimulus afforded by daily contact with affairs. the vein of artificial rhetoric, antithesis and epigram β¦ owes its origin to this forced contentment with an uncongenial sphere. with the decay of freedom, taste sank β¦ in crutwell ' s view ( which had not been expressed by teuffel ), silver latin was a " rank, weed - grown garden ", a " decline. " cruttwell had already decried what he saw as a loss of spontaneity in golden latin. that teuffel should regard the silver age as a loss of natural language and therefore of spontaneity, implying that the golden age had it, is passed without comment. instead, tiberius brought about a " sudden collapse of letters. " the idea of a decline had been dominant in english society since edward gibbon ' s decline and fall of the roman empire. once again, cruttwell evidences some unease with his stock pronouncements : " the natural history of pliny shows how much remained to be done in fields of great interest. " the idea of pliny as a model is not consistent with any sort of decline ; moreover, pliny did his best work under emperors at least as tolerant as augustus had been. to include some of the best writings of the silver age, cruttwell found he had to extend the period through the death of marcus aurelius, 180 ad. the philosophic prose of that good emperor was in no way compatible with either teuffel ' s view of unnatural language or cruttwell ' s depiction of a decline. having created these constructs, the two philologists found they could not entirely justify them ; apparently, in the worst implications of their views, there was no classical latin by the ancient definition at all and some of the very best writing of any period in world history was a stilted and degenerate unnatural language. writers of the silver age include the following. of the additional century granted by cruttwell and
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subdomain_quantum_mechanics
| 0.500313
| 512
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<urn:uuid:ca387b2a-7df2-4bb1-8e2d-9e82dcdc8b5a>
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2025-12-17T20:53:58.268525
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by the ancient definition at all and some of the very best writing of any period in world history was a stilted and degenerate unnatural language. writers of the silver age include the following. of the additional century granted by cruttwell and others of his point of view to silver latin but not by teuffel the latter says " the second century was a happy period for the roman state, the happiest indeed during the whole empire β¦ but in the world of letters the lassitude and enervation, which told of rome ' s decline, became unmistakeable β¦ its forte is in imitation. " teuffel, however, excepts the jurists ; others find other " exceptions, " recasting teuffels ' s view. the style of language refers to repeatable features of speech that are somewhat less general than the fundamental characteristics of the language. the latter give it a unity allowing it to be referenced under a single name. thus old latin, classical latin, vulgar latin, etc., are not considered different languages, but are all referenced under the name of latin. this is an ancient practice continued by moderns rather than a philological innovation of recent times. that latin had case endings is a fundamental feature of the language. whether a given form of speech prefers to use prepositions such as ad, ex, de for " to ", " from " and " of " rather than simple case endings is a matter of style. latin has a large number of styles. each and every author has a style, which typically allows his prose or poetry to be identified by experienced latinists. the problem of comparative literature has been to group styles finding similarities by period, in which case one may speak of old latin, silver latin, late latin as styles or a phase of styles. the ancient authors themselves first defined style by recognizing different kinds of sermo, or " speech. " in making the value judgement that classical latin was " first class " and that it was better to write with latinitas they were themselves selecting the literary and upper - class language of the city as a standard style and all sermo that differed from it was a different style ; thus in rhetoric cicero was able to define sublime, intermediate and low styles ( within classical latin ) and st. augustine to recommend the low style for sermons ( from sermo ). style therefore is to be defined by differences in speech from a standard. teuffel defined that standard as golden latin.
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subdomain_quantum_field_theory
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| 505
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<urn:uuid:ca387b2a-7df2-4bb1-8e2d-9e82dcdc8b5a>
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2025-12-17T20:53:58.269389
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i will only point out two caveats : - we cannot assume that click speakers of the african southwest are necessarily indigenous to that region, and - it is possible that, the greater phonemic diversity is due to ancient admixture between quite divergent peoples who possessed two different types of phonemic inventories, while most africans inherited only the phonemic inventory of one of these peoples, which then decayed as per the author ' s theory away from africa. science 15 april 2011 : vol. 332 no. 6027 pp. 346 - 349 phonemic diversity supports a serial founder effect model of language expansion from africa quentin d. atkinson human genetic and phenotypic diversity declines with distance from africa, as predicted by a serial founder effect in which successive population bottlenecks during range expansion progressively reduce diversity, underpinning support for an african origin of modern humans. recent work suggests that a similar founder effect may operate on human culture and language. here i show that the number of phonemes used in a global sample of 504 languages is also clinal and fits a serial founder β effect model of expansion from an inferred origin in africa. this result, which is not explained by more recent demographic history, local language diversity, or statistical non - independence within language families, points to parallel mechanisms shaping genetic and linguistic diversity and supports an african origin of modern human languages.
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subdomain_quantum_gravity
| 0.532122
| 278
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<urn:uuid:af093004-a8aa-4f38-b0df-c09a73298010>
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2025-12-17T20:53:58.270686
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xantusiidae is a clade of viviparous ( live bearing ) lizards that ranges from southwestern north america and baja california ( xantusia ) into central america ( lepidophyma ) and cuba ( cricosaura ). xantusia magdalena occurs in baja california. xantusiidae is a relatively small clade, with 3 genera and approximately 30 living species. lepidophyma is the most speciose ( ~ 17 species ), whereas cricosaura is monotypic. xantusiids have a reasonably good fossil record extending from the mid - paleocene onward in western north america. xantusiids are fascinating lizards for several reasons. first, although they are almost uniformly diminuitive ( xantusia magdalena measures less than 4 cm snout - vent length, and the largest xantusiid species measure about 10 cm snout - vent length ), xantusiids generally take several years to reach sexual maturity, and several species give birth to just 1 or 2 offspring. it is a more usual reproductive strategy for small lizards to mature quickly and produce large numbers of offspring, to increase their chances of survival. despite this low reproductive potential, xantusiid neonates actually have a high life expectancy ; this can be attributed at least in part to their secretive lifestyle, which leads to the second reason why xantusiids are particularly interesting - - microhabitat specialization. microhabitat specialization is an ecological hallmark of xantusiidae. many populations are narrowly restricted to specific niches - - crevices ( e. g., xantusia henshawi in exfoliating granitic cap rocks ), interstices in agaves and yuccas in dry climates ( e. g., x. magdalena ), decaying logs in wet climates ( e. g., lepidophyma flavimaculatum ) - - and individuals may be found under the same patch of cover throughout their lives! these microhabitat restrictions result in extremely disjunct geographical distributions, and also may be responsible for some morphological convergence within the group ( e. g., flattened skulls for crevice dwelling ). xantusiidae also includes two insular endemics : the cuban cricosaura typica is the only xantusiid found in the west indies and is interpreted as one of the caribbean ' s few ancient endemic vertebrate lineages ; and xantusia riversiana
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subdomain_quantum_gravity
| 0.422155
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<urn:uuid:d2d88a75-c769-4548-aa0c-a3c3aafba348>
| 0
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2025-12-17T20:53:58.276650
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endemics : the cuban cricosaura typica is the only xantusiid found in the west indies and is interpreted as one of the caribbean ' s few ancient endemic vertebrate lineages ; and xantusia riversiana ( formerly klauberina riversiana ) is limited to three of the channel islands off the coast of california. the phylogenetic relationships of xantusiidae are problematic. morphology and molecules produce different topologies within the clade : morphology recovers a cricosaura + lepidophyma clade, while mitochondrial genes recover a lepidophyma + xantusia clade. lack of resolution of relationships within xantusiidae has hindered the placement of this clade within the squamate tree. xantusiidae is a " tree - changing " taxon : it causes homoplasy wherever it is placed, and its placement can tip the balance between the two primary competing hypotheses of scleroglossan relationships. xantusiidae is traditionally placed within scincomorpha, but some analyses have placed it near gekkota. thus, xantusiidae is either a highly derived, or extremely basal, scleroglossan clade. previous analyses of squamate phylogeny have almost certainly suffered in relying on species of the readily available - - but relatively derived - - genus xantusia as exemplars for xantusiidae. cricosaura or a species of lepidophyma would be more appropriate, but both are exceedingly rare in collections ; indeed, some species of lepidophyma are known from only 1 or 2 specimens. whatever the placement of xantusiidae within squamates, there is no doubt that xantusiids are monophyletic. the following are some of the hypothesized synapomorphies of the lineage ( from estes et al., 1988 ), most of which can be seen in the skull reconstructions above : supratemporal fenestra closed primarily by postorbital ; parietals paired well into postembryonic ontogeny ; parietal table extensive posteriorly, largely obscuring braincase in dorsal view, supratemporal process short ; vomers fused ; ectopterygoid contacts palatine anterolaterally, excluding maxilla from suborbital fenestra ; ectopterygoid enlarged medially, restricting suborbital fenestra.
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subdomain_quantum_gravity
| 0.461863
| 512
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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<urn:uuid:d2d88a75-c769-4548-aa0c-a3c3aafba348>
| 1
| 0.35
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2025-12-17T20:53:58.277425
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this database of images for the study and teaching of art, design, and visual culture at illinois state university, is produced as a collaboration between the school of art and milner library. the images come from many sources, including publications, original photography, and the visual resources collection of the school of art. the slides of sverre " bex " braathen combine a " passion for circus " with the skills and artistry of photography at its finest. images were captured in the saturated colors of kodachrome slides and date from the early 1940s to the late 1950s as well as black and white film in the 1930s. set within the context of the entire braathen β¦ illinois state university history is a growing collection that currently includes campus history books, proceedings of the first university governing board, and nearly 400 photographs. support for this collection is provided by the friends of milner library and the illinois state library, a division of the office of the secretary of β¦ welcome to milner library ' s international collection of child art digital image collection! this resource holds images of art created by children and adolescents representing more than fifty countries and cultures from argentina to new zealand. the artworks are two dimensional and use varied media. the work in this collection β¦ voices of extremism : conflicting ideologies in united states politics in the decades following wwii is a unique audio documentation of the individuals and movements that characterized the extremist politics in the united states in the decades following the second world war from 1946 to 1980. the collection also includes a documentary on β¦ cultivated in the spirit of teaching, learning and research, milner library ' s digital collections provide a variety of resources. they reflect the rich cultural heritage at illinois state university, and include audio recordings, historic documents, photos, and images of art and visual culture. discover all collections art & culture circus & allied arts illinois state university history international collection of child art voices of extremism native american collection normal editions workshop ( n. e. w. ) towanda area history world war i women
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subdomain_quantum_gravity
| 0.464296
| 409
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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<urn:uuid:38e6d370-c6fd-4e73-85c6-089457add0bf>
| 0
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2025-12-17T20:53:58.281248
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date : august 2010 creator : allen, evette l. description : family communication has the potential to affect a variety of youth behavioral outcomes including adolescent sexual risk behavior. within chapter 1, i present past literature on adolescent sexual risk behaviors, family communication patterns, and the gaps associated with those areas. in chapter 2, i review previous literature on adolescent sexual risk behavior, parent - child communication and family communication patterns. in chapter 3, i present the method which includes a description of the participants, procedures, measures, and data analysis used. in chapter 4, i present the results of the study. according to the results of the study, father - child communication is not a better predictor of adolescent sexual risk behavior. a higher quantity of parent - child communication does not lead to less adolescent sexual risk behavior. participants with a pluralistic family type do significantly differ from laissez - faire and protective family types in regards to levels of parent - child communication. participants with a consensual family type do have significantly higher levels of parent - child communication in comparison to laissez - faire family types, but not protective family types. finally, in chapter 5, i present the discussion with a review of previous research ( consistent or inconsistent with the current findings ), limitations and conclusions for the current study. contributing partner : unt libraries
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subdomain_quantum_field_theory
| 0.550646
| 269
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<urn:uuid:eeed63e4-ccb3-480f-bd77-7d8de8b6555e>
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2025-12-17T20:53:58.283206
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children of substance abusers : observations and their mothers ' reports of childrearing practices the widespread use of drugs includes women who are mothers and of childbearing age. a review of the literature shows that women who are substance abusers suffer from depression, low self - esteem, have poor health and nutrition, and histories of family violence and abuse. ^ during pregnancy, addictive women often lack prenatal care. in utero exposure to drugs is associated with multiple postnatal outcomes which include prematurity, low birth weight, neonatal abstinence syndrome, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( aids ). intelligence testing found that the children scored within the normal range but significantly lower than the children of drug - free controls. ^ conflicting views on the parenting of mothers who are substance abusers exist. deprived and poorly nurtured in childhood themselves, they feel inadequate as parents. however, they love their children, are capable of learning developmental issues of childhood, and can respond with sensitivity to their needs. ^ the purpose of this study was to examine the child - rearing attitudes and parental style of addicted mothers and the impact of their drug use, parental attitudes, and demographic variables on their interactions with their children. forty - four mothers, forty - one drug users and three non - drug users, and nineteen infants participated in the study. participants attended the infant and toddler schools of the center for comprehensive health practice, inc. subjects completed the demographic sheet and the modified child - rearing practices report ( crpr ). the child data was obtained from the agency and included the scores of the bayley scales of infant development, the checklist for caregiver - infant observation, and the home observation for measurement of the environment - short form ( home - sf ). generally, greater parental control and less expression of affection were adhered to as values by the participants of the study. correlations as a function of drug usage and demographic variables suggested that the participants held both sound and inappropriate child - rearing attitudes. length of treatment and the age of the youngest child emerged as the demographic variables most related to the parental attitude variables. the children scored within the average range of intelligence, however, the range of variation was highly significant. ^ health sciences, mental health | women ' s studies | psychology, developmental sarai ramona padilla - rafalsky, " children of substance abusers : observations and their mothers ' reports of childrearing practices " ( january 1, 1993 ). etd collection for pace university.
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subdomain_quantum_optics
| 0.478837
| 511
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<urn:uuid:288bae5d-f267-40ac-bd2c-195909577617>
| 0
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2025-12-17T20:53:58.288219
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born in 1940, wangari maathai is a kenyan ecologist and environmental activist who founded the green belt movement in 1977, causing the media to depict her as a latter - day johnny appleseed who has planted millions of trees in africa. ( the green belt movement has been responsible for the planting of more than 10 million trees to prevent soil erosion and provide a source of firewood. ) as a member of the green belt movement, maathai has led sub - saharan african women in provoking sometimes - violent clashes with police. though casting herself as a hero of the downtrodden, she has demonstrated against peasants β economic interests. when kenyan autocratic leader daniel arap moi wanted to revive the nation β s dead economy by building the world β s largest skyscraper in the capital, her riotous actions dried up investment. later, she led a protest to prevent β small - scale farming β on african forestland and called farmers β invaders β who were guilty of β rape. β in 1992, she and the women in her green belt movement foreshadowed contemporary western antiwar demonstrators by staging a public strip - in. in 2004 she won the nobel peace prize for her work in β human rights β and β reversing deforestation across africa. β when maathai was awarded her nobel prize, united nations secretary - general kofi annan paid her a glowing tribute : maathai is also an anti - white, anti - western crusader for international socialism. she charges that β some sadistic [ white ] scientists β created the aids virus β to punish blacks β and, ultimately, β to wipe out the black race. β maathai continues : β renowned and admired throughout her native kenya and across africa for her pioneering struggle against deforestation and for women β s rights and democracy, ms. maathai has also played an important role at un conferences such as the earth summit, making an imprint on the global quest for sustainable development.... selfless and steadfast, ms. maathai has been a champion of the environment, of women, of africa, and of anyone concerned about our future security. β β some say that aids came from the monkeys, and i doubt that, because we have been living with monkeys [ since ] time immemorial ; others say it was a curse from god, but i say it cannot be that.... us black people are dying more than any other people in this planet. it β s true that there are some people who create agents to
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subdomain_quantum_gravity
| 0.397923
| 512
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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<urn:uuid:fae983e5-45da-44d4-86c0-5ccc7cb210d8>
| 0
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2025-12-17T20:53:58.293378
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in some people, macular degeneration advances so slowly that it has little effect on their vision. but in others, the disease progresses faster and may lead to vision loss. sometimes only one eye is affected, while the other eye remains free of problems for many years. people with dry macular degeneration in one eye often do not notice any changes in their vision. with one eye seeing clearly, they can still drive, read, and see fine details. some people may notice changes in their vision only if macular degeneration affects both of their eyes. both dry and wet macular degeneration cause no pain. symptoms of macular degeneration include : blurred vision β this is an early sign. an example of early findings is that you may need more light for reading and other tasks. difficulty seeing details in front of you β you may have a difficult time seeing words in a book or faces. blind spot β a small, growing blind spot will appear in the middle of your field of vision. this spot occurs because a group of cells in the macula have stopped working properly. over time, the blurred spot may get bigger and darker, taking more of your central vision. crooked lines β an early symptom of wet macular degeneration is straight lines that will appear crooked or wavy. this happens because the newly formed blood vessels leak fluid under the macula. the fluid raises the macula from its normal place at the back of the eye and distorts your vision. lighting β images appear more gray in color and colors are not as bright contact your ophthalmologist immediately for an eye exam if you notice : - visual distortions - sudden decrease in central vision - a central blind spot - any other visual problems - reviewer : christopher cheyer, md - update date : 09 / 01 / 2011 -
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subdomain_quantum_optics
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| 373
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<urn:uuid:6aba2b8d-0f86-4d64-b8af-a03c21e98c63>
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2025-12-17T20:53:58.299016
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now he β s alerted me to a new study and related lecture on what he and his co - authors are calling β peak farmland β β an impending stabilization of the amount of land required for food as humanity β s growth spurt plays out. while laying out several important wild cards ( expanded farming of biofuels among them ), ausubel and his co - authors see a reasonable prospect for conserving, and restoring, forests and other stressed terrestrial ecosystems even as humanity exerts an ever greater influence on the planet. the study, β peak farmland and the prospects for sparing nature, β is by ausubel, iddo k. wernick and paul e. waggoner and will be published next year as part of a special supplement to the journal population and development review, published by the population council. drawing on a host of data sets, the authors conclude that a combination of slowing population growth, moderated demand for land - intensive food ( meat, for instance ) and more efficient farming methods have resulted in a substantial β decoupling β of acreage and human appetites. here β s the optimistic opener : expecting that more and richer people will demand more from the land, cultivating wider fields, logging more forests, and pressing nature, comes naturally. the past half - century of disciplined and dematerializing demand and more intense and efficient land use encourage a rational hope that humanity β s pressure will not overwhelm nature. ausubel will describe the findings in a talk during a daylong symposium at his university on tuesday honoring paul demeny, who at age 80 is stepping down as editor of the journal. ausubel β s prepared remarks are online. in his talk, he explains that while the common perception is that meeting humanity β s food needs is the task of farmers, there are many other players, including those of us who can choose what to eat and how many children to have : [ t ] he main actors are parents changing population, workers changing affluence, consumers changing the diet ( more or less calories, more or less meat ) and also the portion of crops entering the food supply ( corn can fuel people or cars ), and farmers changing the crop production per hectare of cropland ( yield ). the new paper builds on a long string of studies by ausubel and the others, including the 2001 paper β how much will feeding more and wealthier people encroach on forests?. β also relevant is β restoring the forests, β
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subdomain_quantum_gravity
| 0.458667
| 512
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<urn:uuid:d30effea-1f5f-4ff1-874d-1ea41dc97c53>
| 0
| 0.35
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2025-12-17T20:53:58.305031
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the new paper builds on a long string of studies by ausubel and the others, including the 2001 paper β how much will feeding more and wealthier people encroach on forests?. β also relevant is β restoring the forests, β a 2000 article in foreign affairs co - written by ausubel and david g. victor ( now at the university of california, san diego ) this body of analysis is closely related to the core focus of this blog : finding ways to fit infinite human aspirations ( and appetites ) on a finite planet. the work presents a compelling case for concentrating agriculture through whatever hybrid mix of means β technological or traditional β that best fits particular situations, but also fostering moderation in consumption. here β s an excerpt from the paper β s conclusion, which notes the many wild cards that make the peak farmland scenario still only a plausible, and hardly inevitable, future : [ w ] ild cards remain part of the game, both for and against land sparing. as discussed, the wild card of biofuels confounded expectations for the past 15 years. most wild cards probably will continue to come from consumers. will people choose to eat much more meat? if so, will it be beef, which requires more land than poultry and fish, which require less? will people become vegetarian or even vegan? but if they become vegan, will they also choose clothing made from linen, hemp, and cotton, which require hectares? will the average human continue to grow taller and thus require more calories? will norms of beauty accept obesity and thus high average calories per capita? will a global population with a median age of 40 eat less than one with a median age of 28? will radical innovations in food production move humanity closer to landless agriculture ( ausubel 2010 )? will hunger or international investment encourage cropland expansion in africa and south america? ( cropland may, of course, shrink in some countries while expanding in others as the global sum declines. ) and will time moderate the disparities cloaked within global averages, in particular disparities of hunger and excess among regions and individuals? allowing for wild cards, we believe that projecting conservative values for population, affluence, consumers, and technology shows humanity peaking in the use of farmland. over the next 50 years, the prospect is that humanity is likely to release at least 146 mha [ 146 million hectares, or 563, 710 square miles ], one and a half times the size of egypt, two and a
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subdomain_quantum_gravity
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| 512
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<urn:uuid:d30effea-1f5f-4ff1-874d-1ea41dc97c53>
| 1
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2025-12-17T20:53:58.305982
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of farmland. over the next 50 years, the prospect is that humanity is likely to release at least 146 mha [ 146 million hectares, or 563, 710 square miles ], one and a half times the size of egypt, two and a half times that of france, or ten iowas, and possibly multiples of this amount. notwithstanding the biofuels case, the trends of the past 15 years largely resemble those for the past 50 and 150. we see no evidence of exhaustion of the factors that allow the peaking of cropland and the subsequent restoration of nature. in an e - mail exchange today, i asked ausubel about another issue touched on in the paper : looking around the planet, it β s clear from a biodiversity standpoint that all forests β or farming pressures β are not equal. for instance, in southeast asia, palm oil and orangutans are having a particularly hard time co - existing. so while the overall trend is great, do you see the need for maintaining a focus on particular β hot spots, β to use a term familiar in environmental circles? so far, i don β t see lots of evidence that conservation campaigners ( you are one on ocean resources ) have found a way to accept this kind of good news and / or incorporate it in their prescriptions for sustaining a rich and variegated biological sheath on earth. if you agree, any idea why? indonesia is the number one place where letting the underlying trend work will not work fast enough. the list of threatened regions is quite well identified : parts of the central african forest, parts of the amazon. some conservation groups have realized that the slow growth in demand for calories as well as pulp and paper are creating big chances to reserve or protect more land. in the right places, where crops are no longer profitable, some amounts of money can acquire large amounts of land for nature. conservation groups also ought to attend more to the ecological disaster called biofuels. i encourage you to dig in on this paper and related work, which provides a useful guide for softening the human impact on a crowding planet. there β ll be plenty of losses, and surprises, but there are real prospects for sustaining a thriving, and peopled, orb. 6 : 57 p. m. | addendum | for relevant work with somewhat different conclusions review the presentations from β intensifying agriculture within planetary boundaries, β a session at the planet under pressure conference in london last march. i β ll be adding links to other relevant analysis here.
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<urn:uuid:d30effea-1f5f-4ff1-874d-1ea41dc97c53>
| 2
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2025-12-17T20:53:58.306991
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although uncommon, an entirely different group of factors plays a role when an athlete suffers a stroke. head and neck trauma are often factors in stroke during athletic competitions. direct head trauma can result in leakage from blood vessels, depriving large regions of the brain of necessary nutrients. violent forward and backward movement of the head can result in tearing the inner lining of vital arteries responsible for directing blood to the brain. this condition, known as arterial dissection, can form a clot within the affected blood vessel or become a source of small clots. these smaller clots often move toward the brain as emboli and block other arteries. treatment for arterial dissection involves the use of blood thinning medications and avoiding violent collision sports. another common risk factor for stroke in athletes is the existence of a patent foramen ovale ( pfo ). a pfo is a hole between the upper chambers of the heart, the right and left atria. the foramen ovale forms in the fourth week of embryonic development and should close in the first three months after birth. when it does not close, it is considered patent or open. this abnormal channel allows direct passage of blood clots to the brain. these clots often originate in the legs and may result from immobilized lower extremities. pfos can be treated with equal success by surgical closure or blood thinning medications. athletes appear to do better with surgical closure and usually make a full recovery to return to sports. while considered rare, strokes do occur in athletes and treatment requires a different approach.
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subdomain_quantum_optics
| 0.448485
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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<urn:uuid:42e960c1-33b4-4f11-8d2f-5ec7df76d856>
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2025-12-17T20:53:58.308534
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there are many ways to effectively teach a dog. not so long ago, most of the accepted methods for training were forceful or aversive. unfortunately, some of these methods still are in use among the abusive and uneducated. one of the pioneers of gentle training techniques was barbara woodhouse. this english dog trainer was instrumental in paving the way for today β s nonaversive and positive methods of training. she was a genius at molding behaviors with lures and gently β modeling β a dog into positions without force. but even woodhouse used some techniques that can be considered rough by today β s standards. if you have researched dog - training methodologies at all, you probably have noticed that a percentage of the available training books advocate the use of a β choke chain β ( otherwise called the training collar ). when used properly, this training device relies on aversion to get the dog β s attention or to make a correction when your dog doesn β t respond to a command correctly. a sharp snap of the leash tightens the collar around the dog β s neck, startling the dog with a momentary, low - level pain. the choke chain is not a training device for leash pullers, as is commonly thought, and when used incorrectly can, at the least, cause misalignment of the spine and trachea damage. at worst, it can cause brain damage and even death. because there is such a high risk for misuse of this device ( you may not realize that the choke chain should be worn with the free ring up, for instance ), the training world probably would be much better off without it. your efforts to train your dog should focus on building a bond and nurturing trust. this bond becomes the motivator that drives your dog to learn, focus and respond. why would anyone want to use force or violence when positive reinforcement works so well? why should your dog trust you if he knows that you are likely to hit him when he is unfocused or confused? that β s like your supervisor yelling at you when you have problems with a difficult task. stress won β t help you concentrate or focus better. abusive treatment of dogs in the name of training, just as abusive handling of employees in the name of supervision, doesn β t work. it does, however, tell us a lot about the trainer. for any method of dog training to be successful, it must be : effective β if it β s not effective, what β s the point? efficient β both you and your
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subdomain_quantum_cryptography
| 0.478831
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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<urn:uuid:81426048-4862-4bb7-9a74-922f76b4cc47>
| 0
| 0.35
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2025-12-17T20:53:58.312910
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a 2012 survey conducted by the association for pet obesity prevention found 52. 5 percent of dogs and 58. 3 percent of cats to be overweight or obese by their veterinarian. this translates to nearly 80 million dogs and cats in america with a weight problem. dr. george banta, chair of the veterinary technology department at brown mackie college - akron and dr. mary jo wagner, attending veterinarian at argosy university, twin cities, offer useful information for pet owners. how can you tell if your pet is overweight? β it β s not the number of pounds, it β s how the animal carries the weight, β says banta. β the number on the body condition score is more important than pounds. β the body condition score offers a way to assess the condition of an animal, usually on a scale from one to five, taking into account height, weight, and relative proportions of muscle and fat. with a little knowledge, you can use sight and touch to figure your pet β s general condition. β when looking down on a dog or cat from above, β says banta, β the body should slim to a discernable waist. an animal is too thin if you can see the spine or ribs ; however, you should be able to feel them beneath the fur. β an animal of ideal weight will also display a pelvic tuck when viewed from the side. β just like humans, when animals overeat, they face increased risk for health problems like diabetes, heart disease, gastrointestinal problems and cancer, β continues banta. in fact, these risks also include a shortened life expectancy. many owners feed pets according to the manufacturer β s suggested amounts ; however, this instruction may not be right for your pet. β these guidelines are meant to cover all animals of a certain weight range, β says wagner. β an owner must consider the age and activity level of each pet. the more active they are, the more calories they will burn in a day. β metabolism rates vary in animals the same way they do in people. metabolism is the body process in which food is broken down for energy ; another factor that affects the amount of food a pet needs. wagner advises owners to keep an eye on body condition to judge whether a pet is eating properly. β if your pet shows signs of being overweight, simply cut back the amount of food given at each meal. then weigh the pet in two or three weeks to see if it has made a difference, β
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subdomain_quantum_metrology
| 0.41801
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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<urn:uuid:5c0c1ba8-b765-4c27-8bb8-2a3fc0a82934>
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2025-12-17T20:53:58.316101
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judge whether a pet is eating properly. β if your pet shows signs of being overweight, simply cut back the amount of food given at each meal. then weigh the pet in two or three weeks to see if it has made a difference, β she says. choosing the right food for your pet is important as well. different brands of pet food contain varying amounts of protein, fat, carbohydrates and calories. β as a general rule, young, active dogs need high protein food, β says wagner. β older dogs need higher fiber to keep the gastrointestinal ( gi ) tract moving. β ingredients listed on the package appear in descending order of volume ; the first item on the list is most abundant in the food. most of us love to give treats, but many of us don β t realize how many we offer each day. β a 40 - pound dog is one quarter the size of a 160 - pound person, β wagner says. β they have smaller stomachs. look at calories in everything your pet eats. after that, it β s simple math. β β table scraps are a definite no. zip, zilch, nada, β says banta. β they are not good for two reasons. first, foods like chocolate, caffeine, grapes and raisins can be toxic to dogs. second, the high fat content associated with table scraps, especially holiday trimmings, can lead to the onset of acute pancreatitis, which can be fatal. β he recommends offering a kibble of food or a carrot instead of a cookie. if you must give cookies, try breaking them in half. β pets do enjoy treats as a reward ; however, attention from you is also a reward. it β s important to praise animals. in some ways, spending time with them is better than a treat, β wagner says.
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subdomain_quantum_field_theory
| 0.389031
| 385
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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<urn:uuid:5c0c1ba8-b765-4c27-8bb8-2a3fc0a82934>
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2025-12-17T20:53:58.316748
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on this day in 1951, more than six years after the end of world war ii in europe, president harry s. truman signed a proclamation officially ending u. s. hostilities with germany. the official end to the war came nine years, 10 months and 13 days after congress had declared war on nazi germany. the lawmakers had responded to a declaration of war issued by the third reich in the aftermath of the dec. 7, 1941, japanese attack on pearl harbor and other u. s. bases in the pacific. the president explained why he had waited so long after the fighting had ended to act : it had always been america β s hope, truman wrote, to create a treaty of peace with the government of a united and free germany, but the postwar policies pursued by the soviet union β made it impossible. β after the war, the united states, britain, france and the soviet union divided germany into four zones of occupation. berlin, while located wholly within the soviet zone, was jointly occupied by the wartime allies and also subdivided into four sectors because of its symbolic importance as the nation β s historic capital and seat of the former nazi government. the three western zones were merged to form the federal republic of germany in may 1949, and the soviets followed suit in october 1949 with the establishment of the german democratic republic. the east german regime began to falter in may 1989, when the removal of hungary β s border fences punched a hole in the iron curtain, allowing tens of thousands of east germans to flee to the west. despite the grants of general sovereignty to both german states in 1955, neither of the two german governments held unrestricted sovereignty under international law until after they were reunified in october 1990.
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subdomain_quantum_mechanics
| 0.499591
| 343
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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<urn:uuid:802d6d3f-73ff-4476-973b-a3c618ed8f7a>
| 0
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2025-12-17T20:53:58.318408
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survey data is a snapshot of a population, a moment captured in numbers, like vital signs : height, weight, temperature, blood pressure, etc. people build trend lines and watch for changes, shifting strategies as they make educated guesses about what β s going on. what β s holding steady? what β s spiking? what β s on the decline? just as a thermometer makes no judgment, the pew research center provides data about the changing world around us. we don β t advocate for outcomes or recommend policies. rather, we provide an updated record so that others can make those pronouncements and recommendations based on facts. the latest in our health research series is being released today. health online 2013 finds that internet access and interest in online health resources are holding steady in the u. s. for a quick overview, read on β¦ what is new? 1 in 3 u. s. adults use the internet to diagnose themselves or someone else β and a clinician is more likely than not to confirm their suspicions. this is the first time we β or anyone else β has measured this in a straightforward, national survey question. 1 in 4 people looking online for health info have hit a pay wall. this is the first data i know of that begins to answer the important question : what is the public impact of closed - access journals? we added three new health topics : - 11 % of internet users have looked online for information about how to control their health care costs. - 14 % of internet users have looked online for information about caring for an aging relative or friend. - 16 % of internet users have looked online for information about a drug they saw advertised. ( a full list of all the health topics we β ve included, 2002 - 10, is available here. ) what has changed? the percentage of people who have consulted online reviews of drugs and medical treatments dropped ( and i don β t know why β do you have a theory? please post a comment. ) related : why aren β t health care review sites catching on? pew internet has tracked a boom in consumer reviews of other services and products β why not health care? what to keep an eye on? one of my favorite survey questions is asked of all adults and attempts to capture a broad portrait of health care resources that someone might tap into when they β re sick. it β s a useful question for keeping online resources in perspective. i think it β s also going to prove useful in the coming years as the landscape shifts and people have more
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subdomain_quantum_field_theory
| 0.510369
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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<urn:uuid:06a1d3e1-b436-41ec-b891-5dc64a3f53ac>
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2025-12-17T20:53:58.321139
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fewer rare sea turtles will die on the swordfish industry ' s longlines in hawaii under an agreement between environmental groups and the government. the agreement settles a lawsuit challenging the federal government ' s plans that would have dramatically increase the number of turtles that could be killed. the turtle island restoration network, center for biological diversity and kahea sued the national marine fisheries service for allowing 46 imperiled pacific loggerhead turtles to be hooked last year. the new court - ordered settlement caps the number at 17 per year. meanwhile the national marine fisheries service is weighing whether loggerheads need more protection under the endangered species act. " it made absolutely no sense to have one arm of the national marine fisheries service increasing the lethal capture of loggerheads, while the other arm is in the process of determining whether loggerheads should be uplisted from threatened to endangered, " said todd steiner, biologist and executive director of turtle island restoration network. " with extinction looming, these animals need more protection, not less. " " with this decision, hawaii ' s public - trust ocean resources can be better managed for our collective best interest, and not just the interests of this commercial fishery, " said kahea program director marti townsend. " this is a victory not just for the turtles, but for hawaii ' s people who rely on a healthy, functioning ocean ecosystem. " conservation groups represented by earthjustice filed a federal lawsuit challenging a 2009 rule allowing the swordfish fleet to catch nearly three times as many loggerhead sea turtles as previously permitted. this settlement freezes the number at the previous cap of 17 while the government conducts additional environmental studies and decides whether or not to classify the loggerhead as endangered, rather than its current, less - protective status of threatened. for leatherback turtles, the bycatch limit remains at 16 per year. in 2010, eight pacific leatherbacks and seven loggerheads were caught in the longline fishery, according to the national marine fisheries service. there have already been 4 loggerheads captured in 2011, which has sea turtle conservationists concerned. " sea turtles have been swimming the oceans since the time of dinosaurs. but without a change in management, they won ' t survive our voracious quest for swordfish and tuna, " said miyoko sakashita, oceans director at the center for biological diversity. " if loggerheads are going to survive in the north pacific, we need to stop killing them in our fisheries. " " pacific loggerhead sea turtles are nearly extinct, so this
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subdomain_quantum_cryptography
| 0.377076
| 512
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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<urn:uuid:e36683d3-ded6-4e38-af4d-7bc73d1ec7e3>
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2025-12-17T20:53:58.323874
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volume 4 number 2 Β©the author ( s ) 2002 the continuity framework : a tool for building home, school, and community partnerships abstractwe will need to become savvy about how to build relationships, how to nurture growing, evolving things. all of us will need better skills in listening, communicating, and facilitating groups, because these are the talents that build strong relationships. ( wheatley, 1992, p. 38 ) in the face of today ' s challenging social and family issues, many new efforts are underway to help children and families. one solution that many communities have adopted is the establishment of a collaborative partnership that involves all the relevant partners β home, school, and community β in the planning and monitoring of services for children. unfortunately, achieving a strong partnership with meaningful participation can often be difficult and time - consuming. this article focuses on a set of training materials that has been developed to assist community partnerships in their efforts. these materials highlight eight elements of continuity and successful partnerships : ( 1 ) families as partners, ( 2 ) shared leadership, ( 3 ) comprehensive / responsive services, ( 4 ) culture and home language, ( 5 ) communication, ( 6 ) knowledge and skill development, ( 7 ) appropriate care and education, and ( 8 ) evaluation of partnership success. results from a field study that included more than 200 reviewers and 8 pilot sites are summarized. results indicate that a majority of reviewers found the training materials easy to understand, relevant to their work, and up - to - date. in addition, data gathered from the pilot sites indicate that the partnerships found the materials practical and useful for addressing a variety of issues, including time constraints, communication gaps, differences in professional training, and funding limitations. communities face a host of problems that threaten the health and well - being of their children and families. poverty, unemployment, inadequate care / education, and poor health care are just a few of the difficult issues that communities must confront. what makes these issues particularly challenging is that children and families who experience one problem are often likely to experience other problems as well. compounding the problem is that delivery of services to help children and families is typically fragmented and scattered. even efforts designed to increase the quality and supply of services to children and families have, at times, created greater fragmentation and discontinuity. in previous years, those who sought to improve outcomes for children concentrated only on the child. today, however, many service providers have come to understand that the best way to serve and preserve children is to serve and preserve the supportive networks that benefit
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subdomain_quantum_field_theory
| 0.54014
| 512
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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<urn:uuid:5796c026-a8b2-4a00-ac9d-d935eecfa46f>
| 0
| 0.35
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2025-12-17T20:53:58.362490
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, and no two collaboratives operate in exactly the same way. however, certain guidelines seem to help smooth the way for a more successful partnership, including ( north central regional educational laboratory, 1993 ) : - involve all key stakeholders ; - establish a shared vision of how the partnership will operate and expected outcomes for the children and families served ; - build in ownership at all levels ; - establish communication and decision - making processes that are open and allow conflict to be addressed constructively ; - institutionalize changes through established policies, procedures, and program mandates ; - provide adequate time for partners to meet, plan, and carry out activities. the process of establishing and maintaining a collaborative partnership is not easy, and in the end, each partnership must find a way to proceed that is consistent with its community and unique set of circumstances. however, a number of resources and tools are available to help communities get started creating an effective system for delivering services. in this article, we describe one such tool that assembles elements essential to building a successful collaborative partnership. development of continuity framework materials for the past eight years, the 10 regional educational laboratories ( rels ) serving each region of the country have studied effective strategies for strengthening collaboration and increasing continuity among programs for young children and their families. the rels are overseen by the u. s. department of education ' s office of educational research and improvement [ now the institute of education sciences ], and their primary purpose is ensuring that those involved in educational improvement have access to the best information from research and practice. during the contract period of 1995 - 2000, the rels established a program called the laboratory network program ( lnp ), which convened representatives from each laboratory as a national network working on common issues. in 1995, the early childhood lnp developed continuity in early childhood : a framework for home, school, and community linkages ( u. s. department of education, 1995 ), a document designed with two key purposes in mind : first, an emphasis on the need for children and families to receive comprehensive and responsive services, reflected in the eight elements of continuity outlined in the framework ( see figure 1 ). taken together, the elements are intended to promote a comprehensive understanding of continuity and transition during early childhood. second, the framework offered a set of guidelines that partnerships could use to compare and assess their current policies and practices, as well as identify areas in need of improvement. figure 1. elements of continuity ( u. s. department of education, 1995 ) an extensive field review of the framework indicated that although the document was helpful
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subdomain_quantum_field_theory
| 0.523911
| 512
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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<urn:uuid:5796c026-a8b2-4a00-ac9d-d935eecfa46f>
| 2
| 0.35
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2025-12-17T20:53:58.365077
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compare and assess their current policies and practices, as well as identify areas in need of improvement. figure 1. elements of continuity ( u. s. department of education, 1995 ) an extensive field review of the framework indicated that although the document was helpful and informative, many community partnerships continued to have difficulty " getting started. " as a result, a trainer ' s guide was developed to support the use of the framework and assist community partnerships in the first stages. these materials were developed by the early childhood lnp in collaboration with the national center for early development & learning. the trainer ' s guide provides an overview of the content and potential uses of the framework and includes all activities and materials necessary to conduct training sessions. the guide itself consists of four training sessions that are organized around the eight elements of continuity. the materials are designed so that a local partnership has everything needed to conduct the training : background information, scripts, handouts, transparencies, sample agendas, and checklists for additional equipment and supplies : - the first session, understanding continuity, is designed to introduce participants to the framework document and help participants develop a greater understanding and appreciation for continuity. - the second session, developing a continuity team, highlights the importance of broad representation and shared leadership among partnership members. - the third session, planning for continuity, emphasizes the need for a comprehensive approach to service delivery and encourages participants to examine their current partnership practices and policies. - the final session, formalizing continuity, focuses on the importance of effective communication among group members and provides participants with an opportunity to formulate action plans. the guide is designed to be a flexible training tool, adaptable to meet the needs of a particular audience. the intended audience includes local partnerships for children and families ( including smart start partnerships in north carolina ), head start program representatives, public schools, and communities. the overall objectives of the training are ( 1 ) to enhance the collaborative ' s knowledge and understanding of continuity, ( 2 ) to strengthen and support collaborative groups in their efforts to work as partners, and ( 3 ) to maximize the benefit they might receive from using the framework. what follows is a description of the field test that was designed to assess the use and effectiveness of the trainer ' s guide. the field test focused exclusively on the framework materials - - no other instructional sources were employed. we will present the major findings of the field test and summarize recommendations based on those findings. in addition, we will highlight the work of several collaborative partnerships that took part in the field study, and we will
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subdomain_quantum_field_theory
| 0.517568
| 512
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
<urn:uuid:5796c026-a8b2-4a00-ac9d-d935eecfa46f>
| 3
| 0.35
|
2025-12-17T20:53:58.366871
|
no other instructional sources were employed. we will present the major findings of the field test and summarize recommendations based on those findings. in addition, we will highlight the work of several collaborative partnerships that took part in the field study, and we will describe some of the problems they encountered, how they used the framework materials to address those problems, and where they are today. specifically, the evaluation will explore : - to what extent is the information contained in the framework and trainer ' s guide relevant and useful to community partnerships? - what is the perceived impact of the training and framework on partnership activities? - how do partnerships incorporate elements of the framework into their ongoing activities? - of the review sites that indicated interest in the training materials, what proportion actually conducted the training? the overall usefulness and effectiveness of the trainer ' s guide was studied in two phases. phase one consisted of document review and feedback from individuals working in the early childhood field. in phase two of field testing, the training was actually piloted in eight partnership sites. phase one : document review reviewers for the trainer ' s guide were solicited through the laboratory network program ( lnp ) and at conferences related to early childhood issues. three hundred thirteen individuals / organizations requested a set of the framework materials ( participant manual, trainer ' s guide, and a sample color transparency ) and feedback form. feedback questions centered on four areas : ( 1 ) information ' s relevancy and accuracy, ( 2 ) format and organization of the trainer ' s guide, ( 3 ) specific training needs, and ( 4 ) possible barriers to conducting training. of the 313 requesting materials, 215 ( 68. 7 % ) reviewers returned feedback forms. twenty - one percent ( n = 45 ) of the respondents were members of a smart start partnership ( north carolina initiative ), 19 % ( n = 40 ) worked in head start agencies, and 11 % ( n = 24 ) worked in family resource centers. others included representatives from state agencies, school personnel, and university faculty. a majority ( 89 % ) of the respondents indicated that they are actively involved in a community partnership. final follow - up with select reviewer sites. of the original 215 organizations / individuals who reviewed the framework materials, 80 indicated an interest in conducting the training in its entirety and requested a complete set of transparencies. ( the original materials included one sample color transparency, and the rel offered a complete set of framework transparencies to all organizations making the request. ) approximately one year after receiving the materials, interviews were conducted with representatives
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subdomain_quantum_field_theory
| 0.504159
| 512
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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<urn:uuid:5796c026-a8b2-4a00-ac9d-d935eecfa46f>
| 4
| 0.35
|
2025-12-17T20:53:58.368110
|
set of transparencies. ( the original materials included one sample color transparency, and the rel offered a complete set of framework transparencies to all organizations making the request. ) approximately one year after receiving the materials, interviews were conducted with representatives who received transparencies. the purpose of these follow - up telephone calls was to determine if the materials had been used and the degree to which outside support or assistance might be needed to conduct the training. phase two : pilot training during the second phase of the field testing, the training was piloted in eight collaborative partnerships from across the nation ( see table 1 ). these sites were recruited through the lnp and selected based on their interest in the project. to assist with logistical details, a liaison, identified at each site, coordinated training dates and assisted with data collection. sites varied according to demographics, partnership maturity, and sponsoring or lead agency. | site location | | community type | | sponsor / lead agency | | beaufort, sc | | rural | | success by 6 | | dothan, al | | urban | | family resource center | | walnut cove, nc | | rural | | smart start | | valdosta, ga | | rural | | family connections / county commission | | wheeling, wv | | rural | | head start | | troy, nc | | rural | | smart start | | concord, wv | | rural | | family resource center | five of the partnerships described themselves as existing collaboratives ( two years or more ), while the remaining three indicated that they were in the planning stages of building a collaborative partnership. sponsors of the partnerships included smart start ( 2 ) ; head start, family resource centers ( 2 ) ; success by 6 ; a public school system ; and a county task force. across the eight sites, a total of 160 individuals participated in the training. approximately 64 % of the attendees were white, 27 % were african american, and the remainder were either hispanic, american indian / alaskan native, or multiracial. several of the partnerships invited persons who were not part of the collaborative partnership to attend the training. as a result, slightly more than half ( 54 % ) of the participants reported that they were current members of the partnership. the majority of these had been members less than one year ( 53 % ). early childhood specialists represented the largest group attending the training ( 29 % ), followed by program administrators ( 18 % ), teachers / caregivers ( 14 % ), and parents ( 10 % ). other groups
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subdomain_quantum_entanglement
| 0.51811
| 512
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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<urn:uuid:5796c026-a8b2-4a00-ac9d-d935eecfa46f>
| 5
| 0.35
|
2025-12-17T20:53:58.369143
|
one year ( 53 % ). early childhood specialists represented the largest group attending the training ( 29 % ), followed by program administrators ( 18 % ), teachers / caregivers ( 14 % ), and parents ( 10 % ). other groups represented included policy makers, members of the business community, and university faculty. each of the sites conducted the entire training course in the fall ; however, there was some variability in delivery of training. for example, some partnerships conducted the training as described in the trainer ' s guide - - two complete, consecutive days of training. other partnerships modified the training schedule to meet the needs of its members and used other formats such as one day of training followed two weeks later by a second day of training. at the conclusion of training, participants were asked to provide feedback on specific elements of the training, including organization, training content, and materials / resources. in addition, participants were asked to comment on their satisfaction with the training and the overall usefulness of the training materials. this information, along with information gathered from the review sites, was used to revise the trainer ' s guide. in the six months following the training, partnership activities were studied to determine the degree to which the collaboratives incorporated content from the framework into their regular activities. materials studied included a record of stakeholder attendance and meeting minutes documenting partnership activities. at the end of this period, a follow - up survey was sent to participants at each pilot site. survey questions focused on three major areas : ( 1 ) impact of the training, ( 2 ) impact of the framework materials, and ( 3 ) overall familiarity with framework materials. in addition to the final survey with individuals who participated in the training, a final interview was conducted with seven site liaisons ( one liaison was unavailable for interview ). interview questions focused on the original goal of the partnership, reasons for participating in the field study, and impact of the training and framework materials. the data were analyzed to determine general response patterns and to identify logical changes or improvements to the trainer ' s guide. both quantitative and qualitative techniques were used to analyze data from the review sites and the pilot sites. phase one : document review analyses of data from reviewer sites were conducted on 215 surveys. table 2 summarizes trainer ' s guide as easy to understand, relevant to their work, accurate, and up - to - date. | survey statement | | agreed or strongly agreed with statement | | information is accurate and up to date. | | 94. 9 % ( 4. 54 ) |
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subdomain_quantum_field_theory
| 0.494941
| 512
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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<urn:uuid:5796c026-a8b2-4a00-ac9d-d935eecfa46f>
| 6
| 0.35
|
2025-12-17T20:53:58.370202
|
to understand, relevant to their work, accurate, and up - to - date. | survey statement | | agreed or strongly agreed with statement | | information is accurate and up to date. | | 94. 9 % ( 4. 54 ) | | format is easy to understand and follow. | | 93. 9 % ( 4. 49 ) | | training materials were easy to understand and follow. | | 92. 5 % ( 4. 46 ) | | information is relevant to my work. | | 89. 3 % ( 4. 41 ) | | i would be comfortable using the materials. | | 83. 3 % ( 4. 29 ) | | * note : according to the scale, 1 = strongly disagree and 5 = strongly agree. mean scores are presented in parentheses. | a series of open - ended questions provided respondents with an opportunity to provide more specific information and feedback. when asked what parts of the training were most useful, of those who responded, approximately 30 % reported that the materials were the most useful part of the training. reviewers specifically mentioned handouts, transparencies, and checklists. another 22 % reported that the information focusing on the need to include families and share leadership responsibilities was most useful. reviewers also were asked to identify the greatest training need within their partnerships. of those who responded, more than one - third ( 34 % ) reported that they often need assistance identifying and including community stakeholders. reviewers cited family members and members of the business community as groups that often are poorly represented at partnership meetings. other topics representing challenges to partnerships included developing the team, sharing leadership responsibilities, and involving families in meaningful ways. in terms of barriers or factors that would influence the use of training, most of the respondents ( 75 % ) cited time as the greatest barrier to conducting training. this factor was followed by a lack of funding ( 68 % ), the unavailability of a trainer ( 45 % ), and lack of interest of collaborative partners ( 39 % ). final follow - up with select reviewer sites. of the 80 individuals / organizations who requested a complete set of transparencies, 68 were located for follow - up interviews ( 85 % ). for the remaining 12, attempts to contact the site were unsuccessful ; either the person requesting the transparencies was no longer there, or the materials were never received. interviews revealed that 23 of the respondents had conducted training using the framework and accompanying materials. of those who stated that they had conducted the training, only two ( less than 10 % ) had used
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subdomain_quantum_field_theory
| 0.495462
| 512
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was no longer there, or the materials were never received. interviews revealed that 23 of the respondents had conducted training using the framework and accompanying materials. of those who stated that they had conducted the training, only two ( less than 10 % ) had used the training in its entirety. most had conducted at least one part of the training, selecting the portions most useful for their work. " families as partners, " " shared leadership, " and " comprehensive and responsive services " were the elements from the framework most often used for training. an additional 17 % said that although they had not conducted the training as designed, they had adapted the materials or used them in other circumstances. examples of how they had adapted the materials included using the exercises, overheads, major concepts, and other information in training activities. head start agencies were the primary sponsors for half of the training events. public schools, area education associations, state departments of education, local partnerships, child development centers, and related - type centers were listed as sponsors or lead agencies for the remaining training activities. training participants included staff and administrators at head start agencies, preschool and child care providers, local education agencies, schools, school improvement teams, state departments of education staff, local family service agencies and boards of directors, and parents. all who said they had used the training materials were asked to comment on the usefulness of the training. the majority of respondents rated the training as " very useful " or " useful, " and all said they would recommend the training to others. particular aspects of the training that respondents liked included : - professional quality, clarity of materials, and sequencing of content of the framework ; - handouts, activities, and overheads ; - content and the ability to present the material at multiple skill levels ; and - ease of use of the framework. there were suggestions for improving the training. four respondents said the course was " too long, " especially if used in school systems or with parents. others maintained a need for greater emphasis on action planning and implementation, " more written support materials ( research, position support, background ), and additional copies of key pieces of materials that helped shape the framework. " phase two : pilot training in terms of the training quality and overall effectiveness, most of the participants rated the training sessions as either " good " or " excellent. " participants tended to rate the second day of training as higher in quality and more effective than the first day of training ( m = 4. 392 and m = 4. 17, respectively, based on a 5 - point
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" or " excellent. " participants tended to rate the second day of training as higher in quality and more effective than the first day of training ( m = 4. 392 and m = 4. 17, respectively, based on a 5 - point scale ). participants also evaluated the effects of the training and estimated its impact on future partnership practices. using a four - point likert - type scale, participants rated the extent to which they agreed with each statement. table 3 summarizes participants ' appraisal of the training and reinforces the focus of the original training objectives. objective 1 : to enhance the collaborative ' s knowledge and understanding of continuity | as a result of the training, i believe that i am motivated to build and strengthen continuity efforts in my community. | | 3. 44 | |. 65 | | as a result of the training, i believe that i have a better understanding of continuity and why it is important. | | 3. 41 | |. 65 | | i believe that this training will have an impact on increasing awareness of new skills and knowledge for our team. | | 3. 31 | | 63 | objective 2 : to strengthen and support collaborative groups in their efforts to works as partners | as a result of the training, i believe that i am better able to participate as a member of a home, school, and community partnership. | | 3. 40 | |. 65 | | i believe that this training will have an impact on how decisions are made and the planning we do for services. | | 3. 25 | |. 59 | | i believe that this training will have an impact on changing / enhancing the quality of community practices. | | 3. 23 | |. 58 | objective 3 : to maximize the benefit the collaborative might receive from using the framework | as a result of the training, i believe that i am better able to use the framework as a tool for exploring continuity and transition | | 3. 26 | |. 63 | | i believe that this training will have an impact on positively affecting outcomes for children and families. | | 3. 31 | |. 63 | | * note : according to the scale, 1 = strongly disagree and 4 = strongly agree. | in addition to participant ratings immediately following the training, data were collected on regular partnership activities after the training. analysis of materials such as meeting minutes revealed that during the six months following completion of the training, five of the eight sites reported that they continued to use the framework materials. exactly how the materials were used varied
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collected on regular partnership activities after the training. analysis of materials such as meeting minutes revealed that during the six months following completion of the training, five of the eight sites reported that they continued to use the framework materials. exactly how the materials were used varied from site to site. two of the sites selected specific elements of the framework as their priority concerns for the coming year. they then organized subcommittees to review the partnerships ' practices with respect to those elements and make recommendations for improving existing services. another partnership used the materials to provide training to other agencies and organizations not directly involved with the partnership. the remaining two partnerships used the framework as a resource for improving transition practices with their communities. at the end of the six months, a final survey was distributed to participants at the last partnership meeting of the year, and surveys were mailed to those not in attendance at the final meeting. approximately half of the individuals who participated in the training ( 81 of 160 ) responded to the survey. participants were asked to rate the extent to which the framework materials had had an impact on partnership practices. on a four - point scale ( 4 = " a great deal, " 3 = " some, " 2 = " very little, " and 1 = " not at all " ), the majority of respondents ( 88. 6 % ) reported that the training had " impacted " their knowledge and skill development " some " or a " great deal. " respondents also thought that the framework had at least " some " impact on the knowledge and skills development of their partnership ( 83 % ) and community ( 72 % ). the majority ( 97. 4 % ) speculated that the framework would have at least some future impact. finally, participants were asked to indicate the single greatest impact they experienced as a result of the training. approximately 41 % reported that as a result of the training they felt more motivated to build or strengthen efforts to support continuity of services for children in their communities. thirty - five percent of the respondents said they had a better understanding of continuity and its importance ; 17 % felt that the training prepared them to be better members of their partnership ; and 7 % said that the training gave them a greater understanding of the framework as a tool. stokes county partnership for children, king, nc an ongoing goal of the stokes county partnership for children is to create a system that encourages service providers to work together and promotes continuity for children and their families. members of the partnership began by using the framework to build their own knowledge and skills about continuity ; however, they soon recognized the need to inform
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children is to create a system that encourages service providers to work together and promotes continuity for children and their families. members of the partnership began by using the framework to build their own knowledge and skills about continuity ; however, they soon recognized the need to inform others of the importance of continuity in children ' s lives. as a result, the partnership conducted a series of focus groups and meetings among parents and family members within the community. they used information from elements 3 ( comprehensive / responsive services ) and 7 ( developmentally appropriate care / education ) to explain what was needed to support continuity and its potential benefits for children. these meetings were also an opportunity to inform families of the various resources and supports available within the community. later, the focus groups were expanded to include all stakeholders ( e. g., child care, kindergarten, head start, school administrators, special needs coordinators, etc ). the information gathered from these meetings has been used to guide the development and implementation of policies and practices that promote continuity. final interview with liaisons. in the final interview conducted with site liaisons, five of the seven liaisons reported that the overall goal of their partnership is to improve services for children and their families by connecting agencies and strengthening the collaborative bonds between those agencies. three of the liaisons specifically mentioned the need to improve transitions and create a system of responsive and comprehensive services. in addition, liaisons were asked to talk about their reasons for participating in the field - test process. at least three of the liaisons cited low levels of collaboration across agencies and indicated that partnership meetings were used primarily as a time for sharing information. others saw the training as an opportunity to invite additional partners to the table and begin a discussion of how they could better work together. finally, liaisons were asked to rate the extent to which the framework materials had been helpful in accomplishing their overall partnership goal. using a five - point scale, five of the liaisons rated the framework materials as either " helpful " ( 4 ) or " very helpful " ( 5 ). the remaining two liaisons rated the framework materials as at least " somewhat helpful " ( 3 ). developing and maintaining a community collaborative is hard work, and it is a challenge that requires a great deal of commitment and cooperation from those involved. training and resource materials available to help community partnerships build a more responsive system must address such issues as time constraints, communication gaps, differences in professional training, and funding limitations. given these challenges, the continuity framework and its trainer ' s guide seem to be important and useful tools for
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to help community partnerships build a more responsive system must address such issues as time constraints, communication gaps, differences in professional training, and funding limitations. given these challenges, the continuity framework and its trainer ' s guide seem to be important and useful tools for helping partnerships increase collaboration and involvement. data gathered from participant ratings and key - informant interviews indicated that the training was helpful in a number of ways. a feature of the training mentioned by many of the participants was the fact that the experience helped " level the playing field. " that is, it provided stakeholders with a common language to use as they worked together. as illustrated in the following example, stakeholders often come from a variety of agencies and backgrounds, which can be a major impediment when a community must begin to work together and coordinate its efforts. the case studies in the sidebars highlight the work of four collaborative partnerships that took part in the field study. these case studies discuss some of the problems they encountered, how they used the framework materials to address those problems, and where they are today. bovill, idaho, collaborative bovill is a small town ( population 310 ) located in the north central part of the state. bovill has no resident doctor or dentist. at the time, there also was no child care center or preschool available to children. ( the closest one was 35 miles away. ) in 1998, various members of the community decided that they wanted to do something to help improve the situation for children. this group of citizens brought together parents and virtually every local organization to work on a plan that would support the learning needs of children and their families. part of this effort was a proposal submitted to the j. a. and kathryn albertson foundation that would help fund an early learning center. in 1999, they were awarded a grant, and they began the work to open the bovill early childhood community learning center. however, once the work began, members of the partnership found that they did not have a common vocabulary to talk about the issues of early childhood education. there were also difficulties associated with establishing a partnership, such as " who else should be included? " and " how do you get started? " in an effort to " get started " and begin the planning process, the partnership elected to participate in the field testing of the framework materials. framework training was provided over two consecutive days and built into the inservice training schedule of the elementary school. in addition to staff and faculty from the elementary school, representatives from other agencies and organizations participated, including the health department
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the framework materials. framework training was provided over two consecutive days and built into the inservice training schedule of the elementary school. in addition to staff and faculty from the elementary school, representatives from other agencies and organizations participated, including the health department, the idaho department of disabilities, news media, schools, early childhood education, even start, parents, university students, attorneys, community leaders, and businesses. according the site liaison, the framework materials were used : - to improve awareness of key issues in providing high - quality services. the framework provides direction to help develop a program that really works. - to provide a common language and for internal communication enhancement. now everyone " speaks the same language. " - as an external communication tool. according to the liaison, " it is so much easier to talk with funding sources when you use the structure of the elements as a base. " - to validate their progress toward providing the best practices in early childhood education. - as a piece of the bovill elementary school improvement plan. positive impact on individual partnership members was cited as another basis for success of the training. many indicated they had a better understanding of continuity and were more motivated to continue to work on the difficult issues that often arise as part of the collaborative process. an added value of the training was the opportunity to spend time together and develop relationships with persons from other agencies. often, these individual relationships help form the basis for collaborative work within the partnership. based on the sites that continued to use the materials, the continuity framework and its trainer ' s guide seem to be equally useful to both existing and newly established partnerships. a common experience in the maturation of partnerships is that they are prone to lose initial momentum, often stagnating into " easy " roles such as simple information sharing. a serendipitous discovery of this study is that such partnerships evidenced rejuvenation of their efforts after participating in the training ( see the valdosta, georgia, example ). valdosta, georgia, collaborative the lowndes county / valdosta commission for children and youth has been in existence for more than a decade, and during this time, the partnership has experienced various " ups and downs. " according to site liaison vickie elliott, cycles are a normal part of the collaborative process, " they may be the result of staff turnover or changes in the board chair and / or board members. " she reports that participation in the training provided members with practical, research - based information. this information served as a reminder to members that
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process, " they may be the result of staff turnover or changes in the board chair and / or board members. " she reports that participation in the training provided members with practical, research - based information. this information served as a reminder to members that they were doing good work and that their work was important. since the training, the partnership has continued to use framework materials as a reference and resource. for example, during a recent meeting, members began a discussion regarding the evaluation of partnership activities. they used element 8 : evaluation of partnership success to help shape and guide this discussion. in addition, the partnership has applied for and received a 21st century learning community grant. because of the knowledge and understanding they gained during the training, members requested funds for a case manager position to be based at each school and conducting home visits. it is hoped that this strategy will facilitate communication and create greater continuity of services for students and families. finally, the data indicate that change takes place slowly. participants reported that the training had had some impact on their community but felt that the greatest impact was yet to come. bringing everyone to the table is not enough. true collaboration that produces continuity in services for children takes place over a long period of time, as agencies that have not previously worked together begin to get to know each other and slowly modify procedures and practices. marshall county tadpole team, wheeling, wv efforts to collaborate are often driven by the realization that single agencies cannot solve problems alone. partners must be willing to jointly plan and implement new ventures, as well as pool resources such as money and personnel. nowhere is this need to collaborate and pool resources more crucial than in marshall county, wv. located in the northern part of west virginia, marshall county remains a predominantly rural county. with a population of approximately 36, 000, marshall county has seen a decline in the number of residents over the past two to three years, largely attributed to the economic hardships of the area. this part of west virginia relies heavily on the coal and steel industries, and as these industries have fallen on hard times, so too have many families. as a result, many families have moved away to find other employment ; however, many others have sought support from social services agencies within the community. in order to make the most of the limited resources and support available within the county, many of the local agencies ( e. g., northern panhandle head start, starting points center, tadpoles team ) came together to form a community collaborative. although their collaborative meetings began more as a time
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support available within the county, many of the local agencies ( e. g., northern panhandle head start, starting points center, tadpoles team ) came together to form a community collaborative. although their collaborative meetings began more as a time for sharing information, members soon realized that to be a true " working group, " they would need to broaden the meeting agendas and formalize the collaborative relationships. using the framework materials as an assessment tool, members worked through each element identifying the gaps in services and generating ideas for possible programs and procedures to address those gaps. this shift encouraged members to devote meeting times to discussing specific issues facing the community. moreover, it encouraged members to formalize the partnership with written agreements. these agreements have allowed members to make a solid commitment to the collaborative, as well as clarify specific roles and responsibilities for services. beyond the content of the training and issues related to the collaborative process, the field study underscored the importance of training structure and design. many study participants praised the framework materials for flexibility and relevance to a variety of contexts. the training materials were designed so that particular attention was devoted to issues such as target audience attributes ( e. g., varied educational and professional development backgrounds ), which dictate the appropriate level of sophistication as well as the need for course module structure ( i. e., overall organization and scripting ) to be highly adaptable to local training needs. the field studies indicate that community partnerships benefit from training and technical assistance that help with the process of getting started, as well as recapturing momentum and focus. additional research is needed to document the ongoing efforts of these communities and explore whether the framework materials continue to have an impact on community practices and outcomes, as many of the participants predicted. further study also is needed to determine what other kinds of training or technical assistance might be useful to these partnerships as they work to build capacity and expand or grow new programs. bronfenbrenner, urie. ( 1979 ). the ecology of human development. cambridge, ma : harvard university press. bruner, charles ; kunesh, linda ; & knuth, randy. ( 1992 ). what does research say about interagency collaboration? [ online ]. oak brook, il : north central regional educational laboratory. available : http : / / www. ncrel. org / sdrs / areas / stw _ esys / 8agcycol. htm [ 2002, october 22 ]. editor ' s note : this ur
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central regional educational laboratory. available : http : / / www. ncrel. org / sdrs / areas / stw _ esys / 8agcycol. htm [ 2002, october 22 ]. editor ' s note : this url is no longer active. family support america. ( 1996 ). making the case for family support [ online ]. chicago : author. available : http : / / www. familysupportamerica. org / content / pub _ proddef. htm [ 2002, october 22 ]. editor ' s note : this url is no longer active. hoffman, stevie ( ed. ). ( 1991 ). educational partnerships : home - school - community [ special issue ]. elementary school journal, 91 ( 3 ). kagan, sharon lynn. ( 1992 ). the strategic importance of linkages and the transition between early childhood programs and early elementary school. in sticking together : strengthening linkages and the transition between early childhood education and early elementary school ( summary of a national policy forum ). washington, dc : u. s. department of education. ed 351 152. kunesh, linda. ( 1994 ). integrating community services for children, youth, and families. oak brook, il : north central regional educational laboratory. melaville, atelia ; blank, martin ; & asayesh, gelareh. ( 1996 ). together we can : a guide for crafting a profamily system of education and human services ( rev. ed. ). washington, dc : u. s. department of education. available : http : / / eric - web. tc. columbia. edu / families / twc / editor ' s note : this url is no longer active. [ 2002, october 22 ]. ed 443 164. north central regional educational laboratory. ( 1993 ). ncrel ' s policy briefs : integrating community services for young children and their families. oak brook, il : author. available : http : / / www. ncrel. org / sdrs / areas / issues / envrnmnt / go / 93 - 3toc. htm [ 2002, october 22 ]. u. s. department of education and u. s. department of health and human services. ( 1995 ). continuity in early childhood : a framework for home, school, and community linkages [ online ]. washington, dc : author. available : http : / / www. sedl. org / prep / hs
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and human services. ( 1995 ). continuity in early childhood : a framework for home, school, and community linkages [ online ]. washington, dc : author. available : http : / / www. sedl. org / prep / hsclinkages. pdf [ 2002, october 22 ]. ed 395 664. wheatley, margaret j. ( 1992 ). leadership and the new science. san francisco : berrett - koehler. dr. glyn brown is a senior program specialist with serve regional educational laboratory. she studied at the university of alabama ( b. s. ), the university of southern mississippi ( m. s. ), and completed her ph. d. in family and child development at auburn university. prior to coming to serve, dr. brown worked as a children ' s therapist in a community mental health program. as a program specialist with serve, dr. brown provides training and direct consultation to school personnel, child care providers, and community partnerships. serve regional educational laboratory 1203 governor ' s square blvd., suite 400 tallahassee, fl 32301 carolynn amwake, a program specialist at the serve regional educational laboratory, has extensive experience working with families, child care providers, teachers, administrators, and community partners. she received her b. s. from radford university in early childhood education and special education and has taught children with special needs in elementary schools, children ' s homes, and child care centers. her experiences as an educator and parent led to an interest in improving the quality and continuity of early childhood transitions for both children and families. serve regional educational laboratory 1203 governor ' s square blvd., suite 400 tallahassee, fl 32301 timothy speth is a research associate at northwest regional educational laboratory ( nwrel ). he received his b. s. in psychology from south dakota state university and his m. a. from san diego state university. he has extensive training and experience in research design, statistics, and program evaluation. mr. speth is currently involved with several research and evaluation projects throughout the northwest, as a research associate of nwrel ' s child and family program. he is the primary external evaluator for six alaska schools participating in the comprehensive school reform demonstration project ( csrd ) and assists in csrd - related activities throughout the northwest. northwest regional educational laboratory 101 s. w. main street, suite 500 portland, or 97204 - 3297 catherine scott - little, ph. d., is
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how hot is it where you are? tell your stories at cnn ' s ireport. ( cnn ) - - for many americans, this summer has been miserably hot. heat advisories and warnings have been issued from coast to coast, with high temperatures often reaching into the triple digits, and july went into the record books as the hottest month ever for the continental united states. but in certain parts of the world, this is the norm - - or maybe even on the cool side. try kuwait city, for instance. in july, its average high temperature is 116 degrees fahrenheit. or timbuktu in mali, where the highs average 108 in may and was once recorded at 130. 130! that ranks fifth on the all - time list. the highest temperature ever recorded on the planet was in 1922, when a thermometer in el azizia, libya, hit 136. some dispute that mark, saying it was improperly measured. if that ' s true, the record would be the 134, reached nine years earlier in death valley, california. but the world ' s hottest place might not be any of these, according to a team of scientists from the university of montana. it says the highest temperatures on earth are found in areas that don ' t even have weather stations. " the earth ' s hot deserts - - such as the sahara, the gobi, the sonoran and the lut - - are climatically harsh and so remote that access for routine measurements and maintenance of a weather station is impractical, " said david mildrexler, lead author of a recent study that used nasa satellites to detect the earth ' s hottest surface temperatures. the satellites detect the infrared energy emitted by land. and over a seven - year period, from 2003 to 2009, they found iran ' s lut desert to be the hottest place on earth. the lut desert had the highest recorded surface temperature in five of the seven years, topping out at 159 degrees in 2005. other notable annual highs came from queensland, australia ( 156 degrees in 2003 ) and china ' s turpan basin ( 152 degrees in 2008 ). it ' s important to stress that surface temperatures are naturally higher than the air temperatures measured by weather stations. air temperatures have to be measured by thermometers placed off the ground and shielded from sunlight, according to global meteorological standards. but the study shows that today ' s modern records might not necessarily be the most accurate. " most of the places that call themselves the hottest on
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measured by thermometers placed off the ground and shielded from sunlight, according to global meteorological standards. but the study shows that today ' s modern records might not necessarily be the most accurate. " most of the places that call themselves the hottest on earth are not even serious contenders, " co - author steve running said. the world ' s highest recorded air temperatures 1. el azizia, libya ( 136 degrees fahrenheit ) 2. death valley, california ( 134 ) 3. ghadames, libya ( 131 ) 3. kebili, tunisia ( 131 ) 5. timbuktu, mali ( 130 ) 5. araouane, mali ( 130 ) 7. tirat tsvi, israel ( 129 ) 8. ahwaz, iran ( 128 ) 8. agha jari, iran ( 128 ) 10. wadi halfa, sudan ( 127 ) highest recorded air temperature ( by continent ) africa : el azizia, libya ( 136 ) north america : death valley, california ( 134 ) asia : tirat tsvi, israel ( 129 ) australia : cloncurry, queensland ( 128 * ) europe : seville, spain ( 122 ) south america : rivadavia, argentina ( 120 ) antarctica : vanda station, scott coast ( 59 ) sources : noaa, world meteorological organization * this temperature was measured using the techniques available at the time of recording, which are different to the standard techniques currently used in australia. the most likely australian record using standard equipment is an observation of 123 degrees, recorded at oodnadatta, south australia.
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using the moon as a high - fidelity analogue environment to study biological and behavioural effects of long - duration space exploration goswami, nandu and roma, peter g. and de boever, patrick and clement, gilles and hargens, alan r. and loeppky, jack a. and evans, joyce m. and stein, t. peter and blaber, andrew p. and van loon, jack j. w. a. and mano, tadaaki and iwase, satoshi and reitz, guenther and hinghofer - szalkay, helmut g. ( 2012 ) using the moon as a high - fidelity analogue environment to study biological and behavioural effects of long - duration space exploration. planetary and space science, epub ahead of print ( in press ). elsevier. doi : 10. 1016 / j. pss. 2012. 07. 030. full text not available from this repository. due to its proximity to earth, the moon is a promising candidate for the location of an extra - terrestrial human colony. in addition to being a high - fidelity platform for research on reduced gravity, radiation risk, and circadian disruption, the moon qualifies as an isolated, confined, and extreme ( ice ) environment suitable as an analogue for studying the psychosocial effects of long - duration human space exploration missions and understanding these processes. in contrast, the various antarctic research outposts such as concordia and mcmurdo serve as valuable platforms for studying biobehavioral adaptations to ice environments, but are still earth - bound, and thus lack the low - gravity and radiation risks of space. the international space station ( iss ), itself now considered an analogue environment for long - duration missions, better approximates the habitable infrastructure limitations of a lunar colony than most antarctic settlements in an altered gravity setting. however, the iss is still protected against cosmic radiation by the earth magnetic field, which prevents high exposures due to solar particle events and reduces exposures to galactic cosmic radiation. on moon the ice environments are strengthened, radiations of all energies are present capable of inducing performance degradation, as well as reduced gravity and lunar dust. the interaction of reduced gravity, radiation exposure, and ice conditions may affect biology and behavior - - and ultimately mission success - - in ways the scientific and operational communities have yet to appreciate, therefore a long - term or permanent human presence on the moon would ultimately provide invaluable high - fidelity opportunities for integrated multidisci
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and behavior - - and ultimately mission success - - in ways the scientific and operational communities have yet to appreciate, therefore a long - term or permanent human presence on the moon would ultimately provide invaluable high - fidelity opportunities for integrated multidisciplinary research and for preparations of a manned mission to mars. | title : | | using the moon as a high - fidelity analogue environment to study biological and behavioural effects of long - duration space exploration | | journal or publication title : | | planetary and space science | | in open access : | | no | | in isi web of science : | | yes | | volume : | | epub ahead of print ( in press ) | | keywords : | | physiology, orthostatic tolerance, muscle deconditioning, behavioural health, psychosocial adaptation, radiation, lunar dust, genes, proteomics | | hgf - research field : | | aeronautics, space and transport, aeronautics, space and transport | | hgf - program : | | space, raumfahrt | | hgf - program themes : | | w ew - erforschung des weltraums, r ew - erforschung des weltraums | | dlr - research area : | | space, raumfahrt | | dlr - program : | | w ew - erforschung des weltraums, r ew - erforschung des weltraums | | dlr - research theme ( project ) : | | w - vorhaben msl - radiation ( old ), r - vorhaben msl - radiation | | institutes and institutions : | | institute of aerospace medicine > radiation biology | | deposited by : | | kerstin kopp | | deposited on : | | 27 aug 2012 08 : 05 | | last modified : | | 07 feb 2013 20 : 40 | repository staff only : item control page
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in this section we will describe some basis of hardware involved in nano. block diagram power supply jz4720 support 3 different boot sources. the boot sequence is controlled by boot _ sel pin values [ 1 : 0 ]. the configuration of boot _ sel1 and boot _ sel1 [ 1 : 0 ] is showed as below : | 0 | | 0 | | boot from external rom at cs4 | | 0 | | 1 | | boot from usb device | | 1 | | 0 | | boot from 512 page size nand flash at cs1 | | 1 | | 1 | | boot from 2048 page size nand flash at cs1 | arquitectura general it is necessary, for the operation of the nanonote board to store many sections of executable programs in volatile and non - volatile memories. the volatile memories are used like random access memories ( ram ) due to its low access time and unlimited number of read / write cycles. on the other hand, the non - volatile memories ( nand, sd ) stores for long periods of time the required information to operate the embedded system. universal serial bus ( usb ) is a way of setting up communication between a computer and peripheral devices. usb is intended to replace many varieties of serial and parallel ports. usb can connect computer peripherals such as mice, keyboards, pdas, gamepads and joysticks, scanners, digital cameras, printers, personal media players, flash drives, and external hard drives. for many of those devices, usb has become the standard connection method. a usb system has an asymmetric design, consisting of a host, a multitude of downstream usb ports, and multiple peripheral devices connected in a tiered - star topology. additional usb hubs may be included in the tiers, allowing branching into a tree structure with up to five tier levels. a usb host may have multiple host controllers and each host controller may provide one or more usb ports. up to 127 devices, including the hub devices, may be connected to a single host controller. serial and jtag the nand in the ben nanonote : - has pages that are 4096 bytes in length - has blocks that are 128 pages in length - has 4096 blocks of storage in total - 4096 Γ 128 Γ 4096 = 2147483648 bytes ( 2 gb ) root @ ben : / # cat / proc / mtd dev : size erasesize name mtd0 : 00400000 0008000
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, lcd controller and mmc + sd controller. below is a table showing how they are used. please complete this table. the missing entries are not connected to a pad in the jz4720. port a - 01 sdram data 0 - 03 sdram data 1 - 05 sdram data 2 - 07 sdram data 3 - 08 sdram data 4 - 09 sdram data 5 - 10 sdram data 6 - 11 sdram data 7 - 12 sdram data 8 - 13 sdram data 9 - 15 sdram data 10 - 17 sdram data 11 - 22 sdram data 12 - 26 sdram data 13 - 28 sdram data 14 - 30 sdram data 15 port b - 00 sdram address 0 - 01 sdram address 1 - 02 sdram address 2 - 03 sdram address 3 - 04 sdram address 4 - 05 sdram address 5 - 06 sdram address 6 - 07 sdram address 7 - 08 sdram address 8 - 09 sdram address 9 - 10 sdram address 10 - 11 sdram address 11 - 12 sdram address 12 - 13 sdram address 13 - 14 sdram address 14 - 15 nand command latch - 16 nand address latch - 17 shdn _ host??? - 18 tp23 ( free ) - 19 sdram dcs - 20 sdram ras - 21 sdram cas - 22??? - 23 sdram cke - 24 sdram cko - 25 sdram cs1 - 26 sdram cs2 - 27 usb id - 28??? - 29 audio output enable - 30 tp25 ( free ) - 31??? port c - 00 lcd data 0 - 01 lcd data 1 - 02 lcd data 2 - 03 lcd data 3 - 04 lcd data 4 - 05 lcd data 5 - 06 lcd data 6 - 07 lcd data 7 - 08 tp 35 ( unused ) - 09 tp 36 ( unused ) - 10 keyboard out 0 - 11 keyboard out 1 - 12 keyboard out 2 - 13 keyboard out 3 - 14 keyboard out 4 - 15 keyboard out 5 - 16 keyboard out 6 - 17 keyboard out 7 - 18 lcd pixel clock - 19 lcd hsync - 20 lcd vsync - 21 lcd spi chipselect - 22 lcd spi data - 23 lcd spi clock - 24 sdram write enable 1 - 27 charge detect - 28 nand read enable - 29 nand write enable - 30 nand flash ready / busy - 31 select uart or jtag on pad 147 ; not
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- 23 lcd spi clock - 24 sdram write enable 1 - 27 charge detect - 28 nand read enable - 29 nand write enable - 30 nand flash ready / busy - 31 select uart or jtag on pad 147 ; not a gpio pin port d - 00 sd card detect - 02 sd card power enable - 04 speaker amp enable - 06 shutdown detect - 08 sd card command - 09 sd card clock - 10 sd card data 1 - 11 sd card data 2 - 12 sd card data 3 - 13 sd card data 4 - 15 tp 38 ( free ) - 18 keyboard in 1 - 19 keyboard in 2 - 20 keyboard in 3 - 21 keyboard in 4 - 22 keyboard in 5 - 23 keyboard in 6 ( i2c? ) - 24 keyboard in 7 ( i2c? ) - 25 uart transmit - 26 keyboard in 8 ( uart receive ) - 27 buzzer, controlled with pwm4. piezo - electric buzzer ; not related to soundcard output. - 28 usb detect - 29 power button test points under battery this page is to describe all test pins under battery label. you may want to probe or discover them as long as you tear off battery label. also this whole page you can reference to the schematic of avt2 rc1 reference board. - tp 9, v33, system voltage 3. 3v when power on - tp 12, sdd0, msc _ d0 / gpd10 ( in / out ) of jz4720, msc data bit 0, please see microsd. - tp 13, sdd1, msc _ d1 / gpd11 ( in / out ) of jz4720, msc data bit 1, please see microsd. - tp 14, sdd2, msc _ d2 / gpd12 ( in / out ) of jz4720, msc data bit 2, please see microsd. - tp 15, sdd3, msc _ d3 / gpd13 ( in / out ) of jz4720, msc data bit 3, please see microsd. - tp 16, sdclk, msc _ clk / gpd9 ( out ) of jz4720, msc clock output, please see microsd. - tp 17, sdcmd, msc _ cmd / gpd8 ( in / out ) of jz4720, msc command, please see microsd. - tp
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| this article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in the french wikipedia. ( december 2008 ) | | β department β | | β’ president of the general council | | augustin bonrepaux ( ps ) | | β’ total | | 4, 890 km2 ( 1, 890 sq mi ) | | β’ density | | 30 / km2 ( 79 / sq mi ) | | time zone | | cet ( utc + 1 ) | | β’ summer ( dst ) | | cest ( utc + 2 ) | | ^ 1 french land register data, which exclude estuaries, and lakes, ponds, and glaciers larger than 1 km2 | foix is the administrative capital of the ariege. it is an ancient medieval town with a fortress chateau de foix perched on a hill overlooking it. the fortress has been attacked many times without capture, including an attempt by simon de montfort. it has also been used as a prison, and the names of english prisoners of war can still be seen on the cell walls. another famous chateau in the ariege is montsegur, located on a rocky outcrop at a height of 1200 metres ( 3, 900 ft ). during the albigensian crusade and siege of 1244 ad the chateau was largely destroyed, with more than two hundred cathar priests burnt at the stake as heretics. the chateau was gradually rebuilt by royalists over a period of the next three hundred years. the start of the seventeenth century saw the area ravaged by wars between protestants and catholics. in 1621 huguenot forces ruined the church at la tour - du - crieu. in 1629 pamiers was sacked by henry of conde following uprisings that left several hundred dead in the city. this was also the period during which the abbeys at foix, tarascon - sur - ariege, saint - girons, saverdun and le mas - d ' azil were torched and destroyed. the nineteenth century was a time of strong industrial growth, supported in ariege by an abundant supply of water power. the department also benefitted from its significant reserves of iron ore. the growth of iron based industries were a feature of the period, with the establishment in 1817 of a steel manufacturing plant at pamiers which has been a principal driver of the local economy ever since. other representative examples of the iron based industry that developed in ariege during the nineteenth century include the forges at montgaillard and the blast furnaces at
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manufacturing plant at pamiers which has been a principal driver of the local economy ever since. other representative examples of the iron based industry that developed in ariege during the nineteenth century include the forges at montgaillard and the blast furnaces at tarascon - sur - ariege. description of the department ' s industrial development during the nineteenth century should also include mention of the paper industry at saint - girons and the textile industry in the pays d ' olmes. towns of particular historical interest in the departement include pamiers, host to a large commercial centre and three churches. mirepoix is a medieval town, as is saint - lizier situated on a hilltop with winding streets, fine views and a church with cloisters that are noteworthy. saint - girons is an agricultural centre with a saturday market. the geography is dominated by the pyrenees mountains, which form the border between france and spain. there are hundreds of miles of well - marked paths which allow exploration of the magnificent pyrenees mountains. the high mountains are easily accessible via good roads, cable cars or by foot. there are a number of lodges providing high level mountain accommodation that are comfortable, warm and with good meals. there are also a number of fresh water lakes which provide a variety of activities including, walking, swimming, fishing, canoeing, sailboarding and picnicking. the ariege has several of its own downhill ski resorts, the three largest being ax - bonascre, les monts d ' olmes and guzet - neige. there are many cross country ski - ing resorts, one of the best being at plateau de beille, near les cabannes. the pyrenees mountain range forms a fantastic backdrop to the entire ariege department, rising some 10, 000 feet ( 3000m ) in the montcalm massif, along the border with andorra and spain. the highest peaks are clearly visible visible from toulouse in the haute garonne. it is one of the least populated and most unspoiled regions of france. the locals enjoy keeping traditions alive, especially old farming techniques. consequently, as fewer insecticides, for example, have been used, the flora and fauna of the area continue to be rich in both diversity and numbers. butterflies are common and birds are numerous ; particularly noticeable are large birds of prey, including the magnificent griffon vultures. there are also many unspoiled villages and hamlets tucked away in the valleys close to the department ' s border with spain β seix, cominac
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; particularly noticeable are large birds of prey, including the magnificent griffon vultures. there are also many unspoiled villages and hamlets tucked away in the valleys close to the department ' s border with spain β seix, cominac and aulus les bain are examples β together with picturesque mountain villages, most notably aleu which comes alive in the holiday season. ariege stands on the eastern limit of oceanic dominance over rainfall, but other influences are felt : - mediterranean β particularly visible in the vegetation of the foothills and of the valley of the ariege river towards tarascon, and in the pays de sault ; - continental β in the pyrenean valleys, with many storms and big differences of temperature between day and night. there is no great tendency to summer drought as the flow of air from the north - west brings rain throughout the year. rainfall is moderate on the foothills and in some sheltered valleys, measuring 700 to 1, 000 mm per year, but increases significantly in the higher valleys with levels between 1, 000 mm and 1, 800 mm. the slopes exposed to the north - west, such as aulus and orlu, are, as one would expect, the wettest, together with the frontal ridges that meet air flow from the southwest ( giving rise to the foehn effect ). snow cover is common over 1, 000 metres, lasting several months above 1, 500 to 2, 000 metres. some periglacial areas exist over 2, 500 m but the only true glacier in ariege is that of mont valier, near castillon - en - couserans. temperatures are mild in the foothills, e. g. at the city of foix ( 400 metres ) the average is 5 Β°c in january and 19 Β°c in july. however, they decline rapidly with elevation, e. g. at l ' hospitalet - pres - l ' andorre ( 1, 430 m ) it is 0 Β°c in january and 14 Β°c in july. the inhabitants of the department are called ariegeois. the department has 151, 477 inhabitants, or 146, 289 as the population without double counting. the populations of the arrondissements ( double - counting ) are : - foix β 53, 595 - pamiers β 69, 664 - saint girons β 28, 218 the populations of the principal towns ( double - counting ) are : - pamiers β 15, 702 - foix β 9, 994 - lavelanet β
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subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics
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local and typical dish of ariege. the department is also well advanced in the field of organic farming. the castle of foix cathedral of saint - antonin at pamiers cathedral de saint - lizier covered shopfronts at mirepoix according to the general census of the population of 8 march 1999, 26. 5 % of available housing in the department consists of second homes. | year | | town | | population without double - counting | | number of dwellings | | second homes | | % of dwellings being second homes | famous people - fabien barthez, football player, winner of the world football cup 1998 and born at lavelanet - pierre bayle ( 1647 β 1706 ), philosopher and writer, born at carla - bayle ( then known as carla - le - comte ; the commune changed its name in his honour ) - theophile delcasse ( 1852 β 1923 ), politician, minister, ambassador, born at pamiers - jacques dupont ( born in 1928 ), cyclist, holder of the olympic record, born at lezat - sur - leze - gabriel faure ( 1845 β 1924 ), composer, born at pamiers - jacques fournier ( 1285 β 1342 ), bishop of pamiers then of mirepoix, pope under the name benedict xii from 1336 to 1342 ( avignon ), born at cante near saverdun - claude piquemal ( born in 1939 ), athlete and sprinter, olympic medalist, born at siguer - marie laforet, born maitena marie brigitte doumenach ( in 1939 ), actress and singer. see also - cantons of the ariege department - communes of the ariege department - arrondissements of the ariege department - census 2009, french national institute of statistics - http : / / www. atlaspol. com / mdpy / ariege. htm political atlas of ariege ( in french ), consulted 30 june 2009 - census site, insee, figures as at 8 march 1999 - estimates of the intermediate census, insee, figures as at 1 july 2005 | wikimedia commons has media related to : ariege | - ( french ) conseil general website - ( french ) prefecture website - ( french ) trekking in ariege pyrenees website - ( french ) photography panoramics 360Β° website - ( french ) photography panoramics 360Β° website 2
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a bullock cart or ox cart is a two - wheeled or four - wheeled vehicle pulled by oxen ( draught cattle ). it is a means of transportation used since ancient times in many parts of the world. they are still used today where modern vehicles are too expensive or the infrastructure does not favor them. used especially for carrying goods, the bullock cart is pulled by one or several oxen ( bullocks ). the cart ( also known as a jinker ) is attached to a bullock team by a special chain attached to yokes, but a rope may also be used for one or two animals. the driver and any other passengers sit on the front of the cart, while load is placed in the back. traditionally the cargo was usually agrarian goods and lumber. costa rica in costa rica, ox carts ( carretas in the spanish language ) were an important aspect of the daily life and commerce, especially between 1850 to 1935, developing a unique construction and decoration tradition that is still being developed. costa rican parades and traditional celebrations are not complete without a traditional ox cart parade. in 1988, the traditional ox cart was declared as national symbol of work by the costa rican government. in 2005, the " oxherding and oxcart traditions in costa rica " were included in unesco ' s representative list of the intangible cultural heritage of humanity. in indonesia, bullock carts are commonly used in the rural parts of the country, where it is used for transporting goods and carriages and also people. but it is mostly common in indonesia that there are horse car than bullock carts on the streets of indonesia. bullock carts were widely used in malaysia before the introduction of automobiles, and many are still used today. these included passenger vehicles, now used especially for tourists. passenger carts are usually equipped with awnings for protection against sun and rain, and are often gaily decorated. see also | wikimedia commons has media related to : ox - drawn carts |
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topography of flores | location | | south east asia | | archipelago | | lesser sunda islands | | area | | 13, 540 km2 ( 5, 228 sq mi ) | | highest elevation | | 2, 370 m ( 7, 780 ft ) | | highest point | | poco mandasawu | | province | | east nusa tenggara | | largest city | | maumere ( pop. 70, 000 ) | | population | | 1, 831, 000 ( as of 2010 ) | | density | | 135 / km2 ( 350 / sq mi ) | flores is one of the lesser sunda islands, an island arc with an estimated area of 14, 300 kmΒ² extending east from the java island of indonesia. the population was 1, 831, 000 in the 2010 census and the largest town is maumere. flores is portuguese for " flowers ". flores is located east of sumbawa and komodo and west of lembata and the alor archipelago. to the southeast is timor. to the south, across the sumba strait, is sumba and to the north, beyond the flores sea, is sulawesi. homo floresiensis in september 2004, at liang bua cave in western flores, paleoanthropologists discovered small skeletons that they described as a previously unknown hominid species, homo floresiensis. these are informally named hobbits and appear to have stood about 1 m ( 3. 3 ft ) tall. the most complete individual ( lb1 ) is dated as 18, 000 years old. the dominican order was extremely important in this island, as well as in the neighbouring islands of timor and solor. when in 1613 the dutch attacked the fortres of solor, the population of this fort, led by the dominicans, moved to the harbor town of larantuka, on the eastern coast of flores. this population was mixed, of portuguese and local islanders descent and larantuqueiros, topasses ( people that wear heats ) or, as dutch knew them, the ' black portuguese ' ( swarte portugueezen ). the larantuqueiros or topasses became the dominant sandalwood trading people of the region for the next 200 years. this group used portuguese as the language for worship, malay as the language of trade and a mixed dialect as mother tongue. this was observed by william dampier, a british brigadier visiting the island in 1699 : - these [ the topasse
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200 years. this group used portuguese as the language for worship, malay as the language of trade and a mixed dialect as mother tongue. this was observed by william dampier, a british brigadier visiting the island in 1699 : - these [ the topasses ] have no forts, but depend on their alliance with the natives : and indeed they are already so mixt, that it is hard to distinguish whether they are portugueze or indians. their language is portugueze ; and the religion they have, is romish. they seem in words to acknowledge the king of portugal for their sovereign ; yet they will not accept any officers sent by him. they speak indifferently the malayan and their own native languages, as well as portugueze. in 1846, dutch and portuguese initiated negotiations towards delimiting the territories but these negotiations led to nowhere. in 1851 the new governor of timor, solor and flores, lima lopes, faced with an impoverished administration, agreed to sell eastern flores and the nearby islands to dutch in return for a payment of 200, 000 florins. lima lopes did so without the consent of lisbon and was dismissed in disgrace, but his agreement was not rescinded and in 1854 portugal ceded all its historical claims on flores. after this, flores became part of the territory of dutch east indies. flores is part of the east nusa tenggara province. the island along with smaller minor islands are split into eight regencies ( local government districts ) ; from west to east these are : manggarai barat ( west manggarai ), manggarai tengah ( central manggarai ), manggarai timur ( east manggarai ), ngada, nagekeo, ende, sikka and flores timur ( east flores ). it has 39. 1 % of the provincial population as of 2010, and the most indonesians of all islands in the province. however, timor including the nation of east timor is more populated. it is the island with the 9th most indonesians. among all islands containing indonesian territory, it is the 10th most populous after java, sumatra, borneo, sulawesi, new guinea, bali, madura, lombok, and timor. | manggarai regency | | ruteng | | 1958 | | uu 69 / 1958 | | 1, 545. 97 | | 292, 037 | | sikka regency | | maumere | | 1958 | | uu 69 / 1958 |
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| | ruteng | | 1958 | | uu 69 / 1958 | | 1, 545. 97 | | 292, 037 | | sikka regency | | maumere | | 1958 | | uu 69 / 1958 | | 1, 731. 92 | | 300, 301 | | ngada regency | | bajawa | | 1958 | | uu 69 / 1958 | | 1, 620. 92 | | 142, 254 | | ende regency | | ende | | 1958 | | uu 69 / 1958 | | 2, 046. 62 | | 260, 428 | | east flores regency | | larantuka | | 1958 | | uu 69 / 1958 | | 1, 812. 85 | | 232, 312 | | west manggarai regency | | labuan bajo | | 2003 | | uu 8 / 2003 | | 2, 947. 50 | | 221, 430 | | nagekeo regency | | mbay | | 2007 | | uu 2 / 2007 | | 1, 416. 96 | | 129, 956 | | east manggarai regency | | borong | | 2007 | | uu 36 / 2007 | | 2, 502. 24 | | 252, 754 | flora and fauna the west coast of flores is one of the few places, aside from the island of komodo itself, where the komodo dragon can be found in the wild, and is part of komodo national park, a unesco world heritage site. kelimutu national park is the second national park designated on flores to protect endangered species. the flores giant rat is also endemic to the island, and verhoeven ' s giant tree rat was formerly present. these giant rodents are considered examples of island gigantism. flores was also the habitat of several extinct dwarf forms of the proboscidean stegodon, the most recent ( stegodon florensis insularis ) disappearing approximately 12 000 years ago. it is speculated by scientists that limited resources and an absence of advanced predators made the few megafaunal species that reached the island subject to insular dwarfism. there are many languages spoken on the island of flores, all of them belonging to the austronesian family. in the centre of the island in the districts of ngada, nagekeo, and ende there is what is variously called the central flores dialect chain or the central flores linkage. within this
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of them belonging to the austronesian family. in the centre of the island in the districts of ngada, nagekeo, and ende there is what is variously called the central flores dialect chain or the central flores linkage. within this area there are slight linguistic differences in almost every village. at least six separate languages are identifiable. these are from west to east : ngadha, nage, keo, ende, lio and palu ' e, which is spoken on the island with the same name of the north coast of flores. locals would probably also add so ' a and bajawa to this list, which anthropologists have labeled dialects of ngadha. flores is almost entirely roman catholic and represents one of the " religious borders " created by the catholic expansion in the pacific and the spread of islam from the west across indonesia. in other places in indonesia, such as in the maluku islands and sulawesi, the divide is less rigid and has been the source of bloody sectarian clashes. the most famous tourist attraction in flores is kelimutu, a volcano containing three colored lakes, located in the district of ende close to the town of moni. these crater lakes are in the caldera of a volcano, and fed by a volcanic gas source, resulting in highly acidic water. the colored lakes change colors on an irregular basis, depending on the oxidation state of the lake from bright red through green and blue. there are snorkelling and diving locations along the north coast of flores, most notably maumere and riung. however, due to the destructive practice of local fishermen using bombs to fish, and locals selling shells to tourists, combined with the after effects of a devastating tsunami in 1992, the reefs have slowly been destroyed. labuan bajo ( on the western tip of flores ) is a town often used by tourists as a base to visit komodo and rinca. labuanbajo also attracts scuba divers, as whale sharks inhabit the waters around labuanbajo. in addition to tourism, the main economic activities on flores are agriculture, fishing and seaweed production. the primary food crops being grown on flores are rice, maize, sweet potato and cassava, while the main cash crops are coffee, coconut, candle nut and cashew. flores is one of the newest origins for indonesian coffee. previously, most arabica coffee ( coffea arabica ) from flores was blended with other origins. now, demand is growing for this coffee because of its heavy body
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nut and cashew. flores is one of the newest origins for indonesian coffee. previously, most arabica coffee ( coffea arabica ) from flores was blended with other origins. now, demand is growing for this coffee because of its heavy body and sweet chocolate, floral and woody notes. an ancient ngada megalith see also - monk, k. a. ; fretes, y., reksodiharjo - lilley, g. ( 1996 ). the ecology of nusa tenggara and maluku. hong kong : periplus editions ltd. p. 7. isbn 962 - 593 - 076 - 0. - " out of the ashes - chapter 1 ". epress. anu. edu. au. 1914 - 06 - 25. retrieved 2012 - 07 - 25. - l, klemen ( 1999 - 2000 ). " the lesser sunda islands 1941 - 1942 ". forgotten campaign : the dutch east indies campaign 1941 - 1942. - " hasil sensus penduduk 2010 ". ntt. bps. go. id. retrieved 2012 - 07 - 25. - van den bergh, g. d. ; rokhus due awe ; morwood, m. j. ; sutikna, t. ; jatmiko ; wahyu saptomo, e. ( may 2008 ). " the youngest stegodon remains in southeast asia from the late pleistocene archaeological site liang bua, flores, indonesia ". quaternary international 182 ( 1 ) : 16 β 48. doi : 10. 1016 / j. quaint. 2007. 02. 001. retrieved 27 november 2011. - " hobbits " were pygmy ancestors, not new species, study says, national geographic, 21 august 2006. - pasternack. keli mutu volcanic lakes, university of california davis. - east nusa tenggara, indonesian chamber of commerce and industry. retrieved 8 august 2008. - arabica producing regions of indonesia, specialty coffee association of indonesia. retrieved 8 august 2008. | wikimedia commons has media related to : flores, indonesia | - l, klemen ( 1999 - 2000 ). " forgotten campaign : the dutch east indies campaign 1941 - 1942 ".
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german destroyer z11 bernd von arnim | career ( nazi germany ) | | name : | | z11 bernd von arnim | | namesake : | | bernd von arnim | | ordered : | | 9 january 1935 | | laid down : | | 26 april 1935 | | launched : | | 8 july 1936 | | completed : | | 6 december 1938 | | fate : | | scuttled, 13 april 1940 | | general characteristics as built | | class & type : | | type 1934a - class destroyer | | displacement : | | 2, 171 long tons ( 2, 206 t ) | | length : | | 119 m ( 390 ft 5 in ) o / a 114 m ( 374 ft 0 in ) w / l | beam : | | 11. 3 m ( 37 ft 1 in ) | | draft : | | 4. 23 m ( 13 ft 11 in ) | | installed power : | | 70, 000 shp ( 52, 000 kw ) | | propulsion : | | 2 shafts, 2 Γ wagner geared steam turbines 6 Γ water - tube boilers | speed : | | 36 knots ( 67 km / h ; 41 mph ) | | range : | | 1, 825 nmi ( 3, 380 km ; 2, 100 mi ) at 19 knots ( 35 km / h ; 22 mph ) | | armament : | | 5 Γ 1 - 12. 7 cm ( 5 in ) guns 2 Γ 2 - 3. 7 cm ( 1. 5 in ) guns 6 Γ 1 - 2 cm ( 0. 79 in ) guns 2 Γ 4 - 53. 3 cm ( 21 in ) torpedo tubes 32 β 64 depth charges, 4 throwers and 6 individual racks z11 bernd von arnim was a type 1934a - class destroyer built for the german navy ( kriegsmarine ) in the late 1930s. at the beginning of world war ii, the ship was initially deployed to blockade the polish coast, but she was quickly transferred to the german bight to lay minefields in german waters. in late 1939 the ship made one successful minelaying sortie off the english coast that claimed one british warship and seven merchant ships. during the early stages of the norwegian campaign, bernd von arnim fought the british destroyer glowworm while transporting troops to the narvik area in early april 1940, but neither ship was damaged during the action. the ship fought in both naval battles of narvik several days later and had to be scut
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sides of the rear deckhouse and they were supplemented by six racks for individual depth charges on the sides of the stern. enough depth charges were carried for either two or four patterns of 16 charges each. mine rails could be fitted on the rear deck that had a maximum capacity of 60 mines. ' ghg ' ( gruppenhorchgerat ) passive hydrophones were fitted to detect submarines. the ship was ordered on 4 august 1934 and laid down at germania, kiel on 26 march 1935 as yard number g537. she was launched on 8 july 1936 and completed on 6 july 1938. when world war ii began in september 1939, bernd von arnim was initially deployed in the baltic to operate against the polish navy and to enforce a blockade of poland, but she was soon transferred to the german bight where she joined her sisters in laying defensive minefields. the ship also patrolled the skagerrak to inspect neutral shipping for contraband goods. bernd von arnim joined the other destroyers in laying minefields off the british coast in november, when bernd von arnim, hermann kunne and wilhelm heidkamp laid about 180 magnetic mines in the middle of the thames estuary on the night of 17 / 18 november. the destroyer hms gipsy, one trawler, and seven other ships totalling 27, 565 gross register tons ( grt ) were sunk by this minefield. four days later, she was one of the destroyers escorting the battleships gneisenau and scharnhorst through the north sea to break out into the north atlantic. together with her sisters hans lody and erich giese, bernd von arnim was to lay a minefield off cromer during the night of 6 / 7 december, but she had trouble with two of her boilers and had to shut them down. the ship was ordered to return to port while the other two destroyers continued their mission. norwegian campaign bernd von arnim was allocated to group 1 for the norwegian portion of operation weserubung in april 1940. the group ' s task was to transport the 139th mountain infantry regiment ( 139. gebirgsjager regiment ) and the headquarters of the 3rd mountain division ( 3. gebirgs - division ) to seize narvik. the ships began loading troops on 6 april and set sail the next day. bernd von arnim was spotted by the british destroyer glowworm in a storm on the morning of 8 april and the ship turned away to
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to seize narvik. the ships began loading troops on 6 april and set sail the next day. bernd von arnim was spotted by the british destroyer glowworm in a storm on the morning of 8 april and the ship turned away to the north - west at full speed after laying a smoke screen. the german ship was suffering damage from the heavy seas at 35 knots ( 65 km / h ; 40 mph ) and was forced to reduce speed to 27 knots ( 50 km / h ; 31 mph ) after she had lost two men overboard. the british destroyer was better suited for the conditions and began to close on bernd von arnim. lieutenant commander ( korvettenkapitan ) curt rechel, captain of von arnim, turned his ship to the north - east, closer to the heavy cruiser admiral hipper. the ships exchanged fire without effect for an hour until hipper came within range and sank glowworm shortly afterward. the german destroyers reached the ofotfjord on the morning of 9 april and commodore friedrich bonte took his flagship wilhelm heidkamp, bernd von arnim and georg thiele down the fjord to narvik. a heavy snowstorm allowed von arnim and thiele to enter the harbor without challenge and tie up at a pier. the mountain troops immediately began disembarking, but the ship was spotted by the coast defense ship norge a few minutes later. the latter ship immediately opened fire and was able to fire approximately 13 shells at 600 β 800 meters ( 660 β 870 yd ) range before von arnim was able to fire seven torpedoes. only two struck the norwegian ship, but they detonated one or more of the ship ' s magazines and she immediately capsized and sank. none of the norwegian shells hit either of the two german destroyers due to the darkness and falling snow, despite the short range. von arnim lowered boats to rescue the surviving norwegian sailors and was able to pick up 96 men together with boats from the merchantmen in harbor. von arnim and thiele were the first to refuel from the single tanker that had made it safely to narvik and later moved to the ballangenfjord, a southern arm of the ofotfjord, closer to the entrance. shortly before dawn on 10 april, the five destroyers of the british 2nd destroyer flotilla surprised the five german destroyers in narvik harbor. they torpedoed two destroyers and badly damaged the other three while suffering only minor damage
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by carrier aircraft. the battleship warspite and nine destroyers duly appeared on 13 april, although earlier than commander bey had expected, and caught the germans out of position. the five operable destroyers, including bernd von arnim, charged out of narvik harbor and engaged the british ships. although no hits were scored, they did inflict splinter damage on several of the destroyers. the ship was able to make a torpedo attack on the british destroyers before being driven off, but her torpedoes all missed. lack of ammunition forced the german ships to retreat to the rombaksfjorden ( the easternmost branch of the ofotfjord ), east of narvik, where they might attempt to ambush pursuing british destroyers. von arnim had exhausted her ammunition and she was beached at the head of the fjord. her crew placed demolition charges and abandoned the ship. by the time the british reached the ship she had rolled over onto her side. the ship ' s crew joined the german troops ashore and participated in the campaign until the british evacuated the area in june. - groener, p. 199 - whitley, p. 18 - koop and schmolke, p. 26 - whitley, p. 215 - whitley, pp. 71 β 72 - whitley, p. 204 - koop and schmolke, p. 91 - rohwer, pp. 2 β 3, 5, 7 - rohwer, p. 9 - whitley, p. 89 - hervieux, p. 112 - whitley, pp. 89 β 90 - whitley, p. 96 - haarr, pp. 91 β 93 - haarr, p. 323 - haarr, pp. 327 - haarr, p. 334 - whitley, p. 99 - harr, pp. 339 β 43 - haarr, pp. 344 β 47 - whitley, p. 101 - haarr, pp. 356 β 57, 362, 366 - whitley, p. 103 - haarr, pp. 368, 373 β 74 - groner, erich ( 1990 ). german warships : 1815 β 1945. volume 1 : major surface warships. annapolis, maryland : naval institute press. isbn 0 - 87021 - 790 - 9. - hervieux, pierre ( 1980 ). " german destroyer minelaying operations off the english coast ( 1940 β 1941 ) ". in roberts, john. warship iv. greenwich, england : conway
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2025-12-17T20:53:58.457297
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a jack - o ' - lantern, one of the symbols of halloween | also called | | all hallows ' eve all saints ' eve | observed by | | western christians & many non - christians around the world | | celebrations | | trick - or - treating / guising, costume parties, making jack - o ' - lanterns, lighting bonfires, divination, apple bobbing, visiting haunted attractions, fireworks displays | | observances | | church services, prayer, fasting, and vigils | | related to | | samhain, hop - tu - naa, calan gaeaf, kalan gwav, day of the dead, all saints ' day ( cf. vigils ) | halloween or hallowe ' en ( a contraction of " all hallows ' evening " ), also known as all hallows ' eve, is a yearly celebration observed in a number of countries on october 31, the eve of the western christian feast of all hallows ( or all saints ) and the day initiating the triduum of hallowmas. according to many scholars, all hallows ' eve is a christianised feast originally influenced by western european harvest festivals, and festivals of the dead with possible pagan roots, particularly the celtic samhain. other scholars maintain that it originated independently of samhain and has solely christian roots. typical festive halloween activities include trick - or - treating ( also known as " guising " ), attending costume parties, carving pumpkins into jack - o ' - lanterns, lighting bonfires, apple bobbing, visiting haunted attractions, playing pranks, telling scary stories, and watching horror films. the word halloween was first used in the 16th century and represents a scottish variant of the fuller all hallows ' eve ( ' evening ' ), that is, the night before all hallows ' day. although the phrase all hallows ' is found in old english ( ealra halgena mæssedæg, mass - day of all saints ), all hallows ' eve is itself not seen until 1556. celtic influences though the origin of the word halloween is christian, the holiday is commonly thought to have pagan roots. historian nicholas rogers, exploring the origins of halloween, notes that while " some folklorists have detected its origins in the roman feast of pomona, the goddess of fruits and seeds, or in the festival of the dead called parentalia, it is more typically linked to the celtic festival of samhain ",
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" some folklorists have detected its origins in the roman feast of pomona, the goddess of fruits and seeds, or in the festival of the dead called parentalia, it is more typically linked to the celtic festival of samhain ", which comes from the old irish for " summer ' s end ". samhain ( pronounced sah - win or sow - in ) was the first and most important of the four quarter days in the medieval gaelic ( irish, scottish and manx ) calendar. it was held on or about october 31 β november 1 and kindred festivals were held at the same time of year in other celtic lands ; for example the brythonic calan gaeaf ( in wales ), kalan gwav ( in cornwall ) and kalan goanv ( in brittany ). samhain is mentioned in some of the earliest irish literature and many important events in irish mythology happen or begin on samhain. it marked the end of the harvest season and the beginning of winter or the ' darker half ' of the year. this was a time for stock - taking and preparing for the cold winter ahead ; cattle were brought back down from the summer pastures and livestock were slaughtered. in much of the gaelic world, bonfires were lit and there were rituals involving them. some of these rituals hint that they may once have involved human sacrifice. divination games or rituals were also done at samhain. samhain ( like beltane ) was seen as a time when the ' door ' to the otherworld opened enough for the souls of the dead, and other beings such as fairies, to come into our world. the souls of the dead were said to revisit their homes on samhain. feasts were had, at which the souls of dead kin were beckoned to attend and a place set at the table for them. lewis spence described it as a " feast of the dead " and " festival of the fairies ". however, harmful spirits and fairies were also thought to be active at samhain. people took steps to allay or ward - off these harmful spirits / fairies, which is thought to have influenced today ' s halloween customs. before the 20th century, wearing costumes at samhain was done in parts of ireland, mann, the scottish highlands and islands, and wales. wearing costumes may have originated as a means of disguising oneself from these harmful spirits / fairies, although some suggest that the custom comes from a christian or christianized belief
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in parts of ireland, mann, the scottish highlands and islands, and wales. wearing costumes may have originated as a means of disguising oneself from these harmful spirits / fairies, although some suggest that the custom comes from a christian or christianized belief ( see below ). in ireland, people went about before nightfall collecting for samhain feasts and sometimes wore costumes while doing so. in the 19th century on ireland ' s southern coast, a man dressed as a white mare would lead youths door - to - door collecting food ; by giving them food, the household could expect good fortune from the ' muck olla '. in moray during the 18th century, boys called at each house in their village asking for fuel for the samhain bonfire. the modern custom of trick - or - treating may have come from these practices. alternatively, it may come from the christian custom of souling ( see below ). making jack - o ' - lanterns at halloween may also have sprung from samhain and celtic beliefs. turnip lanterns, sometimes with faces carved into them, were made on samhain in the 19th century in parts of ireland and the scottish highlands. as well as being used to light one ' s way while outside on samhain night, they may also have been used to represent the spirits / fairies and / or to protect oneself and one ' s home from them. another legend is that a trickster named jack decided one day to trick the devil. he trapped the devil in a pumpkin and paraded him around town. eventually, jack let the devil out and the devil put a curse on jack and forever made him a spirit in hell. on halloween, jack is released to terrorize the country all night. to protect themselves, the irish would place a pumpkin with a face outside to scare jack into believing it was the devil. however, a christian origin has also been proposed. christian influences halloween is also thought to have been influenced by the christian holy days of all saints ' day ( also known as all hallows, hallowmas or hallowtide ) on november 1 and all souls ' day on november 2. they are a time for honoring the saints and praying for the recently departed who had yet to reach heaven. all saints was introduced in the year 609, but was originally celebrated on may 13. in 835, it was switched to november 1 ( the same date as samhain ) at the behest of pope gregory iv. some have suggested this was due to celtic influence,
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609, but was originally celebrated on may 13. in 835, it was switched to november 1 ( the same date as samhain ) at the behest of pope gregory iv. some have suggested this was due to celtic influence, while others suggest it was a germanic idea. by the end of the 12th century they had become holy days of obligation across europe and involved such traditions as ringing bells for the souls in purgatory. " souling ", the custom of baking and sharing soul cakes for " all crysten christened souls ", has been suggested as the origin of trick - or - treating. groups of poor people, often children, would go door - to - door on all saints / all souls collecting soul cakes, originally as a means of praying for souls in purgatory. similar practices for the souls of the dead were found as far south as italy. shakespeare mentions the practice in his comedy the two gentlemen of verona ( 1593 ), when speed accuses his master of " puling [ whimpering or whining ] like a beggar at hallowmas. " the custom of wearing costumes has been linked to all saints / all souls by prince sorie conteh, who wrote : " it was traditionally believed that the souls of the departed wandered the earth until all saints ' day, and all hallows ' eve provided one last chance for the dead to gain vengeance on their enemies before moving to the next world. in order to avoid being recognised by any soul that might be seeking such vengeance, people would don masks or costumes to disguise their identities ". in halloween : from pagan ritual to party night, nicholas rogers explained halloween jack - o ' - lanterns as originally being representations of souls in purgatory. in brittany children would set candles in skulls in graveyards. in britain, these customs came under attack during the reformation as protestants berated purgatory as a " popish " doctrine incompatible with the notion of predestination. the rising popularity of guy fawkes night ( 5 november ) from 1605 onward, saw many halloween traditions appropriated by that holiday instead, and halloween ' s popularity waned in britain, with the noteworthy exception of scotland. there and in ireland, the rebellious guy fawkes was not viewed with the same criminality as in england, and they had been celebrating samhain and halloween since at least the early middle ages, and the scottish kirk took a more pragmatic approach to halloween, seeing it as important to the life cycle and rites of
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same criminality as in england, and they had been celebrating samhain and halloween since at least the early middle ages, and the scottish kirk took a more pragmatic approach to halloween, seeing it as important to the life cycle and rites of passage of communities and thus ensuring its survival in the country. spread to north america north american almanacs of the late 18th and early 19th century give no indication that halloween was celebrated there. the puritans of new england, for example, maintained strong opposition to halloween and it was not until the mass irish and scottish immigration during the 19th century that it was brought to north america in earnest. confined to the immigrant communities during the mid - 19th century, it was gradually assimilated into mainstream society and by the first decade of the 20th century it was being celebrated coast to coast by people of all social, racial and religious backgrounds. development of artifacts and symbols associated with halloween formed over time. the turnip has traditionally been used in ireland and scotland at halloween, but immigrants to north america used the native pumpkin, which is both much softer and much larger β making it easier to carve than a turnip. subsequently, the mass marketing of various size pumpkins in autumn, in both the corporate and local markets, has made pumpkins universally available for this purpose. the american tradition of carving pumpkins is recorded in 1837 and was originally associated with harvest time in general, not becoming specifically associated with halloween until the mid - to - late 19th century. the modern imagery of halloween comes from many sources, including national customs, works of gothic and horror literature ( such as the novels frankenstein and dracula ) and classic horror films ( such as frankenstein and the mummy ). one of the earliest works on the subject of halloween is from scottish poet john mayne, who, in 1780, made note of pranks at halloween ; " what fearfu ' pranks ensue! ", as well as the supernatural associated with the night, " bogies " ( ghosts ), influencing robert burns ' halloween 1785. elements of the autumn season, such as pumpkins, corn husks and scarecrows, are also prevalent. homes are often decorated with these types of symbols around halloween. trick - or - treating and guising trick - or - treating is a customary celebration for children on halloween. children go in costume from house to house, asking for treats such as candy or sometimes money, with the question, " trick or treat? " the word " trick " refers to " threat " to perform mischief
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2025-12-17T20:53:58.492668
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a customary celebration for children on halloween. children go in costume from house to house, asking for treats such as candy or sometimes money, with the question, " trick or treat? " the word " trick " refers to " threat " to perform mischief on the homeowners or their property if no treat is given. in scotland and ireland, guising β children disguised in costume going from door to door for food or coins β is a traditional halloween custom, and is recorded in scotland at halloween in 1895 where masqueraders in disguise carrying lanterns made out of scooped out turnips, visit homes to be rewarded with cakes, fruit and money. the practice of guising at halloween in north america is first recorded in 1911, where a newspaper in kingston, ontario reported children going " guising " around the neighborhood. american historian and author ruth edna kelley of massachusetts wrote the first book length history of halloween in the us ; the book of hallowe ' en ( 1919 ), and references souling in the chapter " hallowe ' en in america " : the taste in hallowe ' en festivities now is to study old traditions, and hold a scotch party, using burn ' s poem hallowe ' en as a guide ; or to go a - souling as the english used. in short, no custom that was once honored at hallowe ' en is out of fashion now. in her book, kelley touches on customs that arrived from across the atlantic ; " americans have fostered them, and are making this an occasion something like what it must have been in its best days overseas. all halloween customs in the united states are borrowed directly or adapted from those of other countries ". while the first reference to " guising " in north america occurs in 1911, another reference to ritual begging on halloween appears, place unknown, in 1915, with a third reference in chicago in 1920. the earliest known use in print of the term " trick or treat " appears in 1927, from blackie, alberta, canada : hallowe ' en provided an opportunity for real strenuous fun. no real damage was done except to the temper of some who had to hunt for wagon wheels, gates, wagons, barrels, etc., much of which decorated the front street. the youthful tormentors were at back door and front demanding edible plunder by the word β trick or treat β to which the inmates gladly responded and sent the robbers away rejoicing. the thousands of halloween postcards produced between the turn of the 20th century and the 1920s commonly show children
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door and front demanding edible plunder by the word β trick or treat β to which the inmates gladly responded and sent the robbers away rejoicing. the thousands of halloween postcards produced between the turn of the 20th century and the 1920s commonly show children but not trick - or - treating. the editor of a collection of over 3, 000 vintage halloween postcards writes, " there are cards which mention the custom [ of trick - or - treating ] or show children in costumes at the doors, but as far as we can tell they were printed later than the 1920s and more than likely even the 1930s. tricksters of various sorts are shown on the early postcards, but not the means of appeasing them ". trick - or - treating does not seem to have become a widespread practice until the 1930s, with the first u. s. appearances of the term in 1934, and the first use in a national publication occurring in 1939. halloween costumes are traditionally modeled after supernatural figures such as monsters, ghosts, skeletons, witches, and devils. over time, in the united states the costume selection extended to include popular characters from fiction, celebrities, and generic archetypes such as ninjas and princesses. dressing up in costumes and going " guising " was prevalent in ireland and scotland at halloween by the late 19th century. costuming became popular for halloween parties in the us in the early 20th century, as often for adults as for children. the first mass - produced halloween costumes appeared in stores in the 1930s when trick - or - treating was becoming popular in the united states. halloween costume parties generally fall on or around october 31, often on the friday or saturday before halloween. " trick - or - treat for unicef " is a fundraising program to support unicef, a united nations programme that provides humanitarian aid to children in developing countries. started as a local event in a northeast philadelphia neighborhood in 1950 and expanded nationally in 1952, the program involves the distribution of small boxes by schools ( or in modern times, corporate sponsors like hallmark, at their licensed stores ) to trick - or - treaters, in which they can solicit small - change donations from the houses they visit. it is estimated that children have collected more than $ 118 million for unicef since its inception. in canada, in 2006, unicef decided to discontinue their halloween collection boxes, citing safety and administrative concerns ; after consultation with schools, they instead redesigned the program. games and other activities there are several games traditionally associated with halloween parties. one common game is dunking or
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unicef decided to discontinue their halloween collection boxes, citing safety and administrative concerns ; after consultation with schools, they instead redesigned the program. games and other activities there are several games traditionally associated with halloween parties. one common game is dunking or apple bobbing, which may be called " dooking " in scotland in which apples float in a tub or a large basin of water and the participants must use their teeth to remove an apple from the basin. the practice is thought by some to have derived from the roman practices in celebration of pomona. a variant of dunking involves kneeling on a chair, holding a fork between the teeth and trying to drop the fork into an apple. another common game involves hanging up treacle or syrup - coated scones by strings ; these must be eaten without using hands while they remain attached to the string, an activity that inevitably leads to a very sticky face. some games traditionally played at halloween are forms of divination. a traditional scottish form of divining one ' s future spouse is to carve an apple in one long strip, then toss the peel over one ' s shoulder. the peel is believed to land in the shape of the first letter of the future spouse ' s name. unmarried women were told that if they sat in a darkened room and gazed into a mirror on halloween night, the face of their future husband would appear in the mirror. however, if they were destined to die before marriage, a skull would appear. the custom was widespread enough to be commemorated on greeting cards from the late 19th century and early 20th century. another game / superstition that was enjoyed in the early 1900s involved walnut shells. people would write fortunes in milk on white paper. after drying, the paper was folded and placed in walnut shells. when the shell was warmed, milk would turn brown therefore the writing would appear on what looked like blank paper. folks would also play fortune teller. in order to play this game, symbols were cut out of paper and placed on a platter. someone would enter a dark room and was ordered to put her hand on a piece of ice then lay it on a platter. her " fortune " would stick to the hand. paper symbols included : dollar sign - wealth, button - bachelorhood, thimble - spinsterhood, clothespin - poverty, rice - wedding, umbrella - journey, caldron - trouble, 4 - leaf clover - good luck, penny - fortune, ring - early marriage, and key - fame. the telling of ghost stories and
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spinsterhood, clothespin - poverty, rice - wedding, umbrella - journey, caldron - trouble, 4 - leaf clover - good luck, penny - fortune, ring - early marriage, and key - fame. the telling of ghost stories and viewing of horror films are common fixtures of halloween parties. episodes of television series and halloween - themed specials ( with the specials usually aimed at children ) are commonly aired on or before halloween, while new horror films are often released theatrically before halloween to take advantage of the atmosphere. haunted attractions haunted attractions are entertainment venues designed to thrill and scare patrons. most attractions are seasonal halloween businesses. origins of these paid scare venues are difficult to pinpoint, but it is generally accepted that they were first commonly used by the junior chamber international ( jaycees ) for fundraising. they include haunted houses, corn mazes, and hayrides, and the level of sophistication of the effects has risen as the industry has grown. haunted attractions in the united states bring in an estimate $ 300 β 500 million each year, and draw some 400, 000 customers, although press sources writing in 2005 speculated that the industry had reached its peak at that time. this maturing and growth within the industry has led to technically more advanced special effects and costuming, comparable with that of hollywood films. because halloween comes in the wake of the yearly apple harvest, candy apples ( known as toffee apples outside north america ), caramel or taffy apples are common halloween treats made by rolling whole apples in a sticky sugar syrup, sometimes followed by rolling them in nuts. at one time, candy apples were commonly given to children, but the practice rapidly waned in the wake of widespread rumors that some individuals were embedding items like pins and razor blades in the apples in the united states. while there is evidence of such incidents, they are quite rare and have never resulted in serious injury. nonetheless, many parents assumed that such heinous practices were rampant because of the mass media. at the peak of the hysteria, some hospitals offered free x - rays of children ' s halloween hauls in order to find evidence of tampering. virtually all of the few known candy poisoning incidents involved parents who poisoned their own children ' s candy. one custom that persists in modern - day ireland is the baking ( or more often nowadays, the purchase ) of a barmbrack ( irish : bairin breac ), which is a light fruitcake, into which a plain ring, a coin and other charms
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modern - day ireland is the baking ( or more often nowadays, the purchase ) of a barmbrack ( irish : bairin breac ), which is a light fruitcake, into which a plain ring, a coin and other charms are placed before baking. it is said that those who get a ring will find their true love in the ensuing year. this is similar to the tradition of king cake at the festival of epiphany. list of foods associated with halloween : - barmbrack ( ireland ) - bonfire toffee ( great britain ) - candy apples / toffee apples ( great britain & ireland ) - candy corn, candy pumpkins ( north america ) - caramel apples - caramel corn - colcannon ( ireland ) - novelty candy shaped like skulls, pumpkins, bats, worms, etc. - pumpkin, pumpkin pie, pumpkin bread - roasted pumpkin seeds - roasted sweet corn - soul cakes - scary faced pizza religious observances on hallowe ' en ( all hallows ' eve ), in poland, believers are taught to pray out loud as they walk through the forests in order that the souls of the dead might find comfort ; in spain, christian priests toll their church bells in order to allow their congregants to remember the dead on all hallows ' eve. the christian church traditionally observed hallowe ' en through a vigil " when worshippers would prepare themselves with prayers and fasting prior to the feast day itself. " this church service is known as the vigil of all hallows or the vigil of all saints ; an initiative known as night of light seeks to further spread the vigil of all hallows throughout christendom. after the service, " suitable festivities and entertainments " often follow, as well as a visit to the graveyard or cemetery, where flowers and candles are often placed in preparation for all hallows ' day. christian attitudes towards halloween are diverse. in the anglican church, some dioceses have chosen to emphasize the christian traditions associated with all hallow ' s eve. some of these practises include praying, fasting and attending worship services. father, all - powerful and ever - living god, today we rejoice in the holy men and women of every time and place. may their prayers bring us your forgiveness and love. we ask this through christ our lord. amen. β all hallow ' s eve prayer from the liturgy of the hours other protestant christians also celebrate all hallows ' eve as reformation day, a day
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their prayers bring us your forgiveness and love. we ask this through christ our lord. amen. β all hallow ' s eve prayer from the liturgy of the hours other protestant christians also celebrate all hallows ' eve as reformation day, a day to remember the protestant reformation, alongside all hallow ' s eve or independently from it. often, " harvest festivals " or " reformation festivals " are held as well, in which children dress up as bible characters or reformers. father gabriele amorth, an exorcist in rome, has said, " if english and american children like to dress up as witches and devils on one night of the year that is not a problem. if it is just a game, there is no harm in that. " in more recent years, the roman catholic archdiocese of boston has organized a " saint fest " on halloween. similarly, many contemporary protestant churches view halloween as a fun event for children, holding events in their churches where children and their parents can dress up, play games, and get candy for free. many christians ascribe no negative significance to halloween, treating it as a fun event devoted to " imaginary spooks " and handing out candy. to these christians, halloween holds no threat to the spiritual lives of children : being taught about death and mortality, and the ways of the celtic ancestors actually being a valuable life lesson and a part of many of their parishioners ' heritage. in the roman catholic church, halloween ' s christian connection is sometimes cited, and halloween celebrations are common in catholic parochial schools throughout north america and in ireland. some christians feel concerned about the modern celebration of halloween, and reject it because they feel it trivializes β or celebrates β paganism, the occult, or other practices and cultural phenomena deemed incompatible with their beliefs. a response among some fundamentalist and conservative evangelical churches in recent years has been the use of " hell houses ", themed pamphlets, or comic - style tracts such as those created by jack t. chick in order to make use of halloween ' s popularity as an opportunity for evangelism. some consider halloween to be completely incompatible with the christian faith, believing it to have originated as a pagan " festival of the dead ". according to alfred j. kolatch in the second jewish book of why halloween is not technically permitted by jewish halakha because it violate leviticus 18 : 3 forbidding jews from partaking in gentile customs. nevertheless many american jews celebrate it as a secular holiday, disconnected from its pagan and christian origins.
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of why halloween is not technically permitted by jewish halakha because it violate leviticus 18 : 3 forbidding jews from partaking in gentile customs. nevertheless many american jews celebrate it as a secular holiday, disconnected from its pagan and christian origins. reform rabbi jeffrey goldwasser, of the central conference of american rabbis has said that β there is no religious reason why contemporary jews should not celebrate halloween as it is commonly observed " while orthodox rabbi michael broyde has argued against jews sending their children trick or treating or otherwise observing the holiday. around the world the traditions and importance of halloween vary greatly among countries that observe it. in scotland and ireland, traditional halloween customs include children dressing up in costume going " guising ", holding parties, while other practices in ireland include lighting bonfires, and having firework displays. mass transatlantic immigration in the 19th century popularized halloween in north america, and celebration in the united states and canada has had a significant impact on how the event is observed in other nations. this larger north american influence, particularly in iconic and commercial elements, has extended to places such as south america, australia, new zealand, ( most ) continental europe, japan, and other parts of east asia. see also - " bbc β religions β christianity : all hallows ' eve ". british broadcasting corporation ( bbc ). 2010. retrieved 1 november 2011. " all hallows ' eve falls on 31st october each year, and is the day before all hallows ' day, also known as all saints ' day in the christian calendar. the church traditionally held a vigil on all hallows ' eve when worshippers would prepare themselves with prayers and fasting prior to the feast day itself. the name derives from the old english ' hallowed ' meaning holy or sanctified and is now usually contracted to the more familiar word hallowe ' en. " - the book of occasional services 2003. church publishing, inc. 2004. retrieved 31 october 2011. " service for all hallows ' eve : this service may be used on the evening of october 31, known as all hallows ' eve. suitable festivities and entertainments may take place before or after this service, and a visit may be made to a cemetery or burial place. " - anne e. kitch ( 2004 ). the anglican family prayer book. church publishing, inc. retrieved 31 october 2011. " all hallow ' s eve, which later became known as halloween, is celebrated on the night before all saints ' day, november 1. use this simple prayer service in conjunction
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family prayer book. church publishing, inc. retrieved 31 october 2011. " all hallow ' s eve, which later became known as halloween, is celebrated on the night before all saints ' day, november 1. use this simple prayer service in conjunction with halloween festivities to mark the christian roots of this festival. " - the paulist liturgy planning guide. paulist press. 2006. retrieved 31 october 2011. " rather than compete, liturgy planners would do well to consider ways of including children in the celebration of these vigil masses. for example, children might be encouraged to wear halloween costumes representing their patron saint or their favorite saint, clearly adding a new level of meaning to the halloween celebrations and the celebration of all saints ' day. " - thomas thomson, charles annandale ( 1896 ). a history of the scottish people from the earliest times : from the union of the kingdoms, 1706, to the present time. blackie. retrieved 31 october 2011. " of the stated rustic festivals peculiar to scotland the most important was hallowe ' en, a contraction for all - hallow evening, or the evening of all - saints day, the annual return of which was a season for joy and festivity. " - merriam - webster ' s encyclopΓ¦dia of world religions. merriam - webster. 1999. retrieved 31 october 2011. " halloween, also called all hallows ' eve, holy or hallowed evening observed on october 31, the eve of all saints ' day. the pre - christian observances influenced the christian festival of all hallows ' eve, celebrated on the same date. " - " bbc β religions β christianity : all hallows ' eve ". british broadcasting corporation ( bbc ). 2010. retrieved 1 november 2011. " it is widely believed that many hallowe ' en traditions have evolved from an ancient celtic festival called samhain which was christianised by the early church. " - nicholas rogers ( 2002 ). halloween : from pagan ritual to party night. oxford university press. retrieved 31 october 2011. " halloween and the day of the dead share a common origin in the christian commemoration of the dead on all saints ' and all souls ' day. but both are thought to embody strong pre - christian beliefs. in the case of halloween, the celtic celebration of samhain is critical to its pagan legacy, a claim that has been foregrounded in recent years by both new - age enthusiasts and the evangelical right. " - austrian information. 1965. retrieved 31 october 2011. "
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, the celtic celebration of samhain is critical to its pagan legacy, a claim that has been foregrounded in recent years by both new - age enthusiasts and the evangelical right. " - austrian information. 1965. retrieved 31 october 2011. " the feasts of hallowe ' en, or all hallows eve and the devotions to the dead on all saints ' and all souls ' day are both mixtures of old celtic, druid and other heathen customs intertwined with christian practice. " - " bbc β religions β christianity : all hallows ' eve ". british broadcasting corporation ( bbc ). 2010. retrieved 1 november 2011. " the oxford dictionary of world religions also claims that hallowe ' en " absorbed and adopted the celtic new year festival, the eve and day of samhain ". however, there are supporters of the view that hallowe ' en, as the eve of all saints ' day, originated entirely independently of samhain and some question the existence of a specific pan - celtic religious festival which took place on 31st october / 1st november. " - the oxford english dictionary ( 2nd ed. ). oxford : oxford univ. press. 1989. isbn 0 - 19 - 861186 - 2. - rogers, nicholas ( 2002 ). " samhain and the celtic origins of halloween ". halloween : from pagan ritual to party night, pp. 11 β 21. new york : oxford univ. press. isbn 0 - 19 - 516896 - 8. - hutton, ronald. the stations of the sun : a history of the ritual year in britain ( oxford : oxford university press, 1996 ) - a pocket guide to superstitions of the british isles ( publisher : penguin books ltd ; reprint edition : 4 november 2004 ) isbn 0 - 14 - 051549 - 6 - all hallows ' eve bbc. retrieved 31 october 2011. - monaghan, patricia. the encyclopedia of celtic mythology and folklore. infobase publishing, 2004. p. 407 - frazer, sir james george. the golden bough : a study in magic and religion. forgotten books, 2008. pp. 663 β 664 - monaghan, p. 41 - o ' halpin, andy. ireland : an oxford archaeological guide. oxford university press, 2006. p. 236 - " halloween ". britannica concise encyclopedia. chicago : encyclopaedia britannica, 2009. credo reference. web. 21 september 2012. - mcneill,
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oxford university press, 2006. p. 236 - " halloween ". britannica concise encyclopedia. chicago : encyclopaedia britannica, 2009. credo reference. web. 21 september 2012. - mcneill, f. marian. the silver bough, vol. 3. william maclellan. pp. 11 β 46 - spence, lewis ( 1945 ). the magic arts in celtic britain. p. 88. isbn 0 - 09 - 474300 - 2 - hutton, pp. 380 β 382 - macleod, sharon. celtic myth and religion. mcfarland, 2011. pp. 61, 175 - hutton, pp. 365 β 368 - hutton, p. 382 - hill, christopher. holidays and holy nights. quest books, 2003. p. 56 - rogers, p. 57 - rogers, nicholas ( 2002 ). halloween : from pagan ritual to party night, pp. 22, 27. new york : oxford univ. press. isbn 0 - 19 - 516896 - 8. - hutton, p. 364 - rogers, nicholas ( 2001 ). halloween : from pagan ritual to party night. oxford university press. pp. 28 β 30. isbn 0 - 19 - 514691 - 3. - " halloween ". britannica. encyclopΓ¦dia britannica. retrieved 25 october 2012. - hutton, pp. 374 β 375 - " ask anne ", washington post, 21 november 1948, p. s11. - the two gentlemen of verona act 2, scene 1. - prince sorie conteh ( 2009 ). traditionalists, muslims, and christians in africa : interreligious encounters and dialogue. cambria press. retrieved 31 october 2011. - " kalan - goanv ha marv ". tartanplace. com. 12 july 2001. retrieved 1 november 2012. - rogers, nicholas ( 2002 ). halloween : from pagan ritual to party night, pp. 37 β 38. new york : oxford univ. press. isbn 0 - 19 - 516896 - 8. - rogers, nicholas ( 2002 ). halloween : from pagan ritual to party night, pp. 49 β 50. new york : oxford univ. press. isbn 0 - 19 - 516896 - 8. - rogers, nicholas ( 2002 ). halloween : from pagan ritual to party night, p. 74. new york : oxford univ. press.
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