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. the affected person often mistakenly believes he or she has the flu. uncontrolled heat exhaustion can evolve into heat stroke. * heat stroke is classified in two ways : classic and exertional. classic heat stroke, also known as the " slow cooker, " may take days to develop. this condition is prevalent during summer heat waves and typically affects poor, elderly, chronically ill, alcoholic or obese persons. because the elderly often have medical problems, heat stroke exacerbates the problem, and more than 50 percent of elderly heat - stroke victims die3 / 4even with medical care. death results from a combination of a hot environment and dehydration. exertional heat stroke also is more common in the summer. you see it frequently in athletes, laborers and military personnel who sweat profusely. known as the " fast cooker, " this condition affects healthy, active individuals who strenuously work or play in a warm environment. exertional heat - stroke victims usually are sweating when stricken, while the classic victims are not sweating. its rapid onset does not allow enough time for severe dehydration to occur. because uncontrolled heat exhaustion can evolve into heat stroke, you should know how to tell the difference between them. if the victim feels extremely hot when touched, suspect heat stroke. another mark of heat stroke is that the victim ' s mental status ( behavior ) changes drastically3 / 4ranging from being slightly confused and disoriented to falling into a coma. in between these conditions, victims usually become irrational, agitated or even aggressive and may have seizures. in severe cases, the victim can go into a coma in less than 1 hour. the longer a coma lasts, the lower the chance for survival, so rescuers must be quick. a third way of distinguishing heat stroke from heat exhaustion is by rectal temperature. obviously, this is not very practical because conscious heat - stroke victims may not cooperate. taking a rectal temperature can be embarrassing to both victim and rescuer. moreover, rectal thermometers are seldom available, and the whole procedure of finding the appropriate thermometer and then using it wastes time and distracts from important emergency care. in most cases, an ambulance arrives within 10 to 20 minutes. * heat syncope, in which a person becomes dizzy or faints after exposure to high temperatures, is a self - limiting condition. victims should lie down in a cool place when it occurs. victims who are not nauseated can drink
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20 minutes. * heat syncope, in which a person becomes dizzy or faints after exposure to high temperatures, is a self - limiting condition. victims should lie down in a cool place when it occurs. victims who are not nauseated can drink water. * heat edema, which is also a self - limiting condition, causes ankles and feet to swell from heat exposure. it is more common in women unacclimated to a hot climate. it is related to salt and water retention and tends to disappear after acclimation. wearing support stockings and elevating the legs often helps reduce swelling. * prickly heat, also known as a heat rash, is an itchy rash that develops on skin that is wet from sweating. dry and cool the skin. cooling methods sometimes the only way to stop possible damage is to cool the victim as quickly as possible. however, it is important to pay attention to both the cooling methods and cautions. * ice baths cool a victim quickly but require a great deal of ice3 / 4at least 80 pounds3 / 4to be effective. needing a big enough tub also limits this method. cool - water baths3 / 4 ( less than 60of ) 3 / 4can be successful if you stir the water to prevent a warm layer from forming around the body. this is the most effective method in highly humid conditions ( greater than 75 - percent humidity ). * spraying the victim with water combined with fanning is another method for cooling the body. the water droplets act as artificial sweat and cool the body through evaporation. however, this method is not effective in high humidity3 / 4greater than 75 percent. * ice bags wrapped in wet towels and placed against the large veins in the groin, armpits and sides of the neck also cool the body, though not nearly as quickly as immersion. cautions to remember when employing any cooling method include : * do not delay the onset of cooling while waiting for an ambulance. doing so increases the risk of tissue damage and prolonged hospitalization. * stop cooling when the victim ' s mental status improves to avoid hypothermia. * do not use rubbing alcohol to cool the skin. it can be absorbed into the blood, causing alcohol poisoning. its vapors are a potential fire hazard. * do not use aspirin or acetaminophen. they are not effective because the brain ' s control - center temperature is not elevated as it is with fever caused by diseases. adjusting to heat most heat illness occur during the
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hazard. * do not use aspirin or acetaminophen. they are not effective because the brain ' s control - center temperature is not elevated as it is with fever caused by diseases. adjusting to heat most heat illness occur during the first days of working in the heat. therefore, acclimation ( adjusting to the heat ) is the main preventive measure. to better handle the heat, the body adjusts by decreasing the salt content in sweat and increases the sweating rate. year - round exercise can help workers prepare for hot weather. such activity raises the body ' s core temperature so it becomes accustomed to heat. full acclimation, however, requires exercise in hot weather. you can do this by exercising a minimum of 60 to 90 minutes in the heat each day for 1 to 2 weeks. the acclimated heart pumps more blood with each stroke than a heart unused to working in the heat. sweating earlier and doubles the amount of sweat per hour from 1. 5 quarts to 3 quarts or more. when new workers are exposed to hot weather, team them with veterans of the heat who know how much water to drink. heat illnesses are avoidable. with knowledge, preparation, fluid replacement and prompt emergency care, heat casualties need not be a factor for those working in warm weather. dr. alton thygerson is a professor of health science at brigham young university, provo, utah. he also serves as the technical consultant for the national safety council ' s first aid institute. want to use this article? click here for options! © 2013 penton media inc.
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data structures for manipulating ( biological ) sequences. generally supports both nucleotide and protein sequences, some functions, like revcompl, only makes sense for nucleotides. | a sequence is a header, sequence data itself, and optional quality data. sequences are type - tagged to identify them as nucleotide, amino acids, or unknown type. all items are lazy bytestrings. the offset type can be used for indexing. | a sequence consists of a header, the sequence data itself, and optional quality data. the type parameter is a phantom type to separate nucleotide and amino acid sequences | an offset, index, or length of a seqdata | the basic data type used in sequences | quality data is normally associated with nucleotide sequences | basic type for quality data. range 0.. 255. typical phred output is in the range 6.. 50, with 20 as the line in the sand separating good from bad. | quality data is a qual vector, currently implemented as a bytestring. | read the character at the specified position in the sequence. | return sequence length. | return sequence label ( first word of header ) | return full header. | return the sequence data. | check whether the sequence has associated quality data. | return the quality data, or error if none exist. use hasqual if in doubt. | adding information to header | modify the header by appending text, or by replacing all but the sequence label ( i. e. first word ). | converting to and from [ char ] | convert a string to seqdata | convert a seqdata to a string returns a sequence with all internal storage freshly copied and with sequence and quality data present as a single chunk. by freshly copying internal storage, defragseq allows garbage collection of the original data source whence the sequence was read ; otherwise, use of just a short sequence name can cause an entire sequence file buffer to be retained. by compacting sequence data into a single chunk, defragseq avoids linear - time traversal of sequence chunks during random access into | map over sequences, treating them as a sequence of ( char, word8 ) pairs. this will work on sequences without quality, as long as the function doesn ' t try to examine it. the current implementation is not very efficient. | phantom type functionality, unchecked conversion between sequence types | nucleotide sequences contain the alphabet [ a, c, g, t ]. iup
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the function doesn ' t try to examine it. the current implementation is not very efficient. | phantom type functionality, unchecked conversion between sequence types | nucleotide sequences contain the alphabet [ a, c, g, t ]. iupac specifies an extended nucleotide alphabet with wildcards, but it is not supported at this point. | complement a single character. i. e. identify the nucleotide it can hybridize with. note that for multiple nucleotides, you usually want the reverse complement ( see revcompl for that ). | calculate the reverse complement. this is only relevant for the nucleotide alphabet, and it leaves other characters unmodified. | calculate the reverse complent for seqdata only. | for type tagging sequences ( protein sequences use amino below ) | proteins are chains of amino acids, represented by the iupac alphabet. | translate a nucleotide sequence into the corresponding protein sequence. this works rather blindly, with no attempt to identify orfs or otherwise qa the result. | convert a sequence in iupac format to a list of amino acids. | convert a list of amino acids to a sequence in iupac format. | display a nicely formated sequence. | a simple function to display a sequence : we generate the sequence string and | call putstrln | returns a properly formatted and probably highlighted string | representation of a sequence. highlighting is done using ansi - escape | default type for sequences | produced by haddock version 2. 6. 1 |
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subdomain_quantum_gravity
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contemporary world politics make it necessary for nations to integrate into international unions in the interest of their own national security and economy. in these international unions, which are usually based upon geographic location, such factors as natural resources, trading blocs, and even cultural values play an important role. many neighboring countries combine their resources under the auspices of such organizations, create defensive alliances, and cooperate on a wide array of issues. the goal of such unions is to preserve peace, control the arms race, resolve disputes through diplomacy, promote socioeconomic development, and protect fundamental human rights and democracy. at the present time, nato, the osce, the eu, nafta, opec, asean, the g - 8, the d - 8, and apec are the foremost international political, military, and economic unions. these institutions are subject to organizational reforms because of new members or a widening of scope. all of these organizations, formed in the aftermath of the second world war, have contributed to creating stability and order in the world and have played a major role in global socioeconomic development. member nations protect their economic and military interests, and also acquire a stronger regional and international position. even the developed world perceives the necessity of such partnerships. the creation of free trade zones, regional trade agreements, abolished customs controls, and even a common currency ( as in the eu ) safeguard the future of member states. defensive pacts enable member states to reduce military expenditures and to divert those resources to cultural and educational fields. a similar organization will provide considerable benefits to muslim nations. for those that are desperate for technological as well as economic development, the foremost step toward stability is the creation of a central organization or, in other words, a unified islamic world under the auspices of the islamic union. economic development and increasing prosperity economic cooperation is necessary on two counts : stability and development. muslim nations must bring stability and solidity to their economies. developing industries and making the required investments is vital, as is the need for a comprehensive development plan and the simultaneous development of education, economy, culture, science, and technology. while various sectors are developed technologically, the labor force ' s educational levels and standards must be raised accordingly. society must be motivated to become more productive, and the resulting economic cooperation will play a major role in eradicating poverty, illiteracy, the unjust distribution of wealth, and other socioeconomic problems rampant in muslim countries. this partnership can be formed only by the creation of free trade zones, customs unions, and common economic areas. most muslim
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subdomain_quantum_cryptography
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eradicating poverty, illiteracy, the unjust distribution of wealth, and other socioeconomic problems rampant in muslim countries. this partnership can be formed only by the creation of free trade zones, customs unions, and common economic areas. most muslim countries have geostrategic importance as well as rich natural resources ( e. g., natural gas and crude oil ). these resources and strategic opportunities, however, are not being used effectively. in the islamic world, 86 % of the population ' s living standards fall below $ 2, 000, 76 % under $ 1, 000, and 67 % under $ 500 per year. when the islamic world ' s total resources are considered, ( 1 ) this is quite a paradox : roughly half of the petrol consumed in the west is exported from the islamic world, as is 40 % of the world ' s agricultural production. ( 2 ) many economists and strategists freely admit that the world economy depends upon the islamic world ' s oil and gas exports, in particular those of the persian gulf. ( 3 ) the persian gulf holds two - thirds of the planet ' s discovered crude oil reserves. data obtained from research concludes that saudi arabia alone holds 25. 4 % of the world ' s oil reserves, or 262 billion barrels. a further 11 % is found in iraq, 9. 6 % in the uae, 9. 2 % in kuwait, 8. 6 % in iran, 13 % in other opec member states. the rest is distributed across the remainder of the world. ( 4 ) research commissioned by the u. s. department of energy shows that between 2000 and 2020, oil exports from the area will increase by 125 %. ( 5 ) this means that the world will continue to meet most of its energy needs by imports from the gulf region. moreover, the middle east has 40 % of the global natural gas reserves ; 35 % of these reserves are in the gulf region. ( 6 ) algeria, libya, and other north african countries have 3. 7 % of the world ' s reserves. the caucasus and central asia are also rich in oil, natural gas, and other natural resources. for instance, kazakhstan has between 10 - 17. 6 billion barrels of proven oil reserves, and its natural gas reserves are estimated at between 53 and 83 trillion cubic feet. turkmenistan hasbetween 98 and 155 trillion cubic feet of natural gas reserves, making it the fourth largest producer. ( 7 ) some other muslim countries have valuable mineral resources. for instance, uzbekistan and kyrgyzstan are two
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subdomain_quantum_cryptography
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53 and 83 trillion cubic feet. turkmenistan hasbetween 98 and 155 trillion cubic feet of natural gas reserves, making it the fourth largest producer. ( 7 ) some other muslim countries have valuable mineral resources. for instance, uzbekistan and kyrgyzstan are two of the world ' s leading gold producers. turkey has one of the world ' s richest boron reserves, only recently discovered to be very important, and tajikistan has the world ' s largest aluminum producing facilities. these advantages will become more important in the twenty - first century, which some have already christened the " energy century. " energy is an essential element of modern society in terms of the military, industry, urbanization, and transport. given that economic activity and manufacturing depend primarily upon energy, nations will do their best to achieve control over these energy resources. the islamic world is not using its resources effectively, for many of its members lack the infrastructure and technology to increase the production and use their natural resources to develop their industries. therefore, the resources ' contributions to the country ' s economy are limited to export earnings. these countries do not have the means to process their own crude oil, use it in their industrial complexes, or to develop their industries. worse still, some muslim nations do not even have the necessary means to explore and research their natural resources or to discover and extract them. explorations undertaken by foreign companies reveal that other muslim nations have oil and gas reserves, but they cannot benefit from their resources. naturally, the ineffective use of natural resources is not the islamic world ' s only economic problem. however, solving this problem can begin the process of solving many other problems. the economies of muslim nations contain differences in structure and functioning. some nations ' economies depend upon mineral resources, such as the members of opec, while other nations ' depend upon agriculture. these differences are also reflected, to some extent, in their social structures, such as the widely varying degrees of rural and urban populations. developing complementary relationships and helping each other in their respective areas of expertise can turn these differences into a source of riches. all of this will be possible with the islamic union. joint ventures and project partnerships will be an important step in the right direction, for they will enable countries to benefit from one another ' s experiences and the income earned from investment projects will benefit all of the participating countries. such mutual financial support is compatible with islamic morality, for helping the needy and having a sense of social responsibility are important characteristics that muslims strive to acquire. many verses in the qur ’ an remind muslims to watch over the
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subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics
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benefit all of the participating countries. such mutual financial support is compatible with islamic morality, for helping the needy and having a sense of social responsibility are important characteristics that muslims strive to acquire. many verses in the qur ’ an remind muslims to watch over the needy. society ' s internal cohesion must be extended to international relations. as international cooperation within a partnership cannot be one - sided, employment and income levels will rise in both countries. for example, one country will produce oil and another one will process it, and agriculturally dependent countries will be able to import the food they need from agriculturally developed countries. a manpower - poor country ’ s need will be met by another islamic country, while rich countries will be able to invest in and help out a manpower - rich country that does not have enough jobs for its people. this will be to the benefit of both. sharing know - how and experience will increase prosperity, and all muslims will benefit from technological developments. joint ventures that realize the islamic world ' s unification of opportunities and means will enable muslims to produce hi - tech products. the islamic common market will enable muslim - made products to be marketed in other muslim countries without the hindrance of customs, quotas, and other cross - border obstacles. the marketplace will grow, the market share and exports of all muslim nations will rise, industrialization will speed up, and economic development will bring progress in technology. the living standards and wealth of muslim nations will increase, and their existing inequalities will disappear. some free trade agreements are already in place between countries in the gulf, the pacific rim, and north africa. trade agreements signed by turkey are already operational in the islamic world. bilateral cooperation exists in some regions ; however, their scope must be widened. such cooperation will safeguard the rights and interests of all muslim nations and lead to all of them becoming developed — a result from which all of them will derive a far greater benefit than if they do not cooperate with each other. all of these can be realized only under a central authority ' s leadership and coordination. achieving this will be possible if muslim nations adopt the qur ' an ' s values and the prophet ' s ( may god bless him and grant him peace ) sunnah, or, in other words, if they adopt islamic culture. the islamic union must lead the way to this cultural awakening, as well as the resulting political and economic cooperation. mutual cooperation among muslims, part of the islamic code, must be adhered to by all muslims, for god commands people to refrain from avarice
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subdomain_quantum_cryptography
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<urn:uuid:294ae327-cc7d-4b2a-962f-3f40d8a01c9b>
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2025-12-17T20:53:59.154319
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islamic union must lead the way to this cultural awakening, as well as the resulting political and economic cooperation. mutual cooperation among muslims, part of the islamic code, must be adhered to by all muslims, for god commands people to refrain from avarice and to guard the needy and support one another. in fact, destitute people have a due share of the believers ' wealth ( qur ' an, 51 : 19 ). as the qur ' an proclaims : our lord also reveals that believers are one another ' s guardians ( qur ' an, 9 : 71 ). the word " guardian " conveys such meanings as friend, helper, mentor, and protector. it also expresses the importance of cooperation and solidarity between muslim nations. the cooperation that will arise from this fraternal awareness between muslim nations will bring prosperity and wealth to muslims and eradicate poverty, an important problem of the islamic world. societies that follow the qur ' an ' s values will not experience famine, destitution, and poverty. muslims will develop their nations by following rational and long - term policies, establishing good relations with other nations and people, valuing trade and development, and learning from other cultures ' experiences. this was so in history and, god willing, under the islamic union ' s leadership it will be so once again. 1 - demetrios yiokaris, islamic leage study guide - 1997, united nations : study guides. online at : www. vaxxine. com / cowac / islmclg1. htm. 2 - “ islamic countries have the resources to match the west, scientist ”, arabic news. com, 28 may 2000. online at : www. arabicnews. com / ansub / daily / day / 000628 / 2000062848. html. 3 - anthony h. cordesman and arleigh a. burke, “ the gulf and transition : executive summary and major policy recommendations ” ( october 30, 2000 ). 4 - anthony h. cordesman and arleigh a. burke, “ the us military and the evolving challenges in the middle east ” ( march 9, 2002 ), 3. 5 - anthony h. cordesman and arleigh a. burke, “ the us military and the evolving challenges in the middle east ” ( march 9, 2002 ), 3. 6 - anthony h. cordesman and arleigh a. burke, “ the us military and the evolving challenges in the middle east ” ( march 9,
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subdomain_quantum_field_theory
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there could be genetic reasons why some women succumb to pressure to be thin, while others maintain a positive body image, according to us researchers. “ we ’ re all bombarded daily with messages extoling the virtues of being thin, yet intriguingly only some women develop what we term thin ideal internalisation, ” study author jessica suisman from michigan state university said in a press release. “ this suggests that genetic factors may make some women more susceptible to this pressure than others. ” suisman and her colleagues studied more than 300 female twins aged 12 to 22 to see whether genetic factors influenced how vulnerable women are to societal thin ideals. they measured how much the participants wanted to look like people from tv, movies and magazines, then compared identical twins, who share exactly the same genes, with fraternal twins, who share 50 percent of their genes. the researchers found identical twins had closer levels of thin idealisation, which suggested genetics plays a part in determining body image. “ we were surprised to find that shared environmental factors, such as exposure to the same media, did not have as big an impact as expected, ” suisman said. “ instead, non - shared factors that make co - twins different from each other had the greatest impact. the broad cultural risk factors that we thought were most influential in the development of thin - ideal internalisation are not as important as genetic risk and environmental risk factors that are specific and unique to each twin. " megan o ' connor, from eating disorders victoria, told ninemsn that experts are becoming increasingly aware of the potential genetic link. " there are often examples of a mother and two of her daughters having eating disorders – – anecdotally we are hearing of family traits, " she said. o ' connor said families need to be aware of the possible genetic link and put responsible measures in place. " people can certainly modify the sorts of language they use in their family about weight, dieting and body shape, " she said. " there is evidence to suggest that eating family meals together and having a healthy and relaxed relationship with food helps protect against eating disorders. " the study was published in the international journal of eating disorders.
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to learn more about cholesterol, browse any of the cholesterol topics below. about cholesterol cholesterol itself isn ' t bad. we all have and need this wax - like substance in our bodies. learn about the so - called " good " and " bad " cholesterol, where it comes from, and why it ' s important for your health. why cholesterol matters high cholesterol is one of the major risk factors leading to heart disease, heart attack and stroke. discover the reasons to keep your cholesterol controlled. understand your risk for cholesterol high cholesterol levels can run in families, and women generally tend to have higher levels of hdl than men. find out more about who has high cholesterol, and discover why managing cholesterol is important even for children. prevention & treatment of cholesterol you can lower your cholesterol and reduce your risk of heart disease and stroke. take responsibility for managing your cholesterol levels with healthy lifestyle choices and a sound medical treatment plan when prescribed. cholesterol tools & resources learn more with our online tracking resources, downloadable information pages and personal stories from people like you. watch, learn and live our interactive cardiovascular library has informative illustrations and animations to help you learn about conditions, treatments and procedures related to heart disease and stroke.
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2025-12-17T20:53:59.159106
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trees or shrubs ; petiole eglandular ; lamina mostly bearing several – many glands on abaxial surface. inflorescence terminal, unbranched or branched near base, each axis a raceme of short 1 – 7 - flowered cincinni ; lowest bracteole and alternate subsequent bracteoles bearing 1 large eccentric abaxial gland. sepals all biglandular, leaving outermost petal exposed in bud ; petals glabrous or bearing a tuft of hairs abaxially at base of claw ; posterior petal strongly differentiated from the lateral 4, with a thick erect claw and large marginal glands on proximal half of limb or at apex of claw ; receptacle glabrous on both sides of stamens ; stamens all fertile or the posterior ( 1 – ) 3 bearing rudimentary anthers ; pollen radially symmetrical, colporate ; carpels completely connate in ovary ; styles 3, slender and subulate with the stigmas very small, apical or slightly internal. fruit dry, indehiscent, a nut without a bony endocarp, containing only 1 seed. distribution : south america. the mcvaughia clade is strongly supported by both molecular and morphological evidence. the phylogenetic tree shown above, from davis & anderson ( 2010 [ pdf ] ), shows bootstrap values above the branches. especially noteworthy among the morphological characteristics shared by these three genera are the shrubby or arborescent habit, the abaxial leaf glands, the flowers often in several - flowered cincinni, the large abaxial gland on alternate bracteoles, and the dry, indehiscent, one - seeded fruit.
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subdomain_quantum_optics
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contemporary full brown calf. small paper spine label. boards triple ruled in blind. edges speckled red. boards and joints rubbed and bumped. head and tale of the spine chipped. some toning and browning throughout, but mainly to preliminary and final leaves. leaves a2 and a3 with some chipping along fore - edge, not affecting text. a bit of marginal worming, not affecting text. previous owner ' s old ink signature on title - page and some instances of marginalia and text corrections in the same hand. overall a very good copy. “ bacon ’ s major contribution to the development of science lies in his natural philosophy, his philosophy of scientific method, and in his projects for the practical organization of science. during the last years of his life, he expounded these ideas in a series of works, of which the twoo bookes was the first. the only work bacon ever published in english, it was later expanded and latinized into de augmentis scientiarum ( 1623 ). in the twoo bookes, bacon concerned himself primarily with the classification of philosophy and the sciences and with developing his influential view of the relation between science and theology. while preserving the traditional distinction between knowledge obtained by divine revelation and knowledge acquired through the senses, bacon saw both theoretical and applied science as religious duties, the first for a greater knowledge of god through his creation, and the second for the practice of charity to one ’ s fellows by improving their condition. this view of science as a religious function maintained its authority throughout the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, and was an important factor in the public success of the scientific movement ” ( norman library ). gibson 82. stc 1165. hbs # 65822 $ 850
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in the early 1900s, a dispute arose over who controlled greenland — norway or denmark. the case was submitted to the permanent court of international justice in 1933. the court ruled in denmark ’ s favor. after wwii, the united states developed a geopolitical interest in greenland. in 1946, they offered to buy the country from denmark for $ 100 million dollars. denmark refused to sell though. they did, however, allow the us to reopen thule air base in 1950. from 1951 and 1953, the base was greatly expanded as a part of a nato cold war defense strategy. it is still the us air forces ’ northernmost base, located inside the arctic circle. though xerxes did not found the achaemenid persian empire, he ruled it at its greatest size, and made it the global force that it was at the time. his failed invasion of greece has secured him a legendary place in not just asian, but also western culture. if once a man indulges himself in murder, very soon he comes to think little of robbing ; and from robbing he next comes to drinking and sabbath - breaking, and from that to incivility and procrastination. — thomas de quincey ( 1785 - 1859 ) tritones is a musical interval that spans three whole tones. this interval, the gap between two notes played in succession or simultaneously, was branded diabolus in musica or the devil ’ s interval by medieval musicians. one historian said, on the tritone : “ it apparently was the sound used to call up the beast. there is something very sexual about the tritone. in the middle ages when people were ignorant and scared, when they heard something like that and felt that reaction in their body they thought ‘ uh oh, here come the devil ’. ” the devil ’ s interval came back into vogue under wagner, of all people, who used it in his operas. since then, the tritone has been used for everything from acdc to the simpson ’ s theme song. the first light portrait and first human portrait every taken. from october or november, 1839. it is a self - portrait by robert cornelius. a caricature of europe right before wwi. for a full explanation of the imagery for each country, click on the image. around 300 bce, the maya began adopting a hierarchical system of government with rule by nobles and kings. this civilization developed into highly structured kingdoms during the classic period, around 200 - 900 ce. their society consisted of many independent states, each with a
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. around 300 bce, the maya began adopting a hierarchical system of government with rule by nobles and kings. this civilization developed into highly structured kingdoms during the classic period, around 200 - 900 ce. their society consisted of many independent states, each with a rural farming community and large urban sites built around ceremonial centers. it started to decline around 900 ce when - for reasons which are still debated - the southern maya abandoned their cities. when the northern maya were integrated into the toltec society by 1200 ce, the maya civilization finally came to a close, although some peripheral centers continued to thrive until the spanish conquest in the early sixteenth century. even today, many in guatemala and mexico identify first as maya and second as their nationality. fort sumter, in charleston, south carolina, at the time of the american civil war. in 98 ad, the roman historian tacitus wrote a detailed description about the fenni, a people to the north. this is probably the earliest written reference to the finnish people. according to him, these poor, savage fennis lived somewhere in the northeast baltic region — at the time inhabited by many other peoples, and the description also fits the sami, another group still living near the arctic circle today. given the name ’ s closeness to the modern finns, they think it was probably them. historians can never be certain exactly who tacitus was referring to, however. welcome to history class, guys! in the mid - 1950s, sammy davis jr was involved with kim novak, who was a valuable star under contract to columbia studios. the head of the studio, harry cohn, called one of the mob bosses. he paid the mob to threaten sammy into ending the affair. great britain finished repaying the united states ’ lend - lead aid from world war ii in 2006. august 12, 1944 : a band of battle - hardened nurses take a break to get their picture taken in a field close to the front lines in france. successor of the unfortunate pope formosus, pope boniface vi joins the league of forgotten popes. very little is known about him, and what is known, he probably wishes we ’ d forget. pope for just 15 days, boniface died from gout. this nasty disease comes from eating too much red meat and other rich foods. this causes a build - up of uric acid ( gross ) leading to swelled joints and purplish skin. two years after his death, john ix declared boniface vi ’ s election null and void but he is still included in the official
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. this causes a build - up of uric acid ( gross ) leading to swelled joints and purplish skin. two years after his death, john ix declared boniface vi ’ s election null and void but he is still included in the official list of popes. this is the remarkable lady malcolm douglas - hamilton. in 1940 she was natalie latham, a former debutante and fixture at new york society balls, now 30, twice divorced with two children and still so beautiful that vogue printed items about her. all this changed when german u - boats began their devastating attacks on the north atlantic convoys supplying britain. although america had not entered the war, natalie latham decided to do something to help, and established bundles for britain, which began as little more than a “ knitting bee ” — albeit one convened by natalie latham and some of the grandest dames of the new york social scene. the group quickly expanded to over 1. 5 million volunteers, with branches all over the country. bundles for britain started shipping over not just clothing but also blankets, children ’ s cots, ambulances, x - ray machines, hospital beds, oxygen tents, surgical instruments, blood transfusion kits, tinned food and children ’ s cots. every item was labelled “ from your american friends. ” in britain, she secured the support of winston churchill ’ s wife, clementine, and of janet murrow, wife of the cbs reporter ed murrow, whose live radio broadcasts to america during the blitz began with the words : “ this is london. ” when bundles for britain held a raffle, queen elizabeth donated items, including a piece of shrapnel that had hit buckingham palace. king george vi later appointed natalie latham an honorary cbe ; she was the first non - british woman thus honored. after her fourth husband ’ s death in 1951, she arrived in london to promote common cause, an anti - communist organization she had founded, and met the third son of the 13th duke of hamilton, lord malcolm douglas - hamilton, mp for inverness - shire and an ardent anti - communist. they eventually moved to the us, and she died on january 14, 2013.
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business language learning from apec hrdwg wiki as part of international education week 2010, apec has expanded on several themes of the seminar on " language education : an essential for a global economy, " to provide a guide for students and instructors interested in the critical importance of business language for strengthening business relations in a global context. these themes include business in the 21st century ; cross cultural awareness for 21st century business ; language for 21st century business ; business language learning ; and business language policy. in business language instruction, we learn that different economies use different methodologies by which to teach and learn the subject of business. we find that conflict may arise when these differing methodologies come together in a single classroom. another application of advanced communications technologies may be found in the classroom, where traditional textbooks may be supplemented with electronic media such as video clips, as well as live information from internet newsfeeds, essentially making textbook materials come alive. students today may not learn history, geography, and science as it was taught a few years ago. they may actually view and experience events via the internet as if they were present during the moment in which they took place. video conferencing in the classroom may have other applications, such as providing students access to language teachers in foreign countries and to subject matter experts thousands of miles away, who can appear in the classroom and guest lecture as if they were actually there. these powerful new communications technologies have enhanced business language instruction in schools and universities, as evidenced from the scenario presented below. - technology provides web - based content to expand, complement, and supplement textbooks and teacher instruction. - online educational materials blend face - to - face learning with digital teaching and curricula. - technology such as virtual classroom fosters peer - to - peer and instructor - peer relationship building, collaboration, and social networking. - when designing lesson plans for international students, educators must consider how cultural values affect the way students respond to specific assignments. - technology contributes to a green environment by saving paper and reducing travel. in the fictional scenario below, teaching and learning methodologies from different economies clash as they are brought together into a single classroom, made possible only by advancements in telecommunications technologies. a prestigious university located in collectivist economy a invited a marketing professor from a renowned university in individualistic economy b teach a year - long course on the fundamentals of marketing to first - year business students. the professor had recently published a book on mcburger, the hamburger chain, and its success in economy a. the students in economy a viewed
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economy b teach a year - long course on the fundamentals of marketing to first - year business students. the professor had recently published a book on mcburger, the hamburger chain, and its success in economy a. the students in economy a viewed his book as a premier marketing book in the field of international business. conducted virtually over internet video stream, the course was the first [ ed note : for which economy? using a mix of traditional and technology - mediated instruction is not that new. it may be a stretch to say it was the first time for such a mix. ] to integrate traditional methods of teaching with new technologies. the professor would present a traditional lecture from the university ' s video conferencing room in economy b and the students in economy a would view the lecture and participate in discussion as if the professor were in their classroom. students would submit all assignments and exams to the professor through a " digital drop box, " and the professor would return graded materials back to students via this medium. using advanced technology in the classroom allowed students to learn from a renowned professor while enrolling in a " green course, " one in which the professor did not need to travel to the economy and no paper would be used for assignments. to prepare for the course, the professor chose various marketing, advertising, and strategy cases from around the world. on the first day of class, he presented a case study on boca rola, and its advent into economy c. he gave the students 30 minutes to read the case study, and then encouraged the students to share their views about : ( 1 ) boca rola ’ s strategy to enter the market in economy c, ( 2 ) the barriers boca rola faced in entering the market, ( 3 ) perceptions of foreign products previously unavailable in a particular economy, and ( 4 ) consumers ' reaction to the new product. he found the students reluctant to share their individual views in the class. thus, he presented his own views from the perspective of an outsider to economy c, and shared his views about how boca rola ’ s business culture may be different than the culture of economy c in which it was operating. at the end of class, the professor gave the students a list of questions about the case study. he asked the students to form small groups of 3 - 4 students and discuss the answers to the questions. after they discussed the questions, he asked each team to submit a 5 - 6 page summary of the responses in three days. additionally, he assigned another case study for the students to read
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of 3 - 4 students and discuss the answers to the questions. after they discussed the questions, he asked each team to submit a 5 - 6 page summary of the responses in three days. additionally, he assigned another case study for the students to read – one that focused on a large multinational company ’ s entry into the beauty care segment in economy d for future discussion. when the professor reviewed the students ’ responses to the boca rola case study, he discovered that the 20 students had submitted 5 separate sets of case study responses, as required. however, each group provided the same responses to the same questions, with no variation. he knew that this could not be a blatant incidence of cheating. when the next class reconvened, he asked the students why they turned in identical sets of answers. the students looked surprised, believing that they had followed his instructions, but had perhaps misinterpreted them. finally, one student raised his hand and stated that the class had formed groups of 3 - 4 students, but that each group tackled one question, and then shared the answers with the other groups. the students believed that it was not time efficient to discuss each question. rather, they decided that each group would respond to just one question, and then share the response with the other groups, who would do the same. the professor smiled in exasperation, and, frustrated by his inability to engage the students in an open discussion, began discussing the beauty company ’ s entry into economy d. points to consider - how has technology enhanced international educational opportunities for both students and instructors? other than the examples cited, what other ways can technology facilitate international educational opportunities? - to what extent did the professor understand the students ’ motivation to learn, the context in which they learn, and their willingness to experiment and use different approaches to demonstrate what they can do and what they know? - why was the strategy of open classroom discussion widely popular in economy b and a widely used strategy to introduce opposing views, and to encourage critical thinking? - to what extent can strategies such as lesson study encourage students in economy a to demonstrate problem solving skills, critical thinking, and creativity? - what could the professor do to model how each group could engage in separate discussions to understand the various perceptions about boca rola ’ s strategy to enter the market in economy c? - individualistic cultures are those cultures in which the opinion of the individual is greatly sought after and deeply valued, even though it may differ from the views of the group. these cultures believe that it is
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s strategy to enter the market in economy c? - individualistic cultures are those cultures in which the opinion of the individual is greatly sought after and deeply valued, even though it may differ from the views of the group. these cultures believe that it is a variety of individual opinions that produce the best solutions to problems and that promote success, whether in social relationships or in the workplace. - collectivist cultures, on the other hand, value group consensus and harmony. these cultures believe that an environment conducive for business and personal success can only be created when members of the group align in sync with one another. members of groups will first debate the merits of a question among themselves, and then choose the opinion that they deem most valuable before presenting it to a higher authority. - the professor from economy b was used to receiving individual responses to his case discussion questions, responses that varied greatly from one another. although not all responses he received were correct, he enjoyed reading the individual opinions present in them before discussing the correct answers with the class during the following lecture. economy a students were, however, from a collectivist culture and valued sharing their responses with their group first before reaching a consensus on a particular answer choice. - the professor noticed that, although he had received only one response per question, it was more or less correct, although there was not a way for him to ascertain which of his students had provided the response, how the learning had occurred, and what the viewpoints of those who disagreed might be. - teaching tips for iew 2010 provided by tesol - teaching tips for iew 2009 submitted by teachers throughout the asia - pacific region - videos from the apec - relc international language seminar presentation " creating prosperity : using the internet to revolutionize language learning " - new paths of communication through : - technology providing access to content beyond books - video from the apec - relc international language seminar presentation " changes in our field : where are we going? " - e - language learning for students - a collection of online language learning resources from various apec members - related tips for teaching 21st century workplace skills more content from international education week 2010
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flipping the north koreans off not many people visit north korea these days but if you are one of the lucky few, more likely than not you will be led through an official guided tour of uss pueblo – an american intelligence vessel captured in 1968 – which remains the only american vessel currently in captivity. the seizure of uss pueblo is now one of the forgotten episodes of the cold war. the u. s. claimed it was in the international waters, while the d. p. r. k. insisted that it was in the north korean waters. diplomatic and military stand - off that followed was punctuated by a series of photos, films, and letters depicting the crew of the pueblo enjoying their comfortable captivity. in reality, however, the crew was being subjected to psychical and psychological abuse. from behind the bars in one of the most isolated places on the planet, the crew nonetheless delivered a master class in political subversion. to undermine the credibility of the letters written home to suggest that they had willingly defected, the crew wrote about the events that never happened. in their press conferences, they used archaic words the koreans didn ’ t perfectly understand. since none of the koreans knew english well enough to write the confession, the vessel ’ s commander wrote it himself. they checked the meaning of his words with a dictionary, but failed to catch the pun : “ we paean the dprk. we paean the korean people. we paean their great leader kim il sung ”. ( “ paean ” is homophonic with “ pee on ”. ) and almost by accident, they came across the idea behind their greatest coup : in two propaganda movies, the crew noticed people giving the finger were not censored. the crew deduced that the north koreans didn ’ t know what the finger meant. in the subsequent propaganda photos of the crew, their middle fingers were firmly extended to the cameraman. when the north koreans questioned, the crew described it as the “ hawaiian good luck sign. ” the ruse went on unnoticed until october 1968, when time magazine explained the mysterious gesture appearing in many photos as one of “ obscene derisiveness and contempt. ” this revelation infuriated the north korean captors, bringing about a period of severe beatings and torture, and the propaganda letters, photos and videos stopped after this. yet, it would take two more months for the u. s. to offer a perfunctory apology ( retracted afterwards ) to ensure the release of 82 crewmen. diplomatic and morale victory hid the bitter reality that the
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education and health outcomes for social minorities in india : an analysis using sur model abstractthe current study analyzes the health and education outcomes of fifteen year old children in india and investigates the question of inequality of such outcomes for socio - religious categories. to study the effect of health on education, sur estimation has been undertaken. the comparison of sur and ols results shows that sur estimates have smaller standard errors than the ols estimates. of the three categories analyzed in the data, sts have worst outcomes for both education and health and scs lag behind in the health field. the results have important implications for policy regarding education and health of the socio - religious minorities. download infoif you experience problems downloading a file, check if you have the proper application to view it first. in case of further problems read the ideas help page. note that these files are not on the ideas site. please be patient as the files may be large. bibliographic infopaper provided by agricultural and applied economics association in its series 2012 annual meeting, august 12 - 14, 2012, seattle, washington with number 124840. date of creation : 2012 date of revision : contact details of provider : postal : 555 east wells street, suite 1100, milwaukee, wisconsin 53202 phone : ( 414 ) 918 - 3190 fax : ( 414 ) 276 - 3349 web page : http : / / www. aaea. org more information through edirc health economics and policy ; this paper has been announced in the following nep reports : please report citation or reference errors to, or, if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your repec author service profile, click on " citations " and make appropriate adjustments. : - sonalde desai & veena kulkarni, 2008. " changing educational inequalities in india in the context of affirmative action, " demography, springer, vol. 45 ( 2 ), pages 245 - 270, may. - vani borooah & sriya iyer, 2005. " vidya, veda, and varna : the influence of religion and caste on education in rural india, " the journal of development studies, taylor and francis journals, vol. 41 ( 8 ), pages 1369 - 1404. - vani k. borooah & sriya iyer, 2002. " vidya, veda, and varna : the influence of religion and caste on education in rural india, " icer
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pages 1369 - 1404. - vani k. borooah & sriya iyer, 2002. " vidya, veda, and varna : the influence of religion and caste on education in rural india, " icer working papers 32 - 2002, icer - international centre for economic research. - behrman, jere r, 1996. " the impact of health and nutrition on education, " world bank research observer, world bank group, vol. 11 ( 1 ), pages 23 - 37, february. - dreze, jean & kingdon, geeta gandhi, 2001. " school participation in rural india, " review of development economics, wiley blackwell, vol. 5 ( 1 ), pages 1 - 24, february. - jean dreze & geeta gandhi kingdon, 1999. " school participation in rural india, " sticerd - development economics papers - from 2008 this series has been superseded by economic organisation and public policy discussion papers 18, suntory and toyota international centres for economics and related disciplines, lse. - jean dreze & geeta gandhi kingdon, 1999. " school participation in rural india, " working papers 69, centre for development economics, delhi school of economics. - ashwini deshpande, 2000. " recasting economic inequality, " review of social economy, taylor and francis journals, vol. 58 ( 3 ), pages 381 - 399. - case, anne & fertig, angela & paxson, christina, 2005. " the lasting impact of childhood health and circumstance, " journal of health economics, elsevier, vol. 24 ( 2 ), pages 365 - 389, march. for technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact : ( agecon search ). if you have authored this item and are not yet registered with repec, we encourage you to do it here. this allows to link your profile to this item. it also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about. if references are entirely missing, you can add them using this form. if the full references list an item that is present in repec, but the system did not link to it, you can help with this form. if you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. if
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2025-12-17T20:53:59.188822
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in a countless number of movies and novels set in the british regency and victorian era women are plagued by headaches ; oftentimes as a way to show them as fragile, or as a joke. it is not a trope used with male characters, but if it were would they be taken seriously? probably not. what if it was all viewed from a different angle and headaches were considered as something that legitimately affected their well - being? maybe they were getting out of a carriage earlier in the week and bumped their head on the door frame causing a very mild head injury. what if in present day your head bumped against the driver ’ s side window in a small accident with no other injury? could that genuinely affect anyone ’ s overall health? a new study by dr. sylvia lucas, coming out of the american headache society ‘ s annual meeting, states that those who experience milder head injuries tend to have more post - traumatic headaches as time progresses than those with severe injuries. out of the 598 participants in the study “ about 70 % [ were ] more likely than … their counterparts with moderate or severe injury to develop new headache or have a worsening of preexisting headache over the next year, ” dr lucas was quoted as saying. the majority of headaches were classified as migraines, though a large chunk was unclassifiable using the international classification of headache disorders, second edition. they do not know why this occurs, but dr. lucas thinks it is related to the specific mechanics of the accident that caused the head injury. breaking down the participants : 220 had mild traumatic brain injuries ( tbi ) and began the study the same week of their accident ; the other 378 had moderate to severe traumatic brain injury and were admitted to rehabilitation facilities. they found that migraines and tension headaches were most common, and that cervicogenic headaches were less common. this was unexpected considering most of the incidents that led to the tbi stemmed from motor vehicle accidents. “ study results showed that the mild tbi group and the moderate or severe tbi group had an identical prevalence of headache before injury ( 17 % ). but the former had a higher incidence of new or worsened headache at baseline ( 56 % vs. 40 % ), at 3 months ( 63 % vs. 37 % ), at 6 months ( 69 % vs. 33 % ), and at 12 months ( 58 % vs. 34 % ). ” if you are wondering how this might severely affect somebody ’ s life, about
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hospitals across the country are diligently working to reduce infection rates. according to the world health organization, hospital - acquired infections affect as many as 1. 7 million patients in the united states each year. these infections come at an annual cost of $ 6. 5 billion and contribute to more than 90, 000 deaths. proper hand hygiene is essential in helping to prevent hospital - acquired infections. a recent study performed by french researchers examined three types of healthcare workers. the first type spent a large amount of time with a discreet group of patients like a nurse would. the second group saw more patients but spent less time with each one - similar to doctors. group three consisted of healthcare workers who interacted with every patient every day like therapists. the study found that if a healthcare worker in group three failed to wash their hands, the spread of disease was three times worse than if someone from group one or two didn ' t. the study was published online in proceedings of the national academy of sciences. to read more about the study, continue here. to read another take on hand hygiene and about the joint commission ' s national hand hygiene project, click here. photo credit : jessica flavin almost two million patients hospitalized in the u. s. each year develop an infection. these infections occur in as many as one in every 10 patients, result in close to 100, 000 deaths and cost upwards of $ 6 billion. the wall street journal created a top 10 list of infection prevention strategies based on interviews with medical professionals, administrators a non profit company and the association for professionals in infection control and epidemiology. - undercover operations - dr. philip carling, an epidemiologist at caritas carney hospital in dorchester, mass. developed a solution to uncover how well patient rooms are cleaned. his invisible solution contains fluorescent markers which glow in black light. after spraying patient rooms with the solution, cleaning crews were brought in to perform their normal routine. later, rooms were examined with a black light and areas missed by the cleaners glowed fluorescent. sharing results with cleaners helped boost compliance with proper cleaning techniques. - high - tech cleaning systems - when hospital equipment is disinfected by hand, bacteria often remains. for more thorough disinfecting hospitals are utilizing machines such as bioquell which sprays a disinfecting hydrogen - peroxide vapor. - data mining - many hospitals are tracking data to determine how to prevent infections. lee memorial health system in florida tracks infection rates by surgeon and reports on the results. low ranking surgeons
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which sprays a disinfecting hydrogen - peroxide vapor. - data mining - many hospitals are tracking data to determine how to prevent infections. lee memorial health system in florida tracks infection rates by surgeon and reports on the results. low ranking surgeons can then make adjustments to lower their infection rates and improve their ranking. - patient hygiene - research suggests a daily wash with mild antibacterial soap can dramatically reduce the rate of bloodstream infections. the recommended cleanser is chlorohexidine glutonate. - reporting crackdown - numerous states have passed laws which require hospitals to report on infection rates. in many cases the reports are publicly available. in addition, medicare is limiting reimbursement for treatment of hospital - acquired infections. - clean hands - hospitals that utilize strategically - placed dispensers of hand sanitizer have noticed an increase in hand hygiene compliance from less than 50 % to more than 80 %. - embracing the checklist - incorporating checklists into bedside medical charts can help reduce rates of infection by requiring shift nurses to answer questions such as : does this patient have a catheter? if so, is it still necessary? - portable kits - utilizing all - inclusive kits for common procedures such as intravenous line insertions or dressing changes can limit the possibility for infection. kits contain all the items needed for procedures and prevent the nurse from running in and out of the patient room during a procedure to find a forgotten item. - mouth maintenance - regularly cleaning patients ' mouths, gums and teeth can help prevent ventilator - associated pneumonia, a common infection found in intensive care units. - infection id - quick diagnostic tests can identify infected patients in a matter of hours rather than days. this allows for a quick response when patients show symptoms, are tested and found to be infected. to read the complete article with expanded descriptions of the top 10, click here. photo credit : presta hospitals in michigan lowered the rate of bloodstream infections in their patients by following a five - step checklist. the study published in the new england journal of medicine found that implementing the checklist reduced the rate of bloodstream infections related to catheter use by 66 %. despite this success, utilization of the checklist remains limited. the checklist itself isn ' t complicated : - wash hands - clean patient ' s skin with chlorohexidine - wear protective cap and gown and use a surgical drape during the procedure - avoid catheter insertion through the groin if possible - remove unnecessary cathet
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t complicated : - wash hands - clean patient ' s skin with chlorohexidine - wear protective cap and gown and use a surgical drape during the procedure - avoid catheter insertion through the groin if possible - remove unnecessary catheters peter pronovost, the patient - safety expert who led the study, spoke with the wall street journal to share insights on why more hospitals haven ' t benefited from using the checklist. to read excerpts from his interview, click here. photo credit : adesigna a recent study published in the american journal of infection control examined the levels of bacteria on healthcare workers ' lab coats. the study involved a cross section of medical and surgical grand rounds attendees at a large teaching hospital. participants completed a survey and cultured their lab coat using a moistened swab on the lapels, pocket and cuffs. of the 149 white coats in the study, 34 ( 23 % ) were contaminated with s aureus, of which 6 ( 18 % ) were methicillin - resistant s aureus ( mrsa ). providers working with patients had higher contamination levels and the study suggests that white coats may contribute to patient - to - patient transmission of s aureus. read the entire study in the march 2009 issue of the american journal of infection control, the official journal of the association for professionals in infection control and epidemiology ( apic ). photo credit : estherase central venous catheters ( cvc ) are essential for treating children with cancer. they reduce the need for multiple needlesticks and the associated pain and anxiety. in addition, they can be used to deliver chemotherapy, parenteral fluids, blood products and analgesics. despite the positives, children with cvcs are at increased risk for bloodstream infections. complications associated with cvcs include pneumothorax, air embolism, nerve injury, catheter malposition, infection and occlusion. a recent study had four objectives : 1. to decrease cvc - related bloodstream infection rates in children with cancer through a comprehensive educational intervention. 2. to determine if the frequency of catheter hub colonization of cvcs in children with cancer would decrease following the educational intervention. 3. to evaluate nurses ' knowledge of cvc care. 4. to determine risk factors influencing cvc - related bloodstream infections in children with cancer. the study was conducted in the cancer center of a large children ' s hospital and included patients ranging in age from infancy to 18 years. a 45 minute
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. 4. to determine risk factors influencing cvc - related bloodstream infections in children with cancer. the study was conducted in the cancer center of a large children ' s hospital and included patients ranging in age from infancy to 18 years. a 45 minute educational program on cdc guidelines, most frequent guideline violations and information on catheter - related infections was presented to all caregivers. following the educational presentation, catheter - related bloodstream infections were tracked for six months in order to determine the rate of infection. study findings showed that the educational program increased nurses ' knowledge and instances of catheter - related bloodstream infections decreased. you can read the full article in the march 2009 issue of oncology nursing forum or purchase it online here. photo credit : gulf coast regional blood center according to a 2009 study, approximately 5 million central venous catheters are placed each year. implantable ports provide reliable venous, arterial, epidural and peritoneal access and can be used to administer iv fluids, medications and to obtain blood samples. however complications including occlusion, infection, catheter migration and catheter separation from portal body can frequently occur. a recent study conducted in a rural hematology - oncology clinic focused on infection. a port infection can present as local tenderness, pain, erythema, induration or edema at the insertion or exit site or over the port pocket. patients may also have purulent or serous drainage, fever and chills. to prevent infection, aseptic technique should be utilized for dressing changes. in addition, clinicians should follow accessing and deaccessing procedures and keep the exit clear of potential sources of infection. the 62 patients included in the study were receiving a minimum of two complete cycles of chemotherapy after port insertion. ports were accessed and deaccessed following outlined protocol. * steps for accessing ports : - wash hands. assess the port site for erythema, warmth or drainage. - palpate the outline of the portal body. - wash hands. - apply nonsterile gloves. cleanse port site with chlorohexidine swab in a circular motion for 30 seconds. allow to dry for 30 seconds. - spray ethyl chloride. - stabilize portal body with one hand. insert huber needle ( link to ez huber product page ) into septum with other hand. ensure patency by blood return. if no blood return, use interventions to assess port ' s patency. - stabilize port
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with one hand. insert huber needle ( link to ez huber product page ) into septum with other hand. ensure patency by blood return. if no blood return, use interventions to assess port ' s patency. - stabilize port with gauze and tape or apply transparent dressing. * steps for deaccessing ports : - wash hands. apply nonsterile gloves. - inspect exit site. - flush device with 20 ml normal saline followed by 5 ml heparin flush ( 100 units / ml ). during final flush, clamp tubing to port. - stabilize port and remove needle. - apply bandage. six of the 62 patients in the study experienced a port infection, with four of the six ports requiring removal. the total number of catheter days for the implanted ports was 7, 277. patient catheter days ranged from 32 - 288. the study concluded that consistent, routine care is the best preventative measure against port complications. the entire study can be found in the october 2009 issue of the clinical journal of oncology nursing. * the port access and de - access protocols are those that were used by the authors for this study. please follow institutional policies and procedures regarding port access and de - access. although many infection headlines are related to hospitals, individual doctor ' s offices are facing similar challenges. almost 30 cases of hepatitis b were recently tied to one doctor ' s office in new jersey. when health inspectors visited the office they found blood on the floor of a room where chemotherapy was administered, blood in a bin where blood vials were stored, unsterile saline and gauze as well as open medication vials. inspectors also noticed cross - contamination of pens, refrigerators and countertops, use of contaminated gloves and misuse of antiseptics. patients were sent a letter from state epidemiologist dr. christina chan urging testing for hepatitis b. " evidence gathered at this time suggests that since 2002, some clinic staff provided care in a manner that puts patients at risk for infection caused by bloodborne viruses, including hepatitis b, " the letter told patients. " the investigation to date suggests that hepatitis b infections identified may be associated with the method by which medications were administered and procedures performed at the practice. " numerous checklists and recommendations have been published around infection control. the american academy of pediatrics committee on infectious diseases and committee on practice and ambulatory medicine offers these infection control musts : - hand washing - barrier precautions to prevent skin and mucous membrane exposure - proper
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recommendations have been published around infection control. the american academy of pediatrics committee on infectious diseases and committee on practice and ambulatory medicine offers these infection control musts : - hand washing - barrier precautions to prevent skin and mucous membrane exposure - proper handling of sharps and contaminated waste - appropriate cleaning and disinfecting of surfaces and equipment - aseptic technique for invasive procedures for the full recommendation on infection control in physician ' s offices, click here. to read more about the hepatitis b outbreak in new jersey, continue reading here. photo credit : hollywood pimp the joint commission center for transforming healthcare is working on its first improvement venture : the hand hygiene project. according to the centers for disease control and prevention, an estimated 2 million patients get a hospital - related infection every year and 90, 000 die from their infection. causes of failure to clean hands - ineffective placement of dispensers or sinks - hand hygiene compliance data are not collected or reported accurately or frequently - lack of accountability and just - in - time coaching - safety culture does not stress hand hygiene at all levels - ineffective or insufficient education - hands full - wearing gloves interferes with process - perception that hand hygiene is not needed if wearing gloves - healthcare workers forget early results of the program found on average that caregivers washed their hands less than 50 percent of the time. " demanding that healthcare workers try harder is not the answer. these healthcare organizations have the courage to step forward to tackle the problem of hand washing by digging deep to find out where the breakdowns take place so we can create targeted solutions that will work now and keep working in the future, " said mark r. chassin, m. d., m. p. p, m. p. h., president, the joint commission. by january, 2010, the joint commission center for transforming healthcare plans to have data to demonstrate whether the proposed hand hygiene solutions can be sustained to achieve a 90 + percent compliance rate. eight hospitals are participating in this project : - cedars - sinai health system, los angeles, california - exempla lutheran medical center, wheat ridge, colorado - froedtert hospital, milwaukee, wisconsin - the johns hopkins hospital and health system, baltimore, maryland - memorial hermann health care system, houston, texas - trinity health, novi, michigan - virtua, marlton, new jersey - wake forest university baptist medical center, winston - salem, north carolina to read the full release from the joint commission for transforming healthcare, click here. photo credit :
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2025-12-17T20:53:59.210651
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- trinity health, novi, michigan - virtua, marlton, new jersey - wake forest university baptist medical center, winston - salem, north carolina to read the full release from the joint commission for transforming healthcare, click here. photo credit : mag3737 healthcare providers are on alert due to an increase in a new strain of hospital - acquired infections. a recent study released by arlington medical resources ( amr ) and decision resources, found that recurrent clostridium difficile is difficult to treat in a hospital setting. clostridium difficile is a bacterium that can cause symptoms as minor as diarrhea and as life threatening as severe inflammation of the colon. the elderly are most at risk and the centers for medicare and medicaid services is considering adding clostridium difficile to its list of " never events " or preventable hospital - acquired infections. hospitals will receive reduced or no medicare payments for infections on the " never events " list. read more about how the study was conducted as well as more information on clostridium difficile here. photo credit : big grey mare jeanne hahne was working as a nurse in a burn ward when inspiration struck. because the patients were so vulnerable to infection, hahne and other healthcare providers had to wear full protective gear including a cap to cover her hair and a mask that covered the majority of her face. even though she worked with many of the burn patients every day, most couldn ' t recognize her. flash forward almost 30 years and hahne has designed a face mask made of clear plastic so patients can see her smile. hahne believes she can reassure patients with a smile and help decrease their anxiety. the masks also have utility for patients and healthcare providers with hearing loss since they allow for lip reading. in addition, the masks have helped improve communication between healthcare workers which can help decrease the chance for mistakes or misunderstanding. to read more and see pictures of the face mask, click here. photo credit : christiana care
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there are many aspects to learning the creation of interactive fiction. here we mostly undertake to explain approaches to using inform, and leave the larger questions of craft and design for elsewhere. the two manuals there are two interlinked manuals built into every copy of the inform application : if you ' ve downloaded inform, you already have them. but they are also available to read or download separately from this website. writing with inform is an overview of the language, beginning with the simplest kinds of construction ( such as building a map of rooms, objects, and doors ) and working its way up to more advanced tasks. it is meant to be read more or less sequentially, since later chapters build on the ideas in earlier ones ; though some of the late chapters ( such as those covering numbers, activities, or advanced text ) might reasonably be read out of order. the recipe book approaches the problem of authorship from a different perspective. instead of trying to teach the language from start to finish, it is organized for the author who wants to accomplish something specific, such as asking the player ' s name at the start of play or implementing a system of measured liquids. it shares the same set of examples that are keyed to writing with inform, but organizes them into a new order and accompanies them with text about design problems in creating interactive fiction, rather than explanation of language features. following requests from partially sighted inform users, we ' ve also made two plain vanilla versions of the manual available - they have as little decoration or web design as possible, which means less clutter for screen - reading software to cope with. we offer a choice of : minimally tagged html provides an archive containing the pages of the manuals and examples as vanilla - flavoured html files. writing with inform in plain text format is just what it claims to be - one single file containing only text, with no marking - up of any kind. this contains all of the examples, following the text in numerical order, but not the recipe book. ( the whole idea of two interleaved manuals can ' t really be achieved in one flat text file. ) we receive occasional questions about publishing a printed form of the manuals. the answer is that we intend to do exactly that, in due course, but that we expect the current text will be revised wholesale once the system is more mature. ( the same thing happened with inform 6, with the appearance of the printed designer ' s manual in 2001 essentially marking the end of its design cycle. )
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2025-12-17T20:53:59.213649
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this is an old lecture by linguist and political activist noam chomsky ( professor at mit ) given at uc berkeley in 2003. for that evening in the charles m. and martha hitchcock lecture series, chomsky examined biolinguistics - the study of relations between physiology and speech. a second video of chomsky is featured below, which is the second half of this talk. fair warning - this is not easy material - chomsky is speaking to people who are well - versed in this field. chomsky has been one the most influential scholars over the last three or four decades - between 1980 and 1992, he was cited as a source more than any other living scholar, and ranked eighth overall. as background for this lecture, wikipedia offers a good summary of his influence in linguistics ( below the video ). chomskyan linguisticschomskyan linguistics, beginning with his syntactic structures, a distillation of his logical structure of linguistic theory ( 1955, 75 ), challenges structural linguistics and introduces transformational grammar. this approach takes utterances ( sequences of words ) to have a syntax characterized by a formal grammar ; in particular, a context - free grammar extended with transformational rules. perhaps his most influential and time - tested contribution to the field, is the claim that modeling knowledge of language using a formal grammar accounts for the " productivity " or " creativity " of language. in other words, a formal grammar of a language can explain the ability of a hearer - speaker to produce and interpret an infinite number of utterances, including novel ones, with a limited set of grammatical rules and a finite set of terms. he has always acknowledged his debt to panini for his modern notion of an explicit generative grammar although it is also related to rationalist ideas of a priori knowledge. it is a popular misconception that chomsky proved that language is entirely innate and discovered a " universal grammar " ( ug ). in fact, chomsky simply observed that while a human baby and a kitten are both capable of inductive reasoning, if they are exposed to exactly the same linguistic data, the human child will always acquire the ability to understand and produce language, while the kitten will never acquire either ability. chomsky labeled whatever the relevant capacity the human has which the cat lacks the " language acquisition device " ( lad ) and suggested that one of the tasks for linguistics should be to figure out what the lad is and what constraints it puts on the range of possible human languages. the
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relevant capacity the human has which the cat lacks the " language acquisition device " ( lad ) and suggested that one of the tasks for linguistics should be to figure out what the lad is and what constraints it puts on the range of possible human languages. the universal features that would result from these constraints are often termed " universal grammar " or ug. the principles and parameters approach ( p & p ) — developed in his pisa 1979 lectures, later published as lectures on government and binding ( lgb ) — makes strong claims regarding universal grammar : that the grammatical principles underlying languages are innate and fixed, and the differences among the world ' s languages can be characterized in terms of parameter settings in the brain ( such as the pro - drop parameter, which indicates whether an explicit subject is always required, as in english, or can be optionally dropped, as in spanish ), which are often likened to switches. ( hence the term principles and parameters, often given to this approach. ) in this view, a child learning a language need only acquire the necessary lexical items ( words, grammatical morphemes, and idioms ), and determine the appropriate parameter settings, which can be done based on a few key examples. proponents of this view argue that the pace at which children learn languages is inexplicably rapid, unless children have an innate ability to learn languages. the similar steps followed by children all across the world when learning languages, and the fact that children make certain characteristic errors as they learn their first language, whereas other seemingly logical kinds of errors never occur ( and, according to chomsky, should be attested if a purely general, rather than language - specific, learning mechanism were being employed ), are also pointed to as motivation for innateness. more recently, in his minimalist program ( 1995 ), while retaining the core concept of " principles and parameters, " chomsky attempts a major overhaul of the linguistic machinery involved in the lgb model, stripping from it all but the barest necessary elements, while advocating a general approach to the architecture of the human language faculty that emphasizes principles of economy and optimal design, reverting to a derivational approach to generation, in contrast with the largely representational approach of classic p & p. chomsky ' s ideas have had a strong influence on researchers of the language acquisition in children, though many researchers in this area such as elizabeth bates and michael tomasello argue very strongly against chomsky ' s theories, and instead advocate emergentist or connectionist theories, explaining language
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2025-12-17T20:53:59.219115
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chinese researchers have turned to the light absorbing properties of butterfly wings to significantly increase the efficiency of solar hydrogen cells, using biomimetics to copy the nanostructure that allows for incredible light and heat absorption. butterflies are known to use heat from the sun to warm themselves beyond what their bodies can provide, and this new research takes a page from their evolution to improve hydrogen fuel generation. analyzing the wings of papilio helenus, the researchers found scales that are described as having : [... ] ridges running the length of the scale with very small holes on either side that opened up onto an underlying layer. the steep walls of the ridges help funnel light into the holes. the walls absorb longer wavelengths of light while allowing shorter wavelengths to reach a membrane below the scales. using the images of the scales, the researchers created computer models to confirm this filtering effect. the nano - hole arrays change from wave guides for short wavelengths to barriers and absorbers for longer wavelengths, which act just like a high - pass filtering layer. so, what does this have to do with fuel cells? splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen takes energy, and is a drain on the amount you can get out of a cell. to split the water, the process uses a catalyst, and certain catalysts — say, titanium dioxide — function by exposure to light. the researchers synthesized a titanium dioxide catalyst using the pattern from the butterfly ' s wings, and paired it with platinum nanoparticles to make it more efficient at splitting water. the result? a 230 % uptick in the amount of hydrogen produced. the structure of the butterfly ' s wing means that it ' s better at absorbing light — so who knows, you might also see the same technique on solar panels, too.
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subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics
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2025-12-17T20:53:59.221498
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early childhood education - the american academy of pediatrics is dedicated to the health of all children and committed to the attainment of optimal physical, mental, and social health and well - being for all infants, children, adolescents, and - the center for early childhood leadership is dedicated to enhancing the management skills, professional orientation and leadership capacity of early - the child & family webguide describes and evaluates web sites that contain research - based information about child development. - an organization of regional child care resource and referral ( ccr & r ) agencies serving communities throughout the state of illinois. - the children ' s book council is dedicated to encouraging literacy and the use and enjoyment of children ' s books. - children ' s literature offers information on authors and illustrators, recommended books by theme, book award winners, etc. - the circle of inclusion web site is for early childhood service providers and families of young children. this web site offers demonstrations of and information about the effective practices of inclusive educational programs for children from birth through age eight. - civitas is a national not - for - profit communication group that works to provide educational tools to all adults who live and work with young children. - the clas early childhood research institute collects and describes early childhood / early intervention resources that have been developed across the united states for children with disabilities and their families and the service providers who work with them. the materials and resources available on this site reflect the intersection of culture and language, disabilities and child development. - the division of early childhood ( dec ) of the council for exceptional children ( cec ) is a nonprofit organization advocating for individuals who work with or on behalf of children with special needs, birth through age eight, and their families. there is also an illinois subdivision for the division of early childhood ( idec ). - the early childhood educators ' and family web corner contains articles, teacher pages, family pages, etc. - edworld. resources covers a variety of areas of early childhood. - eric provides research - based information and articles in the field of early childhood. - i am your child is a national public awareness and engagement campaign to make early childhood development a top priority of our nation. - the illinois department of children and family services web site for information on day care licensing, etc. - the illinois department of human services early intervention site contains information for parents and service providers, including child and family connections contacts.. - the illinois early learning web site provides evidence - based, reliable information for parents, caregivers, and teachers of young children
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2025-12-17T20:53:59.227023
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illinois department of human services early intervention site contains information for parents and service providers, including child and family connections contacts.. - the illinois early learning web site provides evidence - based, reliable information for parents, caregivers, and teachers of young children in the state of illinois. - illinois head start association information. - lists of recommended children ' s books for birth to five and early childhood block grant professional development opportunities are available on the early childhood portion of the illinois resource center ' s web site. - the illinois secretary of state ' s literacy program site includes grant applications and literacy resources. - meld offers education and support for parents, trains family service providers to apply best practices in their work with families and publishes a broad range of resource materials for parents and the people who work with them. - the national association for the education of young children has for its purpose, “ leading and consolidating the efforts of individuals and groups working to achieve healthy development and constructive education for all young children. ” - the national clearinghouse on child abuse and neglect is a resource for professionals and others seeking information on abuse and neglect and child welfare. - the national early childhood technical assistance center supports the implementation of the early childhood provisions of the individuals with disabilities education act ( idea ). their mission is to strengthen service systems to ensure that children with disabilities ( birth through five ) and their families receive and benefit from high quality, culturally appropriate, and family - centered supports and services. - the national head start association is a private not - for - profit membership organization that provides a national forum for the continued enhancement of head start services for children ages 0 to 5 and their families. - the national institute for early education research supports early childhood education initiatives by providing objective, nonpartisan information based on research. - ongoing update about the national institute of child health and human development ( nichid ) study of early child care and youth development. - the ounce of prevention was established to promote the well - being of children and adolescents by working with families, communities, and policy - makers. - the parents as teachers national center is committed to seeing that “ all children will learn, grow, and develop to realize their full potential. " the information is geared to parents but helpful to all programs in early childhood. - the partnership for reading continually creates resources and shares information about how scientifically based research can inform the acquisition of reading skills across the lifespan, from birth to adulthood. visit the early - prevent child abuse america provides leadership to promote the prevention of child abuse and neglect at both the national
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2025-12-17T20:53:59.227998
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world ’ s poorest on front line in climate change fight 24 july 2008 | news story climate change is already happening – and it hits poor people most. the effect of more frequent hurricanes, floods and droughts on developing countries is devastating, as this year ’ s cyclone nagris proved again in southern myanmar, leaving over 130, 000 people dead or missing. to protect the world ’ s poor against today ’ s more frequent extreme weather events, some us $ 2 billion is required according to the internacional relief agency oxfam. however, commitments so far only total us $ 173. the need for innovative means to mitigate climate change impacts and help poor countries adapt is high on the agenda of the world conservation congress, held by iucn, the international union for conservation of nature from 5 - 14 october in barcelona. - in 2007, there were 950 natural catastrophes in 2007 compared with 850 in 2006, according to munich re, one of the world ’ s largest insurance companies. this is the highest number recorded since the company started compiling annual disaster reports in 1974. - the burden of the disasters fall on the poor who are least to blame for climate change. benin, and bangladesh, for example, are at particularly high risk from rising sea - levels and storm surges, yet their per capita contribution to greenhouse gas output is one eightieth that of the united states, according to the british institute of development studies. - “ what worries us the most is the impact on the poorest countries which have the least capacity to respond to the challenge, ” said yvo de boer, secretary of the convention on climate change. - a healthy environment can help people survive. healthy mangrove forests and coral reefs, for example, can serve as barriers and prevent coastal erosion ; a solid forest cover prevents flooding in times of heavy rainfall. - “ there are positive examples of local level adaptation to the impacts of climate change, such as replanting mangrove forests that can serve as buffers against more frequent storms. but to implement these solutions on a larger scale, substantial financial support is required, ” says ninni ikkala, climate change officer at iucn. upcoming media products : 6 august – international press release – primates red list update 12 august – international press release – cetacean red list update julia marton - lefevre, iucn ’ s director general. ninni ikkala, iucn climate change programme brian thomson, iucn global communications, m + 417972182326, e email @ example. com. carolin wahnbae
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2025-12-17T20:53:59.231686
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link back to index. html the death and dying process death and dying as caregivers, one either becomes a better person through compassion, patience, and humor, or they become embittered and angry. wendy lustbader is an author who has written a moving book entitled " counting on kindness : the dilemmas of dependency. " 1991. the free press, new york, new york. in the book she describes the importance of receiving gratitude when we help others ; because giving help without recognition can embitter us as individuals. we need to be kind, in order to count on kindness as we age. the person who has dementia cannot always provide gratitude for their caregiver. gratitude must be looked for in gentle ways and unassuming ways. perhaps it is a smile, or a gesture, or an expression of love such as placing the head on the caregiver ' s shoulder. if gratitude is not felt even on an occasional basis, it is difficult to cope with death and dying. death and dying as dr. kubler - ross indicates, is the " final stage of growth ". death and dying during the final stages of dementia due to alzheimer ' s disease, an individual may lose his / her ability to ambulate, verbally communicate, swallow, or may become totally incontinent and continue to lose weight despite nutritional supplements. usually people with alzheimer ' s die of another problem - - - perhaps a stroke, or pneumonia due to aspiration. at this point, the caregiver must be aware that the only way a person can stay alive is by inserting a stomach tube that provides artificial nutritional sustenance. caregivers may have different feelings about this intervention for religious or personal reasons. at the end stage of alzheimer ' s the use of invasive procedures such as a stomach tube, can keep the persons alive from months to years. this important decision must be made by the family member and can create an " ethical dilemma ". families, should in no way feel pressured by a medical professional to insert life sustaining interventions. when family members are prepared with regard to the physical process of death and dying they are more able to accept death as an inevitable and peaceful process. the recent expansion of hospice services has done much to promote discussions about death and acceptance of withholding end - of - life medical interventions. once a person is terminal, as determined by a physician who understands the disease process, a caregiver may decide to engage hospice services. the physician must be willing to certify that a
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of withholding end - of - life medical interventions. once a person is terminal, as determined by a physician who understands the disease process, a caregiver may decide to engage hospice services. the physician must be willing to certify that a person will die within six months. if the person does not die within six months, they are not disqualified from the program. hospice services are usually provided by a local home health agency. hospice services can be provided in the home, assisted living facility as well as a skilled nursing facility. when a family signs up for hospice benefits they agree to forgo extreme invasive procedures and agree to support procedures that alleviate pain for the person with dementia. this is known as " palliative care " or comfort measures. at the final stage of death, water and food are withheld as the individual no longer desires this. this is a part of the natural process of dying. families can anticipate the final stages of death by the various physical stages a person may be going through. barbara karne, a hospice r. n. developed a very comprehensive booklet entitled " gone from my sight : the dying experience " which delineates the various physical stages of death and dying. to obtain a booklet, contact her at the following address : barbara karnes, r. n., p. o. box 335, stillwell, kansas, 60085, 1995. in karnes ' booklet she describes what occurs, one - three months prior to death, one to two weeks before death, days or hours before death, and then the final minutes. this information has been extremely helpful to families and can be summarized as follows : one to three months prior to death · withdrawal from world and people · decreased food intake · increased sleep · going inside self · less communication one to two weeks prior to death · talking with unseen · picking at clothes · physical changes o decreased blood pressure o pulse increase or decrease o color changes ; pale, bluish o increased perspiration o respiration irregularities o sleeping but responding o complaints of body tired and heavy o not eating, taking little fluids o body temperature hot / cold days or hours · intensification of 1 - 2 week signs · surge of energy · decrease in blood pressure · eyes glassy, tearing, half open · irregular breathing, stop / start · restlessness or no activity · purplish knees, feet, hands, blotchy · pulse weak and hard to fine · decreased urine output · may wet or stool the bed · fish out of water
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subdomain_quantum_mechanics
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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2025-12-17T20:53:59.237394
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open · irregular breathing, stop / start · restlessness or no activity · purplish knees, feet, hands, blotchy · pulse weak and hard to fine · decreased urine output · may wet or stool the bed · fish out of water breathing · cannot be awakened it is important that individuals be aware of their wishes and that the wishes be formally documented in a legal document that is known as an " advance directive ". each state has different instruments for these directives and the caregiver should contact the local medical facility to determine the appropriate document to be used. the advance directive delineates one ' s wishes regarding medical treatment and appoints a surrogate decision - maker on a person ' s behalf. of course, the important aspect of the advance directive is to discuss end - of - life care before one becomes diagnosed with dementia or has an another debilitating illness. pp. 309 - 311. beckerman, anita g. and tappen, ruth. m. 2000. it takes more than love. health professions press : baltimore, md. 1. review the video clip on death and dying narrated by dixie merrill. dixie merrill is a caregiver who is also taking care of three sets of parents - - in laws, step parents, as well as parents. dixie has been part of a support group and has indicated how information learned in the group has helped her cope with the death and dying. note how she describes the process of death and dying as peaceful and calming. she indicates talking about death and dying has made it less fearful and she also emphasizes the importance of advance directives. 2. consider the following questions for reflection when watching the video : · what strategies helped the merrill family cope with their mother ' s death and dying process? · how can " advance directives " help individuals cope with the dying process? link back to index. html
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subdomain_quantum_mechanics
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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2025-12-17T20:53:59.238109
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friday, 11 december 2009 mental ray _ adding glow to the window glass the above image was produced whilst at gmj design ltd in our latest book, we have covered a number of ways of emulating light without the need of creating a physical light. production companies often adopt similar methods to reduce the rendering times and retain the overall quality. it is worth pointing out that the usage of ambient occlusion ( i. e. ao ) as a separate pass or / and directly from max is utterly imperative for the final shot. the following exercise will take you through another unique methodology of achieving similar results with reduced rendering times : another quick way of emulating “ glow ” / " light " on windows, is to in fact enable the glow function on the glass panes themselves. to do this, simply go to the main material parameters, under the " refraction " group. 1 - reduce the transparency to about 0. 9 to prevent the surface from being fully transparent. 2 - to add a bit of blur to the transparency, decrease the glossiness to about 0. 78. note that, these values may vary depending on one ’ s camera angle... and the level of transparency / blurriness intended. 3 - next, change the colour swatch from white to a warm yellow. also, the " fast ( interpolate ) " function, can be enabled for quick and fast results, as the glossiness and its samples can often slow down the renders. however, it may create artifacts. 4 - pan down to the " self illumination ( glow ) " parameters and enable the " self illumination ( glow ) " function. 5 - under the " luminance " group, change it from " unitless " to " physical units : cd / m2 ) ". also, pick and choose any relevant bitmap ( i. e. photo ) that has a prominent light source. note : the " unitless " function often creates artifacts on glossy reflections, therefore, to be avoided at all costs. depending on time in hand, one can set the glow to generate light, or not, through the fg, by checking the " illuminates the scene ( when using fg ) " function.... and... “... let there be light... ”!!! the final rendered image below was achieved using this technique. i hope you like it. i hope you have found this post interesting. also check this new article in this blog : 3d realism : practical & easy
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subdomain_quantum_optics
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2025-12-17T20:53:59.240424
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the most illustrious czars and mighty princes, john and peter alexewitz, my most gracious lords, having in their wise council of state resolved to send a splendid embassy, on some important affairs, to the great bogdaichan, or sovereign of the famous kingdom of kitai, by us europeans commonly called china : this obliged me with a welcoming opportunity of traveling through part of the famous, but hitherto unknown, siberian and kitaian countries, ( never before visited by any german ) and informing my self by credible witnesses of the remainder of those lands, as well as obtaining a certain knowledge of several things with which the world hath not been hitherto acquainted. evert ysbrants ides was the first educated european to travel in siberia and gather firsthand information about the collection of fossil ivory. ides ' opportunity to travel across siberia was the direct result of the satisfactory settlement of a small war on the chinese border. the speed with which the first wave of russian fur traders, called promyshleniki, crossed siberia created serious supply problems for them. men carrying small loads of goods and supplies could easily cross siberia using a network of rivers and short portages by boat in the summer and sled in the winter. bringing large loads of bulky goods, specifically enough grain to feed a small settlement, was a much more difficult and expensive proposition. it could take three or four years for a shipment of grain to reach a remote place like yakutsk and, by then, the majority of the load would be inedible. because of this, the promyshleniki were relieved and excited when they began to hear rumors of the amur, a valley in the south filled with grain, cattle, and silver. the first expedition to reach the amur was a group of 132 cossacks under vassily poiarkov in 1643 - 46. the amur natives, whom the russians called daurians, greeted poiarkov with hospitality but the relationship turned sour as the russians resorted to kidnapping, plunder, and, it is reputed, cannibalism to get what they wanted. this kind of behavior went over with the locals about as well as you might expect. poiarkov had to fight his way out of the country and lost half of his command to native attacks and starvation. however, because he confirmed that the amur was a land of cattle and grain ( he didn ' t find any silver ), the expedition was proclaimed a success. several
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subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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2025-12-17T20:53:59.252133
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out of the country and lost half of his command to native attacks and starvation. however, because he confirmed that the amur was a land of cattle and grain ( he didn ' t find any silver ), the expedition was proclaimed a success. several other russians tried to map out a better route into the amur valley. in 1651, yerofey khabarov fought his way down the river with even more brutality than poiarkov had and built a fort near the site of the city that now bears his name. this is when things began to go to hell. khabarov knew, but chose to ignore, that the amur was within the chinese sphere of influence. what he might not have known was that it was also part of the homeland of the new qing dynasty of china. the only reason he was able to occupy as much land as he did was that most of the armed manchu horsemen were still busy conquering china. a year after khabarov built achansk, a chinese military expedition arrived to drive him out of the valley. this was the beginning of more than thirty years of seesawing occupation of the amur country. by the early eighties, with most of china finally pacified, the kangxi emperor was ready to deal with the russians once and for all. now it was the turn of moscow to get alarmed. moscow, in the 1680s, was infected with a bad case of " who ' s in charge here? " in april 1682, tsar fedor iii died at the tender age of twenty one without leaving an heir. the succession fell on his brothers ivan and peter. the elder of the two, ivan, was severely epileptic, nearly blind, and may have suffered from a variety of other problems ( diagnosing the physical and mental health of historical figures is more of a parlor game than a science among historians ). peter was strong as an ox, but only ten years old. to further complicate matters, the two boys had different mothers and the two sets of in - laws formed powerful and antagonistic factions at court. fedor ' s death was followed by a week of riot and rebellion ( not all of which was related to the succession ). when the dust cleared, ivan and peter had been declared co - tsars and their sister sophia was the de facto regent ruling in their names. except for a few years during the reign of catherine the great, historians have not been kind to sophia. she has been reduced to cartoonish stereotype of
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subdomain_quantum_mechanics
| 0.450373
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2025-12-17T20:53:59.252987
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declared co - tsars and their sister sophia was the de facto regent ruling in their names. except for a few years during the reign of catherine the great, historians have not been kind to sophia. she has been reduced to cartoonish stereotype of a scheming woman ( which is bad ) who was finally put back in her place by a strong male ( which is good ). in fact, sophia alexeevna romanov was an extraordinary woman. she was intelligent, well informed, and literate in three languages. she was comfortable giving orders and appearing in public at a time when most upper - class russian women were kept in harem - like seclusion for their entire lives. during the seven years that she served as regent for the two tsars, sophia had successes and failures no different than any other rulers ’. for the advance of mammoth knowledge, her most important achievement was settling the amur conflict. since the beginning of the century, the tsars had recognized the potential for siberia to become a private trade route to china, but every attempt at making official contact with the chinese court had failed due to cultural misunderstandings. despite that, the kangxi emperor wanted to open trade with the russians and hoped that a show of strength would be enough to drive the promyshleniki and cossacks out of the amur valley. in 1684 a large and well supplied chinese army arrived on the lower amur and began to move west driving the russians before them. at albazin, on the northern bend of the amur, the russians attempted to make a stand, but were soon defeated. the chinese allowed the survivors to retreat, razed their fort, and moved down river to their base of operations. when word of the defeat on the amur reached sophia and her advisors, they quickly dispatched an envoy to make peace with the chinese. this should have been the end of the crisis, but, before the envoy could arrive, the siberian russians returned to albazin and built a new fort provoking the chinese army to return and start a new siege. they were only saved by the arrival in beijing of advance messengers from the embassy. the kangxi emperor ordered his army to lift the siege and prepared his own diplomatic mission to meet the russians. further complications - - and there are always further complications in diplomacy - - delayed the meeting of the two missions until the summer of 1689. the negotiation took place at the russian outpost of nerchinsk on a tributary of the amur almost 300 miles west of albazin. amid
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subdomain_quantum_mechanics
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2025-12-17T20:53:59.253918
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are always further complications in diplomacy - - delayed the meeting of the two missions until the summer of 1689. the negotiation took place at the russian outpost of nerchinsk on a tributary of the amur almost 300 miles west of albazin. amid elaborate ceremonies by the official heads of the missions, the real negotiations were carried out in latin by a polish cavalry officer ( for the russians ) and a french jesuit ( for the chinese ). the agreement, signed on august 27, the first formal treaty signed between china and a western power, required the russians to evacuate the entire amur valley, but established formal trade through nerchinsk. sophia did not get to celebrate the treaty of nerchinsk. at the same time that the negotiations were wrapping up in the east, sophia ' s regency was coming to an abrupt and unanticipated end in moscow. sophia ' s position had been dramatically weakened by two disastrous campaigns in the crimea and by her half brother peter turning seventeen in june. amid rumors that sophia was planning to murder peter and rule in her own name, supporters of the two romanovs engaged in a month of dramatic maneuvers that resulted in peter taking control and sophia retiring to a convent. peter ' s half brother ivan stayed on as co - tsar until his natural death seven years later. when word of the treaty reached peter, he accepted the terms and began planning a trade mission to beijing. russia had a severe shortage of literate agents who were competent to make their way through foreign cultures, which explains the necessity of hiring latin speaking polish cavalry officers to conduct delicate diplomatic negotiations. for his first official trade mission to china, peter hired a german, dutch, or possibly danish merchant named evert ysbrants ides *. ides had been in russia since 1677, operating his own merchant house, first in archangel and later in moscow. in the spring of 1692, ides left moscow at the head of a 400 man caravan with instructions to exchange ratifications of the treaty, determine the best items for trade, feel out official attitudes toward the treaty, and request that a chinese envoy be sent to moscow. the most direct route from moscow to china is the same one that the trans - siberian railway follows today, around the southern end of the ural mountains, across the steppe lands at the center of eurasia, across lake baikal, and on to the amur. unfortunately, the steppe lands were controlled by kirghiz nomads and unsafe for russian merchants. for this reason, ides '
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subdomain_quantum_cryptography
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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2025-12-17T20:53:59.254812
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across the steppe lands at the center of eurasia, across lake baikal, and on to the amur. unfortunately, the steppe lands were controlled by kirghiz nomads and unsafe for russian merchants. for this reason, ides ' caravan had to take a much more roundabout path to baikal that took them across the urals on the same path as ermak a century before, down the irtysh river to its junction with the ob, up the ob and its tributary the ket, to a portage into the yenisei basin, and up the angara river to baikal. by october, the mission had only reached the way station of makofskoi on the ket portage. it was here that ides had had his encounter with fossil mammoths. amongst the hills, which are situate north - east of [ makofskoi ], and not far from hence, the mammuts tongues and legs are found ; as they are also particularly on the shores of the rivers jenize, trugan [ lower tunguska ], mongamsea [ taz ], lena, and near jakutskoi [ yakutsk ], even as far as the frozen sea.... i had a person with me to china, who had annually went out in search of these bones ; he told me, as a certain truth, that he and his companions found the head of one of these animals, which was discovered by the fall of such a frozen piece of earth. as soon as he opened it, he found the greatest part of the flesh rotten, but it was not without difficulty that they broke out his teeth, which were placed before his mouth, as those of the elephants are ; they also took some bones out of his head, and afterwards came to his fore - foot, which they cut off, and, carried part of it to the city of trugan [ turukhansk ], the circumference of it being as large as that of the wast of an ordinary man. the bones of the head appeared somewhat red, as tho ' they were tinctured with blood. this account by ides is the first western description of a frozen mammoth and the beginning of a scientific and popular fascination that hasn ' t ended over three hundred years later. locating the mammoth to which ides ' unnamed traveling companion referred is a little tricky. makofskoi was, and still is, a small town on the western end of the
|
subdomain_quantum_gravity
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2025-12-17T20:53:59.255673
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popular fascination that hasn ' t ended over three hundred years later. locating the mammoth to which ides ' unnamed traveling companion referred is a little tricky. makofskoi was, and still is, a small town on the western end of the portage between the ob and yenisei rivers. ides gave no indication of how far he meant when he said mammoth remains were found in the hills to the northeast. my conclusion, based on ides ' phrase " not far from hence, " is that the find must have been close to makofskoi. the explorer adolf nordenskiold, who traveled along the arctic coast in the late nineteenth century, thought, because the hunter took the mammoth ' s foot to turukhansk, that the find must have been close to that place. turukhansk is 450 miles north of makofskoi, which is not " not far from hence. " in ides ' day there were two major towns on the yenesei where his companion might have sold the ivory, turukhansk and yeneseisk, which is only eighty miles from makofskoi. that argues in nordenskiold ' s favor. if the find was closer to yeneseisk the only reasons the hunter would have had for going all the way to turukhansk would have been if turukhansk was offering a better price for ivory or if he had other business there. without more evidence there ' s no way to settle the matter. if we split the difference between makofskoi and turukhansk we arrive at the stony tunguska river. maybe the site was blown up in 1908 by the tunguska meteorite. ides goes on to report what the locals believed about the remains. concerning this animal there are very different reports. the heathens of jakuti, tungusi, and ostiacki, say that they continually, or at least, by reason of the very hard frosts, mostly live under ground, where they go backwards and forwards ; to confirm which they tell us, that they have often seen the earth heaved up when one of these beasts was on the march, and after he was past, the place sink in, and thereby make a deep pit. they further believe, that if this animal comes so near to the surface of the frozen earth as to smell, or discern the air, he immediately dies, which they say is the reason that several of them are found dead, on the high
|
subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics
| 0.496853
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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<urn:uuid:53e8bab9-3a15-4496-a8db-400a8f03146a>
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2025-12-17T20:53:59.256631
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. they further believe, that if this animal comes so near to the surface of the frozen earth as to smell, or discern the air, he immediately dies, which they say is the reason that several of them are found dead, on the high banks of the river, where they unawares came out of the ground. this is the opinion of the infidels concerning these beasts, which are never seen. but the old siberian russians affirm, that the mammuth is very like the elephant, with this only difference, that the teeth of the former are firmer, and not so straight as those of the latter. they also are of opinion, that there were elephants in this country before the deluge, when this climate was warmer, and that their drowned bodies floating on the surface of the water of that flood, were at last wash ' d and forced into subterranean cavities... the description of the mammoth as a subterranean animal that dies on exposure to surface air is almost identical to that given by the chinese writer tung - fang so in the second century bc. the three " heathen " tribes that ides mentions are names given by the russian conquerors and used to lump together all of the peoples of the lower irtysh, ob, yenisei, and lena river basins. that is to say, he was ascribing the belief in the mammoth as a giant mole to most of the people of western and central siberia. later travelers ascribed different beliefs to many of these peoples. still other travelers confirmed ides ' observations. when ides traveled across siberia, most of these peoples had been under russian rule for a century, giving them plenty of time to have heard about the ideas of tribes with which they had had very little contact and to have learned the biblical stories of noah and behemoth. today, it is virtually impossible to sort out which tribes believed what before their contact with the russians. while ides was the first educated european to travel in siberia and report firsthand information on the collection of fossil ivory, he wouldn ' t be the last. peter the great ' s diplomacy, wars, economic needs, and personal curiosity would send a constant stream of educated europeans into his eastern realms. they in turn would send back a constant stream of information that would be eagerly consumed by a europe that was looking at the world through an increasingly scientific lens. hmmm. i still seem to be having trouble with that " keep your blog posts under a thousand words " thing. oh well... *
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subdomain_quantum_gravity
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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2025-12-17T20:53:59.257512
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that would be eagerly consumed by a europe that was looking at the world through an increasingly scientific lens. hmmm. i still seem to be having trouble with that " keep your blog posts under a thousand words " thing. oh well... * ides nationality and name have been the source of much confusion over the years. accounts of his journey describe him variously as dutch, german, and danish. in the opening quote he implies that he considers himself to be german, but the first edition of his book was published in dutch. the confusion comes from the fact that his parents were dutch immigrants to holstein, a german - speaking province that is the home of many cows and was then ruled by the king of denmark. it ' s likely that ides was fluent in both german and dutch. the possible spellings given for his first and middle names are even more varied than his nationality. because his middle name is sometimes spelled ysbrand, some writers have assumed that he and the mission ' s secretary, adam brand, were one person. adding to that confusion was the fact that both of them published memoirs of the journey, which the same writers who thought they were the same person assumed were merely different editions of the same book. they weren ' t, it wasn ' t, and that ' s that.
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subdomain_quantum_gravity
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2025-12-17T20:53:59.258012
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there ' s this kid who gets bullied a lot by everyone. what should i do? hooray for the person who sent this question in to us! there are a lot more kids who witness bullying than there are victims of bullying. often, people who see something happen are called bystanders. wouldn ' t it be excellent if those bystanders would do something to help someone who ' s being bullied? but how exactly do you find your courage and do it? first, be sure to let an adult know what ' s going on. if it ' s happening at school, have a talk with a teacher or school counselor about it. if it happens at camp, the camp counselor is the one to talk to. approach the adult and say you need to talk. explain what ' s been going on the best you can. give details. the adult can take steps to stop the bullying. plus, once they know about bullying, adults can do things to help the kid who ' s been bullied feel better and stronger. adults can also help the kid who bullies learn to treat others with respect, friendship, and kindness. after talking to an adult, here are some other things you can do. be friendly to the kid who gets bullied. for example, say " hi " at the lockers or bus line, include that kid at your lunch table, or invite the kid to play at recess or to be in your group for a project. this helps for two reasons : any kid who gets bullied is likely to feel left out and alone. your friendship helps that kid feel included and welcome. friendship also helps prevent bullying because bullies are less likely to pick on kids when they are with friends. and when you see the bully acting mean, you can say, " hey, knock it off, that ' s not cool, " and invite the kid who ' s being picked on to walk away with you. you can just say, " c ' mon, let ' s go. " this can work even better if you get a couple of your friends to join you in standing up for the kid. tell your friends ahead of time : " i ' m going to stick up for that kid. will you do it with me? " be sure to update the adult about what ' s going on until the problem is solved. this is also a very good thing to talk to parents about. your parent will want to know about all this and can give you more advice and support. plus, your mom
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subdomain_quantum_field_theory
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2025-12-17T20:53:59.261459
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you may associate pneumonia with the melodrama of a soap opera : prolonged hospital stays, oxygen tents, and family members whispering in bedside huddles. it ' s true that pneumonia can be serious. but more often pneumonia is an infection that can be easily treated at home without a hospital stay. what is pneumonia? pneumonia ( pronounced : noo - mow - nyuh ) is an infection of the lungs. when someone has pneumonia, lung tissue can fill with pus and other fluid, which makes it difficult for oxygen in the lung ' s air sacs to reach the bloodstream. with pneumonia, a person may have difficulty breathing and have a cough and fever ; occasionally, chest or abdominal pain and vomiting are symptoms, too. pneumonia is commonly caused by viruses, such as the influenza virus ( flu ) and adenovirus. other viruses, such as respiratory syncytial virus ( rsv ), are common causes of pneumonia in young children and infants. bacteria such as streptococcus pneumoniae can cause pneumonia, too. people with bacterial pneumonia are usually sicker than those with viral pneumonia, but can be effectively treated with antibiotic medications. you might have heard the terms " double pneumonia " or " walking pneumonia. " double pneumonia simply means that the infection is in both lungs. it ' s common for pneumonia to affect both lungs, so don ' t worry if your doctor says this is what you have — it doesn ' t mean you ' re twice as sick. walking pneumonia refers to pneumonia that is mild enough that you may not even know you have it. walking pneumonia ( also called atypical pneumonia because it ' s different from the typical bacterial pneumonia ) is common in teens and is often caused by a tiny microorganism, mycoplasma pneumoniae. like the typical bacterial pneumonia, walking pneumonia also can be treated with antibiotics. what are the signs and symptoms? many symptoms are associated with pneumonia ; some of them, like a cough or a sore throat, are also common with other common infections. often, people get pneumonia after they ' ve had an upper respiratory tract infection like a cold. symptoms of pneumonia can include : unusually rapid breathing chest or abdominal pain loss of appetite vomiting and dehydration symptoms vary from person to person, and few people get all of them. when pneumonia is caused by bacteria, a person tends to become sick quickly and develops a high fever and has difficulty breathing. when it ' s caused by a virus, symptoms generally appear more gradually and might be less severe
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subdomain_quantum_mechanics
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few people get all of them. when pneumonia is caused by bacteria, a person tends to become sick quickly and develops a high fever and has difficulty breathing. when it ' s caused by a virus, symptoms generally appear more gradually and might be less severe. someone ' s symptoms can help the doctor identify the type of pneumonia. mycoplasma pneumoniae, for example, often causes headaches, sore throats, and rash in addition to the symptoms listed above. the routine vaccinations that most people receive as kids help prevent certain types of pneumonia and other infections. if you have a chronic illness, such as sickle cell disease, you may have received additional vaccinations and disease - preventing antibiotics to help prevent pneumonia and other infections caused by bacteria. people with diseases that affect their immune system ( like diabetes, hiv infection, or cancer ), are 65 or older, or are in other high - risk groups should receive a pneumococcal vaccination. they also may receive antibiotics to prevent pneumonia that can be caused by organisms they ' re especially susceptible to. in some cases, antiviral medication might be used to prevent viral pneumonia or to lessen its effects. doctors recommend that everyone 6 months and older gets a flu vaccine. that ' s because pneumonia often happens as a complication of the flu. call your doctor ' s office to see when these vaccines are available. because pneumonia is often caused by germs, a good way to prevent it is to keep your distance from anyone you know who has pneumonia or other respiratory infections. use separate drinking glasses and eating utensils ; wash your hands frequently with warm, soapy water ; and avoid touching used tissues and paper towels. you also can stay strong and help avoid some of the illnesses that might lead to pneumonia by eating as healthily as possible, getting a minimum of 8 to 10 hours of sleep a night, and not smoking. how long does it last? the length of time between exposure and feeling sick ( called the incubation period ) depends on many factors, particularly the type of pneumonia involved. with influenza pneumonia, for example, someone may become sick as soon as 12 hours or as long as 3 days after exposure to the flu virus. but with walking pneumonia, a person may not have symptoms until 2 to 3 weeks after becoming infected. most types of pneumonia resolve within a week or two, although a cough can linger for several weeks more. in severe cases, it may take longer to completely recover. if you think you
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may not have symptoms until 2 to 3 weeks after becoming infected. most types of pneumonia resolve within a week or two, although a cough can linger for several weeks more. in severe cases, it may take longer to completely recover. if you think you may have pneumonia, tell a parent or other adult and be sure you see a doctor. be especially aware of your breathing ; if you have chest pain or trouble breathing or if your lips or fingers look blue, you should go to a doctor ' s office or to a hospital emergency department right away. how is pneumonia treated? if pneumonia is suspected, the doctor will perform a physical exam and might order a chest x - ray and blood tests. people with bacterial or atypical pneumonia will probably be given antibiotics to take at home. the doctor also will recommend getting lots of rest and drinking plenty of fluids. some people with pneumonia need to be hospitalized to get better — usually babies, young kids, and people older than 65. however, hospital care may be needed for a teen who : already has immune system problems has cystic fibrosis is dangerously dehydrated or is vomiting a lot and can ' t keep fluids and medicine down has had pneumonia frequently has skin that ' s blue or pale in color, which reflects a lack of oxygen when pneumonia patients are hospitalized, treatment might include intravenous ( iv ) antibiotics ( delivered through a needle inserted into a vein ) and respiratory therapy ( breathing treatments ). antiviral medications approved for adults and teens can reduce the severity of flu infections if taken in the first 1 to 2 days after symptoms begin. they ' re usually prescribed for teens who have certain underlying illnesses such as asthma or who have pneumonia or breathing difficulty. if you have been exposed to influenza and you begin to develop symptoms of pneumonia, call a doctor. if your doctor has prescribed medicine, be sure to follow the directions carefully. you may feel better in a room with a humidifier, which increases the moisture in the air and soothes irritated lungs. make sure you drink plenty of fluids, especially if you have a fever. if you have a fever and feel uncomfortable, ask the doctor whether you can take over - the - counter medicine such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen to bring it down. but don ' t take any medicine without checking first with your doctor — a cough suppressant, for example, may not allow your lungs to clear themselves of mucus. and finally, be sure to rest. this is a good time to sleep, watch tv
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it ' s normal for parents to disagree and argue from time to time. parents might disagree about money, home chores, or how to spend time. they might disagree about big things — like important decisions they need to make for the family. they might even disagree about little things that don ' t seem important at all — like what ' s for dinner or what time someone gets home. sometimes parents can disagree with each other and still manage to talk about it in a calm way, where both people get a chance to listen and to talk. but many times when parents disagree, they argue. an argument is a fight using words. most kids worry when their parents argue. loud voices and angry words parents might use can make kids feel scared, sad, or upset. even arguments that use silence — like when parents act angry and don ' t talk to each other at all — can be upsetting for kids. if the argument has anything to do with the kids, kids might think they have caused their parents to argue and fight. if kids think it ' s their fault, they might feel guilty or even more upset. but parents ' behavior is never the fault of kids. what does it mean when parents fight? kids often worry about what it means when parents fight. they might jump to conclusions and think arguments mean their parents don ' t love each other anymore. they might think it means their parents will get a divorce. but parents ' arguments usually don ' t mean that they don ' t love each other or that they ' re getting a divorce. most of the time the arguments are just a way to let off steam when parents have a bad day or feel stressed out over other things. most people lose their cool now and then. just like kids, when parents get upset they might cry, yell, or say things they don ' t really mean. sometimes an argument might not mean anything except that one parent or both just lost their temper. just like kids, parents might argue more if they ' re not feeling their best or are under a lot of stress from a job or other worries. kids usually feel upset when they see or hear parents arguing. it ' s hard to hear the yelling and the unkind words. seeing parents upset and out of control can make kids feel unprotected and scared. kids might worry about one parent or the other during an argument. they might worry that one parent may feel especially sad or hurt because of being yelled at by the other parent. they might worry that one parent seems angry enough to lose control.
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scared. kids might worry about one parent or the other during an argument. they might worry that one parent may feel especially sad or hurt because of being yelled at by the other parent. they might worry that one parent seems angry enough to lose control. they might worry that their parent might be angry with them, too, or that someone might get hurt. sometimes parents ' arguments make kids cry or give them a stomachache. worry from arguments can even make it hard for a kid to go to sleep or go to school. what to do when parents fight it ' s important to remember that the parents are arguing or fighting, not the kids. so the best thing to do is to stay out of the argument and go somewhere else in the house to get away from the fighting or arguing. so go to your room, close the door, find something else to do until it is over. it ' s not the kid ' s job to be a referee. when parents ' fighting goes too far when parents argue, there can be too much yelling and screaming, name calling, and too many unkind things said. even though many parents may do this, it ' s never ok to treat people in your family with disrespect, use unkind words, or yell and scream at them. sometimes parents ' fighting may go too far, and include pushing and shoving, throwing things, or hitting. these things are never ok. when parents ' fights get physical in these ways, the parents need to learn to get their anger under control. they might need the help of another adult to do this. kids who live in families where the fighting goes too far can let someone know what ' s going on. talking to other relatives, a teacher, a school counselor, or any adult you trust about the fighting can be important. sometimes parents who fight can get so out of control that they hurt each other, and sometimes kids can get hurt, too. if this happens, kids can let an adult know, so that the family can be helped and protected from fighting in a way that hurts people. if fighting is out of control in a family, if people are getting hurt from fighting, or if people in the family are tired of too much fighting, there is help. family counselors and therapists know how to help families work on problems, including fighting. they can help by teaching family members to listen to each other and talk about feelings without yelling and screaming. though it may take some work, time, and practice, people in families can always
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know how to help families work on problems, including fighting. they can help by teaching family members to listen to each other and talk about feelings without yelling and screaming. though it may take some work, time, and practice, people in families can always learn to get along better. is it ok for parents to argue sometimes? having arguments once in a while can be healthy if it helps people get feelings out in the open instead of bottling them up inside. it ' s important for people in a family to be able to tell each other how they feel and what they think, even when they disagree. the good news about disagreeing is that afterward people usually understand each other better and feel closer. parents fight for different reasons. maybe they had a bad day at work, or they ' re not feeling well, or they ' re really tired. just like kids, when parents aren ' t feeling their best, they can get upset and might be more likely to argue. most of the time, arguments are over quickly, parents apologize and make up, and everyone feels better again. happy, healthy families no family is perfect. even in the happiest home, problems pop up and people argue from time to time. usually, the family members involved get what ' s bothering them out in the open and talk about it. everyone feels better, and life can get back to normal. being part of a family means everyone pitches in and tries to make life better for each other. arguments happen and that ' s ok, but with love, understanding, and some work, families can solve almost any problem.
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you baby ' s development after many weeks of anticipation and preparation, your baby is here! or maybe not — only 5 % of women deliver on their estimated due dates, and many first - time mothers find themselves waiting up to 2 weeks after their due date for their baby to arrive. a baby born at 40 weeks weighs, on average, about 7 pounds, 4 ounces ( 3, 300 grams ) and measures about 20 inches ( 51 cm ). don ' t expect your baby to look like the gerber baby right off the bat — newborns often have heads temporarily misshapen from the birth canal and may be covered with vernix and blood. your baby ' s skin may have skin discolorations, dry patches, and rashes — these many variations are completely normal. because of the presence of your hormones in your baby ' s system, your baby ' s genitals ( scrotum in boys and labia in girls ) may appear enlarged. your baby, whether a boy or a girl, may even secrete milk from the tiny nipples. this should disappear in a few days and is completely normal. right after birth, your health care provider will suction mucus out of your baby ' s mouth and nose, and you ' ll hear that long - awaited first cry. your baby may then be placed on your stomach, and the umbilical cord will be cut — often by the baby ' s dad, if he chooses to do the honors! a series of quick screening tests, such as the apgar score, will be performed to assess your baby ' s responsiveness and vital signs, and he or she will be weighed and measured. if your pregnancy was high risk, or if a cesarean section was necessary, a neonatologist ( a doctor who specializes in newborn intensive care ) will be present at your delivery to take care of your baby right away. if your baby needs any special care to adjust to life outside the womb, it will be given — and then your newborn will be placed in your waiting arms. this week you ' ll experience the moment you ' ve been anticipating — your introduction to your baby! before you can meet your baby, though, you have to go through labor and delivery. you may have learned about the three stages of birth in your prenatal classes. the first stage of labor works to thin and stretch your cervix by contracting your uterus at regular intervals. the second stage of labor is when you push your baby into the vaginal canal and out
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birth in your prenatal classes. the first stage of labor works to thin and stretch your cervix by contracting your uterus at regular intervals. the second stage of labor is when you push your baby into the vaginal canal and out of your body. the third and final stage of labor is when you deliver the placenta. if you don ' t go into labor within a week of your due date, your health care provider may recommend you receive a nonstress test, which monitors fetal heart rate and movement to be sure that the baby is receiving adequate oxygen and that the nervous system is responding. talk to your health care provider to find out more about this test. sometimes mother nature may need a little coaxing. if your labor isn ' t progressing, or if your health or your baby ' s health requires it, your health care provider may induce labor by artificially rupturing the membranes or by administering the hormone oxytocin or other medications. if your pregnancy is high risk, or if there are any other potential complications, you may require a cesarean section delivery. some women know ahead of time that they will be delivering via cesarean section and are able to schedule their baby ' s " birth day " well in advance. if you ' re one of them, you ' ve probably been able to prepare yourself emotionally and mentally for the birth — which can help to lessen the feelings of disappointment that many mothers who are unable to deliver vaginally experience. but even if you have to undergo a cesarean section that wasn ' t planned, rest assured that you ' ll still be able to bond with your baby. it might not be the birth experience you imagined, but your beautiful newborn has arrived nonetheless. the months of waiting are over! good luck with your baby!
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2025-12-17T20:53:59.278668
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what is it? fertility awareness is a way to prevent pregnancy by not having sex around the time of ovulation ( the release of an egg during a girl ' s monthly cycle ). couples who do want to have a baby can also use this method to have sex during the time that they are most likely to conceive. fertility awareness can include methods such as natural family planning, periodic abstinence, and the rhythm method. how does it work? if a couple doesn ' t have sex around the time of ovulation, the girl is less likely to get pregnant. the trick is knowing when ovulation happens. couples use a calendar, a thermometer to measure body temperature, the thickness of cervical mucus, or a kit that tests for ovulation. the ovulation kits are more useful for couples who are trying to get pregnant. the fertile period around ovulation lasts 6 to 9 days and during this time the couple using only fertility awareness for birth control who does not want to get pregnant should not have sex. how well does it work? fertility awareness is not a reliable way to prevent pregnancy for most teens. over the course of 1 year, as many as 25 out of 100 typical couples who rely on fertility awareness to prevent pregnancy will have an accidental pregnancy. of course, this is an average figure, and the chance of getting pregnant depends on whether a couple uses one or more of the fertility awareness methods correctly and consistently and does not have unprotected sex during the fertile period. in general, how well each type of birth control method works depends on a lot of things. these include whether a person has any health conditions, is taking any medications that might interfere with its use, whether the method chosen is convenient — and whether it is used correctly all the time. in the case of fertility awareness, it also depends on how consistent a woman ' s ovulatory cycle is, how accurately a couple keeps track of when she could be ovulating, and how reliably unprotected sex is avoided during the fertile period. protection against stds abstinence ( not having sex ) is the only method that always prevents pregnancy and stds. who uses it? fertility awareness is not a reliable way to prevent pregnancy for most teens. it is often very difficult to tell when a girl is fertile. because teens often have irregular menstrual cycles, it makes predicting ovulation much more difficult. even people who have previously had regular cycles can have irregular timing of o
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teens. it is often very difficult to tell when a girl is fertile. because teens often have irregular menstrual cycles, it makes predicting ovulation much more difficult. even people who have previously had regular cycles can have irregular timing of ovulation when factors such as stress or illness are involved. fertility awareness also requires a commitment to monitoring body changes, keeping daily records, and above all not having sex during the fertile period. how do you get it? for couples interested in this method, it is best to talk to a doctor or counselor who is trained in fertility awareness. he or she can then teach the couple the skills they need to know to practice this birth control method accurately. how much does it cost? the tools needed for fertility awareness — such as ovulation detection kits and thermometers, for example — are available in drugstores. but they can be expensive. again, it ' s best to talk to a doctor for advice on using this method. reviewed by : larissa hirsch, md date reviewed : april 2010 share this page using : note : all information on teenshealth® is for educational purposes only. for specific medical advice, diagnoses, and treatment, consult your doctor. © 1995 - the nemours foundation. all rights reserved.
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2025-12-17T20:53:59.282090
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by irene klotz cape canaveral, florida ( reuters ) - despite searing daytime temperatures, mercury, the planet closest to the sun, has ice and frozen organic materials inside permanently shadowed craters in its north pole, nasa scientists said on thursday. earth - based telescopes have been compiling evidence for ice on mercury for 20 years, but the finding of organics was a surprise, say researchers with nasa ' s messenger spacecraft, the first probe to orbit mercury. both ice and organic materials, which are similar to tar or coal, were believed to have been delivered millions of years ago by comets and asteroids crashing into the planet. " it ' s not something we expected to see, but then of course you realize it kind of makes sense because we see this in other places, " such as icy bodies in the outer solar system and in the nuclei of comets, planetary scientist david paige, with the university of california, los angeles, told reuters. unlike nasa ' s mars rover curiosity, which will be sampling rocks and soils to look for organic materials directly, the messenger probe bounces laser beams, counts particles, measures gamma rays and collects other data remotely from orbit. the discoveries of ice and organics, painstakingly pieced together for more than a year, are based on computer models, laboratory experiments and deduction, not direct analysis. " the explanation that seems to fit all the data is that it ' s organic material, " said lead messenger scientist sean solomon, with columbia university in new york. added paige, " it ' s not just a crazy hypothesis. no one has got anything else that seems to fit all the observations better. " scientists believe the organic material, which is about twice as dark as most of mercury ' s surface, was mixed in with comet - or asteroid - delivered ice eons ago. the ice vaporized, then re - solidified where it was colder, leaving dark deposits on the surface. radar imagery shows the dark patches subside at the coldest parts of the crater, where ice can exist on the surface. the areas where the dark patches are seen are not cold enough for surface ice without the overlying layer of what is believed to be organics. so remote was the idea of organics on mercury that messenger got a relatively easy pass by nasa ' s planetary protection protocols that were established to minimize the chance of contaminating any indigenous life - potential material with hitchhiking microbes from earth. scientists don ' t believe mercury is or was suitable for ancient life, but the discovery of organics
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2025-12-17T20:53:59.285632
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s planetary protection protocols that were established to minimize the chance of contaminating any indigenous life - potential material with hitchhiking microbes from earth. scientists don ' t believe mercury is or was suitable for ancient life, but the discovery of organics on an inner planet of the solar system may shed light on how life got started on earth and how life may evolve on planets beyond the solar system. " finding a place in the inner solar system where some of these same ingredients that may have led to life on earth are preserved for us is really exciting, " paige said. messenger, which stands for mercury surface, space environment, geochemistry and ranging, is due to complete its two - year mission at mercury in march. scientists are seeking nasa funding to continue operations for at least part of a third year. the probe will remain in mercury ' s orbit until the planet ' s gravity eventually causes it to crash onto the surface. whether the discovery of organics now prompts nasa to select a crash zone rather than leave it up to chance remains to be seen. microbes that may have hitched a ride on messenger likely have been killed off by the harsh radiation environment at mercury. the research is published in this week ' s edition of the journal science. ( editing by kevin gray and vicki allen )
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2025-12-17T20:53:59.286165
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this “ the best … ” list is a companion to the best sites to learn about the u. s. financial crisis. those sites tried to explain how we got into this mess. the resources on this list share what is happening to us as a result. these sites try to give a picture of the recession ’ s effects throughout the world. these sites, all relatively accessible to english language learners, are divided into three sections. the first are some narrative reports on what is occurring. the second are interactive charts or graphs that show “ the numbers. ” the third are multimedia presentations giving a human face to the recession ( of course, most of my students are experiencing that human face directly in their own lives ). here are my picks for the best sites to learn about the recession : voice of america ’ s special english has a report ( with audio support for the text ) titled trying to live with a recession in the world ’ s largest economy. breaking new english has a lesson ( again, with audio support for the text ) called huge u. s. job losses spark recession fears. esl podcast blog has an engaging report on ways a recession affects society cbbc has a good report on the recession in the united kingdom. charts & graphs : where does your state rank? is a map from cnn showing the recession ’ s effect across the united states. layoffs pile - up is a graph from the wall street journal showing what economic sectors are experiencing the worst job loss. usa today has a very complete analysis on jobs loss and growth in the united states. the national conference of state legislatures also has an interactive map on the effects of the recession in all fifty states. these would require some teacher explanation, but are intriguing nevertheless. they ’ re are two infographics showing how the proposed economic stimulus would be used — one from the washington post and the other from credit loan. cnn has a new interactive on the compromise that the senate and house just agreed to. the obamameter is a regularly updated visual representation of different aspects of the u. s. economy. it would be accessible to intermediate english language learners with some explanation. finviz shows the stock market in a vivid color - code. the economy tracker from cnn shows the latest economic data on a map, and combines that with personal stories of those affected. the geography of a recession comes from the new york times and shows, in detail, unemployment rates throughout the united states. maplibs has a color - coded world map that shows international financial centers. the key is the color — if
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those affected. the geography of a recession comes from the new york times and shows, in detail, unemployment rates throughout the united states. maplibs has a color - coded world map that shows international financial centers. the key is the color — if it ’ s shown in red then it ’ s down, if it ’ s shown in green then it ’ s up. the sacramento bee has a scary map of unemployment in california. economic reality check is from cnn and provide short facts about different aspects of the recession. the sacramento bee has just published an income gap interactive graphic. it ’ s based on sacramento data, but i suspect the information is similar across the united states. it vividly, and in a way that ’ s accessible to english language learners, shows how long it takes for different people ( by occupation, ethnicity, and educational background ) to earn $ 100, 000. msnbc has developed what they call an adversity index. it ’ s an animated map that “ measures the economic health of 381 metro areas and all 50 states. ” it ’ s pretty intriguing, though would probably require some initial explanation before english language learners could fully decipher it. right below the adversity map, you can also find a “ map : recession - resistant areas ” that highlights communities in the u. s. that have escaped the recession ’ s effects. the san francisco chronicle published a simple and very accessible chart today titled unemployment characteristics. it “ breaks down ” unemployment data by race, gender, and education background. great depression comparison is an excellent interactive comparing the depression to our present recession. here ’ s a very accessible infographic that shows the change in unemployment in major us cities over the past year. the associated press has an economic stress index which shows, in an interactive graphic form, what is happening to every county in the united states economically. it measures bankruptcies, home foreclosures, and unemployment, and then interprets it into what they call a “ stress index. ” the new york times has published an interactive graphic titled broad unemployment across the u. s. it shows both the official unemployment rate, and what the rate would be if it included “ ipart - time workers who want to work full time, as well some people who want to work but have not looked for a job in the last four weeks. ” moody ’ s has put together an impressive and accessible global recession map showing how all the economies in the world are going. “ food assistance ” is a very simple and visual infographic from good
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2025-12-17T20:53:59.298389
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not looked for a job in the last four weeks. ” moody ’ s has put together an impressive and accessible global recession map showing how all the economies in the world are going. “ food assistance ” is a very simple and visual infographic from good magazine tracking the rise of food stamps over the past year. times of crisis is an extraordinary interactive timeline showing the critical events of the economic recession over the past 365 days. the geography of jobs is an excellent animated map demonstrating the loss of jobs in different parts of the united states during the recession. flowing data has some maps that very visually show where unemployment has increased over the past few years. the unemployed states of america, a nice infographic ( in terms of accessibility, not because it shares good news ) how the great recession reshaped the u. s. job market, an informative ( and a bit “ busy ” looking ) interactive from the wall street journal. “ america ’ s 35 hardest - hit cities ” is a very accessible infographic showing the communities around the u. s. with the highest unemployment rates. quite a few of them are located right here in california ’ s central valley. comparing this recession to previous ones : job changes is a new york times graphic that very clearly shows we ’ re not doing so great right now. “ how the great recession has changed life in america ” is an interactive from the pew center. who ’ s hurting? is a wall street journal interactive showing which economic sector is losing / gaining jobs how do americans feel about the recession? is an infographic from mint. it has some interesting information, and a teacher could ask similar questions of their students. “ decline and fall of the california job market ” is a very good interactive from the sacramento bee showing the chronological progress of the monthly unemployment rate for each county in the state over the past three years. visual economics has published two good infographics in one place : “ cities that have missed the recovery ” and “ cities that are having a great recovery. ” “ how the recession has changed us ” is what i think is a pretty amazing infographic from the atlantic. where are the jobs? is a very good interactive infographic from the washington post showing which economic sectors are increasing jobs and which are not doing so well. good has just published a very good series of infographics explaining the economy. it ’ s called all about the benjamins. videos & slideshows : boomtown to bust is a new york times slideshow on the recession ’ s effect in florida. the sacramento bee
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2025-12-17T20:53:59.299301
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very good series of infographics explaining the economy. it ’ s called all about the benjamins. videos & slideshows : boomtown to bust is a new york times slideshow on the recession ’ s effect in florida. the sacramento bee has a series of photos chronicling the economic downturn. long lines of job seekers continue is a slideshow from the washington post. downturn leaves more families homeless is another slideshow from the washington post. the wall street journal has excerpts from recent songs that have been written about the recession. following a closing, the struggle to find work is another slideshow from the new york times. a community facing hunger is a video from the new york times. out of work in china is a video showing the effects of the recession in that country. a painful return is a slideshow discussing the recession ’ s effects in china. tough times for summitville tiles is a wall street journal slideshow about the closing of a factory. black thursday in france is a wall street journal slideshow about protests in that country demanding that the government do more to stop the recession. ohio town faces economic collapse is a slideshow from pixcetra. the american economy : down and out is a slideshow from time magazine. tough times in cleveland is another time slideshow. an audio slideshow from the new york times called in economic vise, pontiac struggles. there goes retirement is an online video from the wall street journal. the progressive magazine the nation has a useful slideshow called the great recession. it ’ s a bit ideological, but provides a different kind of analysis and response to the recession. it also includes links to articles that would not be accessible to ell ’ s. however, the images, teacher modifications of the articles, and lesson ideas provided by them could offer some good opportunities for student discussion and higher order thinking. the faces of the unemployed is a slideshow from the new york times. searching for a job is a series of photos from the sacramento bee. looking for work is an audio slideshow from reuters. desperately seeking a salary is another audio slideshow from reuters. job seekers flood local job fair is a slideshow from the sacramento bee. recession hits the saddle is a slideshow from the new york times. auto town struggles with unemployment is a slideshow from the new york times. dark stores from time magazine. the new york times has an audio slideshow about people looking for work in the state of tennessee. inside california ’ s tent cities is the newest addition to this list. it
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subdomain_quantum_gravity
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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2025-12-17T20:53:59.300245
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a slideshow from the new york times. dark stores from time magazine. the new york times has an audio slideshow about people looking for work in the state of tennessee. inside california ’ s tent cities is the newest addition to this list. it ’ s a new york times slideshow on the growing number of homeless encampments around the united states, particularly here in sacramento ( which was recently featured on oprah winfrey ’ s show ) and in fresno. the death of the american mall is a slideshow from the wall street journal. stimulus watch is a site that doesn ’ t really fit into any of the categories on this list, but it ’ s intriguing. it supposedly lists all the projects different governmental projects have proposed to do with stimulus money, and then people can vote which ones they think are best. they ’ re categorized by community, so they ’ re very accessible. the only drawback to it is since it ’ s a wiki, even though all the projects are listed, many don ’ t have detailed information yet on what the project entails. nevertheless, its interactivity could offer some good possibilities for student engagement. how do you feel about the economy? is a great interactive graphic — especially for english language learners — from the new york times. you ’ re supposed to be able to enter a word that indicates how you ’ re filling, and you ’ re given many choices. it ’ s a good opportunity for vocabulary development. picturing the recession is yet another exceptional interactive from the new york times. it ’ s composed of photos contributed by readers, including captions, divided by topic or location. adapting to job loss is a slideshow from the washington post. survival strategies is a new interactive feature from the new york times. people offer brief ideas on how they ’ re saving money now in the recession. readers can vote on which ones they think are best. you have to register in order to vote, offer suggestions, or contribute your own. forced from home is a slideshow from the wall street journal. ghost factories is a slideshow from the new york times. “ the long - term unemployed ” is a multimedia interactive from the wall street journal. “ america out of work ” is ongoing series of video interviews the los angeles times is doing with the unemployed. america at work is slideshow from the atlantic. as always, feedback is welcome.
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subdomain_quantum_gravity
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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<urn:uuid:96f462cf-90d3-4dee-acd5-263d2ee58f50>
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2025-12-17T20:53:59.301126
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even though the cnc machines require little human intervention in the development process of the end desired product, human intervention is still needed when it comes to the computer software programming for the cnc machines. a cnc machine programmer must understand the programming, so that they are capable of accurately telling the machine what to do. cnc machines a programmed through a sentence like structure that is written in a code that it understands. each axes that the machine uses, requires instructions for the development of the final project. if you forget to program one of the axes, the product will not turn out ; in the same terms, if you program wrong, the axes will do what the program tells them and not what you want them to do. a cnc machine operator helps on the other end. the programmer writes the code for the machine, but the operator is responsible for downloading the program into the machine and getting the machine set up to properly do the job. the operator may have to set up the tools in the tool holder for the machine, position the material that is needed for the job in the machine, and then start the machine. if the cnc machine operator is experienced, they will begin to learn the different sounds that the machine makes and will be able to tell just by the sound whether there is a problem with the machine. a more experienced cnc machine operator is required to do this type of work. once the machine completes the program and the work progress is done, operators may be switched. at this point in time, a less experienced operator can take over from here. usually cnc machine operators will start out at the lower level and gradually work their way up as they become more experienced in this type of machining. experienced cnc machine operators can detect program flaws and can usually make the modifications to the program themselves. if they notice that the end product is not to the specifications needed, they can fix the problem in the program and continue on with the job. they will not have to take the time to contact the programmer and wait for the program to be fixed. limited input from the operator is needed to operate a cnc machine. it is because of this reason that one operator may be able to watch multiple machines. the machines do all of the work and only one person is required to do the set up of the machines. this enables companies to employ fewer people and saves them in the payroll department. cnc machine operators must adhere to safety precautions just like they would in any other machine shop. even though the cnc machines are usually completely
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subdomain_quantum_computing
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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2025-12-17T20:53:59.303542
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a nuzzle of the neck, a stroke of the wrist, a brush of the knee — these caresses often signal a loving touch, but can also feel highly aversive, depending on who is delivering the touch, and to whom. interested in how the brain makes connections between touch and emotion, neuroscientists at the california institute of technology ( caltech ) have discovered that the association begins in the brain ’ s primary somatosensory cortex, a region that, until now, was thought only to respond to basic touch, not to its emotional quality. “ we demonstrated for the first time that the primary somatosensory cortex — the brain region encoding basic touch properties such as how rough or smooth an object is — also is sensitive to the social meaning of a touch, ” explains michael spezio, a visiting associate at caltech who is also an assistant professor of psychology at scripps college in claremont, california. “ it was generally thought that there are separate brain pathways for how we process the physical aspects of touch on the skin and for how we interpret that touch emotionally — that is, whether we feel it as pleasant, unpleasant, desired, or repulsive. our study shows that, to the contrary, emotion is involved at the primary stages of social touch. ”
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subdomain_quantum_optics
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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<urn:uuid:61b0ef59-2917-4404-a0f0-f46353e5a062>
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2025-12-17T20:53:59.304779
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we have in this chapter to consider why the females of many birds have not acquired the same ornaments as the male ; and why, on the other hand, both sexes of many other birds are equally, or almost equally, ornamented? in the following chapter we shall consider the few cases in which the female is more conspicuously coloured than the male. in my origin of species * i briefly suggested that the long tail of the peacock would be inconvenient and the conspicuous black colour of the male capercailzie dangerous, to the female during the period of incubation : and consequently that the transmission of these characters from the male to the female offspring had been checked through natural selection. i still think that this may have occurred in some few instances : but after mature reflection on all the facts which i have been able to collect, i am now inclined to believe that when the sexes differ, the successive variations have generally been from the first limited in their transmission to the same sex in which they first arose. since my remarks appeared, the subject of sexual colouration has been discussed in some very interesting papers by mr. wallace, * ( 2 ) who believes that in almost all cases the successive variations tended at first to be transmitted equally to both sexes ; but that the female was saved, through natural selection, from acquiring the conspicuous colours of the male, owing to the danger which she would thus have incurred during incubation. * fourth edition, 1866, p. 241. * ( 2 ) westminster review, july, 1867. journal of travel, vol. i., 1868, p. 73. this view necessitates a tedious discussion on a difficult point, namely, whether the transmission of a character, which is at first inherited by both sexes can be subsequently limited in its transmission to one sex alone by means of natural selection. we must bear in mind, as shewn in the preliminary chapter on sexual selection, that characters which are limited in their development to one sex are always latent in the other. an imaginary illustration will best aid us in seeing the difficulty of the case ; we may suppose that a fancier wished to make a breed of pigeons, in which the males alone should be coloured of a pale blue, whilst the females retained their former slaty tint. as with pigeons characters of all kinds are usually transmitted to both sexes equally, the fancier would have to try to convert this latter form of inheritance into sexually - limited transmission. all that he could do would be to persevere in selecting
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subdomain_quantum_field_theory
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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<urn:uuid:429cf924-5712-4f80-a526-9d8fbe64f107>
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2025-12-17T20:53:59.339178
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the female soemmerring pheasant with her short tail were crossed with the male common pheasant, there can be no doubt that the male hybrid offspring would have a much longer tail than that of the pure offspring of the common pheasant. on the other hand, if the female common pheasant, with a tail much longer than that of the female soemmerring pheasant, were crossed with the male of the latter, the male hybrid offspring would have a much shorter tail than that of the pure offspring of soemmerring ' s pheasant. * * temminck says that the tail of the female phasianus soemmerringii is only six inches long, planches coloriees, vol. v., 1838, pp. 487 and 488 : the measurements above given were made for me by mr. sclater. for the common pheasant, see macgillivray, history of british birds, vol. i., pp. 118 - 121. our fancier, in order to make his new breed with the males of a pale - blue tint, and the females unchanged, would have to continue selecting the males during many generations ; and each stage of paleness would have to be fixed in the males, and rendered latent in the females. the task would be an extremely difficult one, and has never been tried, but might possibly be successfully carried out. the chief obstacle would be the early and complete loss of the pale - blue tint, from the necessity of reiterated crosses with the slaty female, the latter not having at first any latent tendency to produce pale - blue offspring. on the other hand, if one or two males were to vary ever so slightly in paleness, and the variations were from the first limited in their transmission to the male sex, the task of making a new breed of the desired kind would be easy, for such males would simply have to be selected and matched with ordinary females. an analogous case has actually occurred, for there are breeds of the pigeon in belgium * in which the males alone are marked with black striae. so again mr. tegetmeier has recently shewn * ( 2 ) that dragons not rarely produce silver - coloured birds, which are almost always hens ; and he himself has bred ten such females. it is on the other hand a very unusual event when a silver male is produced ; so that nothing would be easier, if desired, than to make a
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subdomain_quantum_gravity
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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2025-12-17T20:53:59.340992
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coloured birds, which are almost always hens ; and he himself has bred ten such females. it is on the other hand a very unusual event when a silver male is produced ; so that nothing would be easier, if desired, than to make a breed of dragons with blue males and silver females. this tendency is indeed so strong that when mr. tegetmeier at last got a silver male and matched him with one of the silver females, he expected to get a breed with both sexes thus coloured ; he was however disappointed, for the young male reverted to the blue colour of his grandfather, the young female alone being silver. no doubt with patience this tendency to reversion in the males, reared from an occasional silver male matched with a silver hen, might be eliminated, and then both sexes would be coloured alike ; and this very process has been followed with success by mr. esquilant in the case of silver turbits. * dr. chapius, le pigeon voyageur belge, 1865, p. 87. * ( 2 ) the field, sept., 1872. with fowls, variations of colour, limited in their transmission to the male sex, habitually occur. when this form of inheritance prevails, it might well happen that some of the successive variations would be transferred to the female, who would then slightly resemble the male, as actually occurs in some breeds. or again, the greater number, but not all, of the successive steps might be transferred to both sexes, and the female would then closely resemble the male. there can hardly be a doubt that this is the cause of the male pouter pigeon having a somewhat larger crop, and of the male carrier pigeon having somewhat larger wattles, than their respective females ; for fanciers have not selected one sex more than the other, and have had no wish that these characters should be more strongly displayed in the male than in the female, yet this is the case with both breeds. the same process would have to be followed, and the same difficulties encountered, if it were desired to make a breed with the females alone of some new colour. lastly, our fancier might wish to make a breed with the two sexes differing from each other, and both from the parent species. here the difficulty would be extreme, unless the successive variations were from the first sexually limited on both sides, and then there would be no difficulty. we see this with the fowl ; thus the two sexes of the pencilled hamburghs differ greatly from each
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subdomain_quantum_entanglement
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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<urn:uuid:429cf924-5712-4f80-a526-9d8fbe64f107>
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2025-12-17T20:53:59.341858
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difficulty would be extreme, unless the successive variations were from the first sexually limited on both sides, and then there would be no difficulty. we see this with the fowl ; thus the two sexes of the pencilled hamburghs differ greatly from each other, and from the two sexes of the aboriginal gallus bankiva ; and both are now kept constant to their standard of excellence by continued selection, which would be impossible unless the distinctive characters of both were limited in their transmission. the spanish fowl offers a more curious case ; the male has an immense comb, but some of the successive variations, by the accumulation of which it was acquired, appear to have been transferred to the female ; for she has a comb many times larger than that of the females of the parent species. but the comb of the female differs in one respect from that of the male, for it is apt to lop over ; and within a recent period it has been ordered by the fancy that this should always be the case, and success has quickly followed the order. now the lopping of the comb must be sexually limited in its transmission, otherwise it would prevent the comb of the male from being perfectly upright, which would be abhorrent to every fancier. on the other hand, the uprightness of the comb in the male must likewise be a sexually - limited character, otherwise it would prevent the comb of the female from lopping over. from the foregoing illustrations, we see that even with almost unlimited time at command, it would be an extremely difficult and complex, perhaps an impossible process, to change one form of transmission into the other through selection. therefore, without distinct evidence in each case, i am unwilling to admit that this has been effected in natural species. on the other hand, by means of successive variations, which were from the first sexually limited in their transmission, there would not be the least difficulty in rendering a male bird widely different in colour or in any other character from the female ; the latter being left unaltered, or slightly altered, or specially modified for the sake of protection. as bright colours are of service to the males in their rivalry with other males, such colours would be selected whether or not they were transmitted exclusively to the same sex. consequently the females might be expected often to partake of the brightness of the males to a greater or less degree ; and this occurs with a host of species. if all the successive variations were transmitted equally to both sexes, the females would be indistinguishable from the males
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subdomain_quantum_field_theory
| 0.572572
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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<urn:uuid:429cf924-5712-4f80-a526-9d8fbe64f107>
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2025-12-17T20:53:59.342762
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to partake of the brightness of the males to a greater or less degree ; and this occurs with a host of species. if all the successive variations were transmitted equally to both sexes, the females would be indistinguishable from the males ; and this likewise occurs with many birds. if, however, dull colours were of high importance for the safety of the female during incubation, as with many ground birds, the females which varied in brightness, or which received through inheritance from the males any marked accession of brightness, would sooner or later be destroyed. but the tendency in the males to continue for an indefinite period transmitting to their female offspring their own brightness, would have to be eliminated by a change in the form of inheritance ; and this, as shewn by our previous illustration, would be extremely difficult. the more probable result of the long - continued destruction of the more brightly - coloured females, supposing the equal form of transmission to prevail would be the lessening or annihilation of the bright colours of the males, owing to their continual crossing with the duller females. it would be tedious to follow out all the other possible results ; but i may remind the reader that if sexually limited variations in brightness occurred in the females, even if they were not in the least injurious to them and consequently were not eliminated, yet they would not be favoured or selected, for the male usually accepts any female, and does not select the more attractive individuals ; consequently these variations would be liable to be lost, and would have little influence on the character of the race ; and this will aid in accounting for the females being commonly duller - coloured than the males. in the eighth chapter instances were given, to which many might here be added, of variations occurring at various ages, and inherited at the corresponding age. it was also shewn that variations which occur late in life are commonly transmitted to the same sex in which they first appear ; whilst variations occurring early in life are apt to be transmitted to both sexes ; not that all the cases of sexually - limited transmission can thus be accounted for. it was further shewn that if a male bird varied by becoming brighter whilst young, such variations would be of no service until the age for reproduction had arrived, and there was competition between rival males. but in the case of birds living on the ground and commonly in need of the protection of dull colours, bright tints would be far more dangerous to the young and inexperienced than to the adult males. consequently the males which
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subdomain_quantum_optics
| 0.557423
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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<urn:uuid:429cf924-5712-4f80-a526-9d8fbe64f107>
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2025-12-17T20:53:59.343803
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was competition between rival males. but in the case of birds living on the ground and commonly in need of the protection of dull colours, bright tints would be far more dangerous to the young and inexperienced than to the adult males. consequently the males which varied in brightness whilst young would suffer much destruction and be eliminated through natural selection ; on the other hand, the males which varied in this manner when nearly mature, notwithstanding that they were exposed to some additional danger, might survive, and from being favoured through sexual selection, would procreate their kind. as a relation often exists between the period of variation and the form of transmission, if the bright - coloured young males were destroyed and the mature ones were successful in their courtship, the males alone would acquire brilliant colours and would transmit them exclusively to their male offspring. but i by no means wish to maintain that the influence of age on the form of transmission, is the sole cause of the great difference in brilliancy between the sexes of many birds. when the sexes of birds differ in colour, it is interesting to determine whether the males alone have been modified by sexual selection, the females having been left unchanged, or only partially and indirectly thus changed ; or whether the females have been specially modified through natural selection for the sake of protection. i will therefore discuss this question at some length, even more fully than its intrinsic importance deserves ; for various curious collateral points may thus be conveniently considered. before we enter on the subject of colour, more especially in reference to mr. wallace ' s conclusions, it may be useful to discuss some other sexual differences under a similar point of view. a breed of fowls formerly existed in germany * in which the hens were furnished with spurs ; they were good layers, but they so greatly disturbed their nests with their spurs that they could not be allowed to sit on their own eggs. hence at one time it appeared to me probable that with the females of the wild gallinaceae the development of spurs had been checked through natural selection, from the injury thus caused to their nests. this seemed all the more probable, as wing - spurs, which would not be injurious during incubation, are often as well developed in the female as in the male ; though in not a few cases they are rather larger in the male. when the male is furnished with leg - spurs the female almost always exhibits rudiments of them, - the rudiment sometimes consisting of a mere scale, as in gallus. hence it might be argued that the females had
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subdomain_quantum_field_theory
| 0.519901
| 512
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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<urn:uuid:429cf924-5712-4f80-a526-9d8fbe64f107>
| 6
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2025-12-17T20:53:59.344744
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larger in the male. when the male is furnished with leg - spurs the female almost always exhibits rudiments of them, - the rudiment sometimes consisting of a mere scale, as in gallus. hence it might be argued that the females had aboriginally been furnished with well - developed spurs, but that these had subsequently been lost through disuse or natural selection. but if this view be admitted, it would have to be extended to innumerable other cases ; and it implies that the female progenitors of the existing spur - bearing species were once encumbered with an injurious appendage. * bechstein, naturgeschichte deutschlands, 1793, b. iii., 339. in some few genera and species, as in galloperdix, acomus, and the javan peacock ( pavo muticus ), the females, as well as the males, possess well - developed leg - spurs. are we to infer from this fact that they construct a different sort of nest from that made by their nearest allies, and not liable to be injured by their spurs ; so that the spurs have not been removed? or are we to suppose that the females of these several species especially require spurs for their defence? it is a more probable conclusion that both the presence and absence of spurs in the females result from different laws of inheritance having prevailed, independently of natural selection. with the many females in which spurs appear as rudiments, we may conclude that some few of the successive variations, through which they were developed in the males, occurred very early in life, and were consequently transferred to the females. in the other and much rarer cases, in which the females possess fully developed spurs, we may conclude that all the successive variations were transferred to them ; and that they gradually acquired and inherited the habit of not disturbing their nests. the vocal organs and the feathers variously modified for producing sound, as well as the proper instincts for using them, often differ in the two sexes, but are sometimes the same in both. can such differences be accounted for by the males having acquired these organs and instincts, whilst the females have been saved from inheriting them, on account of the danger to which they would have been exposed by attracting the attention of birds or beasts of prey? this does not seem to me probable, when we think of the multitude of birds which with impunity gladden the country with their voices during the spring. * it is a safer conclusion that, as vocal and
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subdomain_quantum_field_theory
| 0.479547
| 512
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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<urn:uuid:429cf924-5712-4f80-a526-9d8fbe64f107>
| 7
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2025-12-17T20:53:59.345627
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of birds or beasts of prey? this does not seem to me probable, when we think of the multitude of birds which with impunity gladden the country with their voices during the spring. * it is a safer conclusion that, as vocal and instrumental organs are of special service only to the males during their courtship, these organs were developed through sexual selection and their constant use in that sex alone - the successive variations and the effects of use having been from the first more or less limited in transmission to the male offspring. * daines barrington, however, thought it probable ( philosophical transactions, 1773, p. 164 ) that few female birds sing, because the talent would have been dangerous to them during incubation. he adds, that a similar view may possibly account for the inferiority of the female to the male in plumage. many analogous cases could be adduced ; those for instance of the plumes on the head being generally longer in the male than in the female, sometimes of equal length in both sexes, and occasionally absent in the female, - these several cases occurring in the same group of birds. it would be difficult to account for such a difference between the sexes by the female having been benefited by possessing a slightly shorter crest than the male, and its consequent diminution or complete suppression through natural selection. but i will take a more favourable case, namely the length of the tail. the long train of the peacock would have been not only inconvenient but dangerous to the peahen during the period of incubation and whilst accompanying her young. hence there is not the least a priori improbability in the development of her tail having been checked through natural selection. but the females of various pheasants, which apparently are exposed on their open nests to as much danger as the peahen, have tails of considerable length. the females as well as the males of the menura superba have long tails, and they build a domed nest, which is a great anomaly in so large a bird. naturalists have wondered how the female menura could manage her tail during incubation ; but it is now known * that she " enters the nest head first, and then turns round with her tail sometimes over her back, but more often bent round by her side. thus in time the tail becomes quite askew, and is a tolerable guide to the length of time the bird has been sitting. " both sexes of an australian kingfisher ( tanysiptera sylvia ) have the
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subdomain_quantum_field_theory
| 0.496226
| 512
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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<urn:uuid:429cf924-5712-4f80-a526-9d8fbe64f107>
| 8
| 0.35
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2025-12-17T20:53:59.346563
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by her side. thus in time the tail becomes quite askew, and is a tolerable guide to the length of time the bird has been sitting. " both sexes of an australian kingfisher ( tanysiptera sylvia ) have the middle tail - feathers greatly lengthened, and the female makes her nest in a hole ; and as i am informed by mr. r. b. sharpe these feathers become much crumpled during incubation. * mr. ramsay, in proc. zoolog. soc., 1868, p. 50. in these two latter cases the great length of the tail - feathers must be in some degree inconvenient to the female ; and as in both species the tail - feathers of the female are somewhat shorter than those of the male, it might be argued that their full development had been prevented through natural selection. but if the development of the tail of the peahen had been checked only when it became inconveniently or dangerously great, she would have retained a much longer tail than she actually possesses ; for her tail is not nearly so long, relatively to the size of her body, as that of many female pheasants, nor longer than that of the female turkey. it must also be borne in mind that, in accordance with this view, as soon as the tail of the peahen became dangerously long, and its development was consequently checked, she would have continually reacted on her male progeny, and thus have prevented the peacock from acquiring his present magnificent train. we may therefore infer that the length of the tail in the peacock and its shortness in the peahen are the result of the requisite variations in the male having been from the first transmitted to the male offspring alone. we are led to a nearly similar conclusion with respect to the length of the tail in the various species of pheasants. in the eared pheasant ( crossoptilon auritum ) the tail is of equal length in both sexes, namely sixteen or seventeen inches ; in the common pheasant it is about twenty inches long in the male and twelve in the female ; in soemmerring ' s pheasant, thirty - seven inches in the male and only eight in the female ; and lastly in reeve ' s pheasant it is sometimes actually seventy - two inches long in the male and sixteen in the female. thus in the several species, the tail of the female differs much in length, irrespectively of that of the male ;
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subdomain_quantum_field_theory
| 0.470628
| 512
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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<urn:uuid:429cf924-5712-4f80-a526-9d8fbe64f107>
| 9
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' s pheasant it is sometimes actually seventy - two inches long in the male and sixteen in the female. thus in the several species, the tail of the female differs much in length, irrespectively of that of the male ; and this can be accounted for, as it seems to me, with much more probability, by the laws of inheritance, - that is by the successive variations having been from the first more or less closely limited in their transmission to the male sex than by the agency of natural selection, resulting from the length of tail being more or less injurious to the females of these several allied species. we may now consider mr. wallace ' s arguments in regard to the sexual colouration of birds. he believes that the bright tints originally acquired through sexual selection by the males would in all, or almost all cases, have been transmitted to the females, unless the transference had been checked through natural selection. i may here remind the reader that various facts opposed to this view have already been given under reptiles, amphibians, fishes and lepidoptera. mr. wallace rests his belief chiefly, but not exclusively, as we shall see in the next chapter, on the following statement, * that when both sexes are coloured in a very conspicuous manner, the nest is of such a nature as to conceal the sitting bird ; but when there is a marked contrast of colour between the sexes, the male being gay and the female dull - coloured, the nest is open and exposes the sitting bird to view. this coincidence, as far as it goes, certainly seems to favour the belief that the females which sit on open nests have been specially modified for the sake of protection ; but we shall presently see that there is another and more probable explanation, namely, that conspicuous females have acquired the instinct of building domed nests oftener than dull - coloured birds. mr. wallace admits that there are, as might have been expected, some exceptions to his two rules, but it is a question whether the exceptions are not so numerous as seriously to invalidate them. * journal of travel, edited by a. murray, vol. i., 1868, p. 78. there is in the first place much truth in the duke of argyll ' s remark * that a large domed nest is more conspicuous to an enemy, especially to all tree - haunting carnivorous animals, than a smaller open nest. nor must we forget that with many birds which build open nests, the male sits on the eggs and aids the female in feeding the
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nest is more conspicuous to an enemy, especially to all tree - haunting carnivorous animals, than a smaller open nest. nor must we forget that with many birds which build open nests, the male sits on the eggs and aids the female in feeding the young : this is the case, for instance, with pyranga aestiva, * ( 2 ) one of the most splendid birds in the united states, the male being vermilion, and the female light brownish - green. now if brilliant colours had been extremely dangerous to birds whilst sitting on their open nests, the males in these cases would have suffered greatly. it might, however, be of such paramount importance to the male to be brilliantly coloured, in order to beat his rivals, that this may have more than compensated some additional danger. * journal of travel, edited by a. murray, vol. i., 1868, p. 281. * ( 2 ) audubon, ornithological biography, vol. i., p. 233. mr. wallace admits that with the king - crows ( dicrurus ), orioles, and pittidae, the females are conspicuously coloured, yet build open nests ; but he urges that the birds of the first group are highly pugnacious and could defend themselves ; that those of the second group take extreme care in concealing their open nests, but this does not invariably hold good ; * and that with the birds of the third group the females are brightly coloured chiefly on the under surface. besides these cases, pigeons which are sometimes brightly, and almost always conspicuously coloured, and which are notoriously liable to the attacks of birds of prey, offer a serious exception to the rule, for they almost always build open and exposed nests. in another large family, that of the humming - birds, all the species build open nests, yet with some of the most gorgeous species the sexes are alike ; and in the majority, the females, though less brilliant than the males, are brightly coloured. nor can it be maintained that all female humming - birds, which are brightly coloured, escape detection by their tints being green, for some display on their upper surfaces red, blue, and other colours. * ( 2 ) * jerdon, birds of india, vol. ii., p. 108. gould ' s handbook of the birds of australia, vol. i., p. 463. * ( 2 ) for instance, the female eupetomena macroura has the head and tail dark blue with reddish
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., p. 108. gould ' s handbook of the birds of australia, vol. i., p. 463. * ( 2 ) for instance, the female eupetomena macroura has the head and tail dark blue with reddish loins ; the female lampornis porphyrurus is blackish - green on the upper surface, with the lores and sides of the throat crimson ; the female eulampis jugularis has the top of the head and back green, but the loins and the tail are crimson. many other instances of highly conspicuous females could be given. see mr. gould ' s magnificent work on this family. in regard to birds which build in holes or construct domed nests, other advantages, as mr. wallace remarks, besides concealment are gained, such as shelter from the rain, greater warmth, and in hot countries protection from the sun ; * so that it is no valid objection to his view that many birds having both sexes obscurely coloured build concealed nests. * ( 2 ) the female horn - bill ( buceros ), for instance, of india and africa is protected during incubation with extraordinary care, for she plasters up with her own excrement the orifice of the hole in which she sits on her eggs, leaving only a small orifice through which the male feeds her ; she is thus kept a close prisoner during the whole period of incubation ; * ( 3 ) yet female horn - bills are not more conspicuously coloured than many other birds of equal size which build open nests. it is a more serious objection to mr. wallace ' s view, as is admitted by him, that in some few groups the males are brilliantly coloured and the females obscure, and yet the latter hatch their eggs in domed nests. this is the case with the grallinae of australia, the superb warblers ( maluridae ) of the same country, the sun - birds ( nectariniae ), and with several of the australian honey - suckers or meliphagidae. * ( 4 ) * mr. salvin noticed in guatemala ( ibis, 1864, p. 375 ) that humming - birds were much more unwilling to leave their nests during very hot weather, when the sun was shining brightly, as if their eggs would be thus injured, than during cool, cloudy, or rainy weather. * ( 2 ) i may specify, as instances of dull - coloured birds building concealed nests, the species belonging to eight australian genera described in gould
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brightly, as if their eggs would be thus injured, than during cool, cloudy, or rainy weather. * ( 2 ) i may specify, as instances of dull - coloured birds building concealed nests, the species belonging to eight australian genera described in gould ' s handbook of the birds of australia, vol. i., pp. 340, 362, 365, 383, 387, 389, 391, 414. * ( 3 ) mr. c. horne, proc. zoolog. soc., 1869. p. 243. * ( 4 ) on the nidification and colours of these latter species, see gould ' s handbook of the birds of australia, vol. i., pp. 504, 527. if we look to the birds of england we shall see that there is no close and general relation between the colours of the female and the nature of the nest which is constructed. about forty of our british birds ( excluding those of large size which could defend themselves ) build in holes in banks, rocks, or trees, or construct domed nests. if we take the colours of the female goldfinch, bullfinch, or black - bird, as a standard of the degree of conspicuousness, which is not highly dangerous to the sitting female, then out of the above forty birds the females of only twelve can be considered as conspicuous to a dangerous degree, the remaining twenty - eight being inconspicuous. * nor is there any close relation within the same genus between a well - pronounced difference in colour between the sexes, and the nature of the nest constructed. thus the male house sparrow ( passer domesticus ) differs much from the female, the male tree - sparrow ( p. montanus ) hardly at all, and yet both build well - concealed nests. the two sexes of the common fly - catcher ( muscicapa grisola ) can hardly be distinguished, whilst the sexes of the pied fly - catcher ( m. luctuosa ) differ considerably, and both species build in holes or conceal their nests. the female blackbird ( turdus merula ) differs much, the female ring - ouzel ( t. torquatus ) differs less, and the female common thrush ( t. musicus ) hardly at all from their respective males ; yet all build open nests. on the other hand, the not very distantly - allied water - ouzel ( cinclus aquaticus ) builds a domed nest, and the sexes differ about as much
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) hardly at all from their respective males ; yet all build open nests. on the other hand, the not very distantly - allied water - ouzel ( cinclus aquaticus ) builds a domed nest, and the sexes differ about as much as in the ring - ouzel. the black and red grouse ( tetrao tetrix and t. scoticus ) build open nests in equally well - concealed spots, but in the one species the sexes differ greatly, and in the other very little. * i have consulted, on this subject, macgillivray ' s british birds, and though doubts may be entertained in some cases in regard to the degree of concealment of the nest, and to the degree of conspicuousness of the female, yet the following birds, which all lay their eggs in holes or in domed nests, can hardly be considered, by the above standard, as conspicuous : passer, 2 species ; sturnus, of which the female is considerably less brilliant than the male ; cinclus ; motallica boarula (? ) ; erithacus (? ) ; fruticola, 2 sp. ; saxicola ; ruticilla, 2 sp. ; sylvia, 3 sp. ; parus, 3 sp. ; mecistura anorthura ; certhia ; sitta ; yunx ; muscicapa, 2 sp. ; hirundo, 3 sp. ; and cypselus. the females of the following 12 birds may be considered as conspicuous according to the same standard, viz., pastor, motacilla alba, parus major and p. caeruleus, upupa, picus, 4 sp., coracias, alcedo, and merops. notwithstanding the foregoing objections, i cannot doubt, after reading mr. wallace ' s excellent essay, that looking to the birds of the world, a large majority of the species in which the females are conspicuously coloured ( and in this case the males with rare exceptions are equally conspicuous ), build concealed nests for the sake of protection. mr. wallace enumerates * a long series of groups in which this rule bolds good ; but it will suffice here to give, as instances, the more familiar groups of kingfishers, toucans, trogons, puff - birds ( capitonidae ), plantain - eaters ( musophagae, woodpeckers, and parrots. mr. wallace believes
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more familiar groups of kingfishers, toucans, trogons, puff - birds ( capitonidae ), plantain - eaters ( musophagae, woodpeckers, and parrots. mr. wallace believes that in these groups, as the males gradually acquired through sexual selection their brilliant colours, these were transferred to the females and were not eliminated by natural selection, owing to the protection which they already enjoyed from their manner of nidification. according to this view, their present manner of nesting was acquired before their present colours. but it seems to me much more probable that in most cases, as the females were gradually rendered more and more brilliant from partaking of the colours of the male, they were gradually led to change their instincts ( supposing that they originally built open nests ), and to seek protection by building domed or concealed nests. no one who studies, for instance, audubon ' s account of the differences in the nests of the same species in the northern and southern united states, * ( 2 ) will feel any great difficulty in admitting that birds, either by a change ( in the strict sense of the word ) of their habits, or through the natural selection of so - called spontaneous variations of instinct, might readily be led to modify their manner of nesting. * journal of travel, edited by a. murray, vol. i., p. 78. * ( 2 ) see many statements in the ornithological biography. see also some curious observations on the nests of italian birds by eugenio bettoni, in the atti della societa italiana, vol. xi., 1869, p. 487. this way of viewing the relation, as far as it holds good, between the bright colours of female birds and their manner of nesting, receives some support from certain cases occurring in the sahara desert. here, as in most other deserts, various birds, and many other animals, have had their colours adapted in a wonderful manner to the tints of the surrounding surface. nevertheless there are, as i am informed by the rev. mr. tristram, some curious exceptions to the rule ; thus the male of the monticola cyanea is conspicuous from his bright blue colour, and the female almost equally conspicuous from her mottled brown and white plumage ; both sexes of two species of dromolaea are of a lustrous black ; so that these three species are far from receiving protection from their colours, yet they are able to survive,
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equally conspicuous from her mottled brown and white plumage ; both sexes of two species of dromolaea are of a lustrous black ; so that these three species are far from receiving protection from their colours, yet they are able to survive, for they have acquired the habit of taking refuge from danger in holes or crevices in the rocks. with respect to the above groups in which the females are conspicuously coloured and build concealed nests, it is not necessary to suppose that each separate species had its nidifying instinct specially modified ; but only that the early progenitors of each group were gradually led to build domed or concealed nests, and afterwards transmitted this instinct, together with their bright colours, to their modified descendants. as far as it can be trusted, the conclusion is interesting, that sexual selection together with equal or nearly equal inheritance by both sexes, have indirectly determined the manner of nidification of whole groups of birds. according to mr. wallace, even in the groups in which the females, from being protected in domed nests during incubation, have not had their bright colours eliminated through natural selection, the males often differ in a slight, and occasionally in a considerable degree from the females. this is a significant fact, for such differences in colour must be accounted for by some of the variations in the males having been from the first limited in transmission to the same sex ; as it can hardly be maintained that these differences, especially when very slight, serve as a protection to the female. thus all the species in the splendid group of the trogons build in holes ; and mr. gould gives figures * of both sexes of twenty - five species, in all of which, with one partial exception, the sexes differ sometimes slightly, sometimes conspicuously, in colour, - the males being always finer than the females, though the latter are likewise beautiful. all the species of kingfishers build in holes, and with most of the species the sexes are equally brilliant, and thus far mr. wallace ' s rule holds good ; but in some of the australian species the colours of the females are rather less vivid than those of the male ; and in one splendidly - coloured species, the sexes differ so much that they were at first thought to be specifically distinct. * ( 2 ) mr. r. b. sharpe, who has especially studied this group, has shewn me some american species ( ceryle ) in which the breast of the male is belted with black. again, in carcineutes, the difference
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mr. r. b. sharpe, who has especially studied this group, has shewn me some american species ( ceryle ) in which the breast of the male is belted with black. again, in carcineutes, the difference between the sexes is conspicuous : in the male the upper surface is dull - blue banded with black, the lower surface being partly fawn - coloured, and there is much red about the head ; in the female the upper surface is reddish - brown banded with black, and the lower surface white with black markings it is an interesting fact, as shewing how the same peculiar style of sexual colouring often characterises allied forms, that in three species of dacelo the male differs from the female only in the tail being dull - blue banded with black, whilst that of the female is brown with blackish bars ; so that here the tail differs in colour in the two sexes in exactly the same manner as the whole upper surface in the two sexes of carcineutes. * see his monograph of the trogonidae, 1st edition. * ( 2 ) namely, cyanalcyon. gould ' s handbook of the birds of australia, vol. i., p. 133 ; see, also, pp. 130, 136. with parrots, which likewise build in holes, we find analogous cases : in most of the species, both sexes are brilliantly coloured and indistinguishable, but in not a few species the males are coloured rather more vividly than the females, or even very differently from them. thus, besides other strongly - marked differences, the whole under surface of the male king lory ( aprosmictus scapulatus ) is scarlet, whilst the throat and chest of the female is green tinged with red : in the euphema splendida there is a similar difference, the face and wing coverts moreover of the female being of a paler blue than in the male. * in the family of the tits ( parinae ), which build concealed nests, the female of our common blue tomtit ( parus caeruleus ), is " much less brightly coloured " than the male : and in the magnificent sultan yellow tit of india the difference is greater. * ( 2 ) * every gradation of difference between the sexes may be followed in the parrots of australia. see gould, op. cit., vol. ii., pp. 14 - 102. * ( 2 ) macgillivray ' s british
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every gradation of difference between the sexes may be followed in the parrots of australia. see gould, op. cit., vol. ii., pp. 14 - 102. * ( 2 ) macgillivray ' s british birds, vol. ii., p. 433. jerdon, birds of india, vol. ii., p. 282. again, in the great group of the woodpeckers, * the sexes are generally nearly alike, but in the megapicus validus all those parts of the head, neck, and breast, which are crimson in the male are pale brown in the female. as in several woodpeckers the head of the male is bright crimson, whilst that of the female is plain, it occurred to me that this colour might possibly make the female dangerously conspicuous, whenever she put her head out of the hole containing her nest, and consequently that this colour, in accordance with mr. wallace ' s belief, had been eliminated. this view is strengthened by what malherbe states with respect to indopicus carlotta ; namely, that the young females, like the young males, have some crimson about their heads, but that this colour disappears in the adult female, whilst it is intensified in the adult male. nevertheless the following considerations render this view extremely doubtful : the male takes a fair share in incubation, * ( 2 ) and would be thus almost equally exposed to danger ; both sexes of many species have their heads of an equally bright crimson ; in other species the difference between the sexes in the amount of scarlet is so slight that it can hardly make any appreciable difference in the danger incurred ; and lastly, the colouring of the head in the two sexes often differs slightly in other ways. * all the following facts are taken from m. malherbe ' s magnificent monographie des picidees, 1861. * ( 2 ) audubon ' s ornithological biography, vol. ii., p. 75 ; see also the ibis, vol. i., p. 268. the cases, as yet given, of slight and graduated differences in colour between the males and females in the groups, in which as a general rule the sexes resemble each other, all relate to species which build domed or concealed nests. but similar gradations may likewise be observed in groups in which the sexes as a general rule resemble each other, but which build open nests. as i have before instanced the australian parrots,
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relate to species which build domed or concealed nests. but similar gradations may likewise be observed in groups in which the sexes as a general rule resemble each other, but which build open nests. as i have before instanced the australian parrots, so i may here instance, without giving any details, the australian pigeons. * it deserves especial notice that in all these cases the slight differences in plumage between the sexes are of the same general nature as the occasionally greater differences. a good illustration of this fact has already been afforded by those kingfishers in which either the tail alone or the whole upper surface of the plumage differs in the same manner in the two sexes. similar cases may be observed with parrots and pigeons. the differences in colour between the sexes of the same species are, also, of the same general nature as the differences in colour between the distinct species of the same group. for when in a group in which the sexes are usually alike, the male differs considerably from the female, he is not coloured in a quite new style. hence we may infer that within the same group the special colours of both sexes when they are alike, and the colours of the male, when he differs slightly or even considerably from the female, have been in most cases determined by the same general cause ; this being sexual selection. * gould ' s handbook of the birds of australia, vol. ii., pp. 109 - 149. it is not probable, as has already been remarked, that differences in colour between the sexes, when very slight, can be of service to the female as a protection. assuming, however, that they are of service, they might be thought to be cases of transition ; but we have no reason to believe that many species at any one time are undergoing change. therefore we can hardly admit that the numerous females which differ very slightly in colour from their males are now all commencing to become obscure for the sake of protection. even if we consider somewhat more marked sexual differences, is it probable, for instance, that the head of the female chaffinch, - the crimson on the breast of the female bullfinch, - the green of the female greenfinch, - the crest of the female golden - crested wren, have all been rendered less bright by the slow process of selection for the sake of protection? i cannot think so ; and still less with the slight differences between the sexes of those birds which build concealed nests. on the other hand, the differences in colour between the sexes, whether great or small
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slow process of selection for the sake of protection? i cannot think so ; and still less with the slight differences between the sexes of those birds which build concealed nests. on the other hand, the differences in colour between the sexes, whether great or small, may to a large extent be explained on the principle of the successive variations, acquired by the males through sexual selection, having been from the first more or less limited in their transmission to the females. that the degree of limitation should differ in different species of the same group will not surprise any one who has studied the laws of inheritance, for they are so complex that they appear to us in our ignorance to be capricious in their action. * * see remarks to this effect in variation of animals and plants under domestication, vol. ii., chap. xii. as far as i can discover there are few large groups of birds in which all the species have both sexes alike and brilliantly coloured, but i hear from mr. sclater, that this appears to be the case with the musophagae or plantain - eaters. nor do i believe that any large group exists in which the sexes of all the species are widely dissimilar in colour : mr. wallace informs me that the chatterers of s. america ( cotingidae ) offer one of the best instances ; but with some of the species, in which the male has a splendid red breast, the female exhibits some red on her breast ; and the females of other species shew traces of the green and other colours of the males. nevertheless we have a near approach to close sexual similarity or dissimilarity throughout several groups : and this, from what has just been said of the fluctuating nature of inheritance, is a somewhat surprising circumstance. but that the same laws should largely prevail with allied animals is not surprising. the domestic fowl has produced a great number of breeds and sub - breeds, and in these the sexes generally differ in plumage ; so that it has been noticed as an unusual circumstance when in certain sub - breeds they resemble each other. on the other hand, the domestic pigeon has likewise produced a vast number of distinct breeds and sub - breeds, and in these, with rare exceptions, the two sexes are identically alike. therefore if other species of gallus and columba were domesticated and varied, it would not be rash to predict that similar rules of sexual similarity and dissimilarity, depending on the form of transmission, would
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are identically alike. therefore if other species of gallus and columba were domesticated and varied, it would not be rash to predict that similar rules of sexual similarity and dissimilarity, depending on the form of transmission, would hold good in both cases. in like manner the same form of transmission has generally prevailed under nature throughout the same groups, although marked exceptions to this rule occur. thus within the same family or even genus, the sexes may be identically alike, or very different in colour. instances have already been given in the same genus, as with sparrows, flycatchers, thrushes and grouse. in the family of pheasants the sexes of almost all the species are wonderfully dissimilar, but are quite alike in the eared pheasant or crossoptilon auritum. in two species of chloephaga, a genus of geese, the male cannot be distinguished from the females, except by size ; whilst in two others, the sexes are so unlike that they might easily be mistaken for distinct species. * * the ibis, vol. vi., 1864, p. 122. the laws of inheritance can alone account for the following cases, in which the female acquires, late in life, certain characters proper to the male, and ultimately comes to resemble him more or less completely. here protection can hardly have come into play. mr. blyth informs me that the females of oriolus melanocephalus and of some allied species, when sufficiently mature to breed, differ considerably in plumage from the adult males ; but after the second or third moults they differ only in their beaks having a slight greenish tinge. in the dwarf bitterns ( ardetta ), according to the same authority, " the male acquires his final livery at the first moult, the female not before the third or fourth moult ; in the meanwhile she presents an intermediate garb, which is ultimately exchanged for the same livery as that of the male. " so again the female falco peregrinus acquires her blue plumage more slowly than the male. mr. swinhoe states that with one of the drongo shrikes ( dicrurus macrocercus ) the male, whilst almost a nestling, moults his soft brown plumage and becomes of a uniform glossy greenish - black ; but the female retains for a long time the white striae and spots on the axillary feathers ; and does not
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male, whilst almost a nestling, moults his soft brown plumage and becomes of a uniform glossy greenish - black ; but the female retains for a long time the white striae and spots on the axillary feathers ; and does not completely assume the uniform black colour of the male for three years. the same excellent observer remarks that in the spring of the second year the female spoon - bill ( platalea ) of china resembles the male of the first year, and that apparently it is not until the third spring that she acquires the same adult plumage as that possessed by the male at a much earlier age. the female bombycilla carolinensis differs very little from the male, but the appendages, which like beads of red sealing - wax ornament the wing - feathers, * are not developed in her so early in life as in the male. in the male of an indian parrakeet ( paloeornis javanicus ) the upper mandible is coral - red from his earliest youth, but in the female, as mr. blyth has observed with caged and wild birds, it is at first black and does not become red until the bird is at least a year old, at which age the sexes resemble each other in all respects. both sexes of the wild turkey are ultimately furnished with a tuft of bristles on the breast, but in two - year - old birds the tuft is about four inches long in the male and hardly apparent in the female ; when, however, the latter has reached her fourth year, it is from four to five inches in length. * ( 2 ) * when the male courts the female, these ornaments are vibrated, and " are shewn off to great advantage, " on the outstretched wings : a. leith adams, field and forest rambles, 1873, p. 153. * ( 2 ) on ardetta, translation of cuvier ' s regne animal, by mr. blyth, footnote, p. 159. on the peregrine falcon, mr. blyth, in charlesworth ' s mag. of nat. hist., vol. i., 1837, p. 304. on dicrurus, ibis, 1863, p. 44. on the platalea, ibis, vol. vi., 1864, p. 366. on the bombycilla, audubon ' s ornitholog. biography, vol. i., p. 229
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44. on the platalea, ibis, vol. vi., 1864, p. 366. on the bombycilla, audubon ' s ornitholog. biography, vol. i., p. 229. on the palaeornis, see, also, jerdon, birds of india, vol. i., p. 263. on the wild turkey, audubon, ibid., vol. i., p. 15 ; but i hear from judge caton that in illinois the female very rarely acquires a tuft. analogous cases with the females of petrcocssyphus are given by mr. r. sharpe, proeedings of the zoological society, 1872, p. 496. these cases must not be confounded with those where diseased or old females abnormally assume masculine characters, nor with those where fertile females, whilst young, acquire the characters of the male, through variation or some unknown cause. * but all these cases have so much in common that they depend, according to the hypothesis of pangenesis, on gemmules derived from each part of the male being present, though latent, in the female ; their development following on some slight change in the elective affinities of her constituent tissues. * of these latter cases mr. blyth has recorded ( translation of cuvier ' s regne animal, p. 158 ) various instances with lanius, ruticilla, linaria, and anas. audubon has also recorded a similar case ( ornitholog. biography, vol. v., p. 519 ) with pyranga aestiva. a few words must be added on changes of plumage in relation to the season of the year. from reasons formerly assigned there can be little doubt that the elegant plumes, long pendant feathers, crests, & c., of egrets, herons, and many other birds, which are developed and retained only during the summer, serve for ornamental and nuptial purposes, though common to both sexes. the female is thus rendered more conspicuous during the period of incubation than during the winter ; but such birds as herons and egrets would be able to defend themselves. as, however, plumes would probably be inconvenient and certainly of no use during the winter, it is possible that the habit of moulting twice in the year may have been gradually acquired through natural selection for the sake of casting
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subdomain_quantum_gravity
| 0.485053
| 512
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HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
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<urn:uuid:429cf924-5712-4f80-a526-9d8fbe64f107>
| 23
| 0.35
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2025-12-17T20:53:59.362187
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. as, however, plumes would probably be inconvenient and certainly of no use during the winter, it is possible that the habit of moulting twice in the year may have been gradually acquired through natural selection for the sake of casting off inconvenient ornaments during the winter. but this view cannot be extended to the many waders, whose summer and winter plumages differ very little in colour. with defenceless species, in which both sexes, or the males alone, become extremely conspicuous during the breeding - season, - or when the males acquire at this season such long wing or tail - feathers as to impede their flight, as with cosmetornis and vidua, - it certainly at first appears highly probable that the second moult has been gained for the special purpose of throwing off these ornaments. we must, however, remember that many birds, such as some of the birds of paradise, the argus pheasant and peacock, do not cast their plumes during the winter ; and it can hardly be maintained that the constitution of these birds, at least of the gallinaceae, renders a double moult impossible, for the ptarmigan moults thrice in the year. * hence it must be considered as doubtful whether the many species which moult their ornamental plumes or lose their bright colours during the winter, have acquired this habit on account of the inconvenience or danger which they would otherwise have suffered. * see gould ' s birds of great britain. i conclude, therefore, that the habit of moulting twice in the year was in most or all cases first acquired for some distinct purpose, perhaps for gaining a warmer winter covering ; and that variations in the plumage occurring during the summer were accumulated through sexual selection, and transmitted to the offspring at the same season of the year ; that such variations were inherited either by both sexes or by the males alone, according to the form of inheritance which prevailed. this appears more probable than that the species in all cases originally tended to retain their ornamental plumage during the winter, but were saved from this through natural selection, resulting from the inconvenience or danger thus caused. i have endeavoured in this chapter to shew that the arguments are not trustworthy in favour of the view that weapons, bright colours, and various ornaments, are now confined to the males owing to the conversion, by natural selection, of the equal transmission of characters to both sexes, into transmission to the male sex alone. it is also doubtful whether the
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subdomain_quantum_thermodynamics
| 0.498165
| 512
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
<urn:uuid:429cf924-5712-4f80-a526-9d8fbe64f107>
| 24
| 0.35
|
2025-12-17T20:53:59.363107
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color = " # ffffff " size = " 2 " > back to regional news digest saturday, september 19, 1998 last modified at 3 : 24 a. m. on saturday, september 19, 1998 state gets more rain, except in plains albuquerque ( ap ) - slightly higher averages of rain in new mexico this summer masked big differences in precipitation levels statewide, the national weather service said. the state ' s june - through - august average was 5 percent wetter than normal. but while summer rains fell on the western and northern parts of the state, the eastern plains were dry, said charlie liles, head of the weather service ' s albuquerque office. liles said you could draw a line south from clayton and las vegas, n. m., through cloudcroft to see the demarkation : it mostly was dry to the southeast and wet in the northwest. part of weather systems that steered rain away from texas did the same to eastern new mexico. " the dry east and southeast plains shows the westward expansion of the texas drought that has taken place the past three to four months, " liles said. ce clovisn got 61 percent less rain this summer, he said. monsoons caused an unusually wet july across the rest of the state but then stopped in august, said dave gutzler, a climate researcher at the university of new mexico. jal, in the southeast, was the driest spot for the three - month period, with just 1. 43 inches of rain, 72 percent below normal. the wettest spot was black lake near angel fire, with 14. 53 inches, liles said. albuquerque was two percent below normal with 3. 42 inches, while socorro was nearly 50 percent above normal with 5. 6 inches. santa fe had 33 percent more rain at 7. 15 inches, while las cruces was 47 percent below normal at 2. 37 inches.
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subdomain_quantum_optics
| 0.365112
| 386
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
<urn:uuid:0057e9c8-4a05-4d1f-9ef8-63a69171c58d>
| 0
| 0.35
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2025-12-17T20:53:59.364814
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use of biomedical engineering and music for k - 12 math / science education the study proposes the use of biomedical engineering ( bme ) ph. d. track graduate students to assist middle and high school teachers to teach math / science skills, by providing additional tools and training to optimize their use. the emphasis is on the use of disciplinary knowledge to enhance how people learn with the aid of computer technology ; showing the students the importance of this knowledge to solve real world problems. three school districts have committed to participate in a cross - disciplinary education program ( shelby county, shades mountain independent, and the alabama school of fine arts ). students from uab ’ s biomedical engineering ( bme ) and the alabama school of fine arts ( asfa ) departments will develop, implement, and evaluate the four interventions used to enhance math / science skills. - music education - math / science kits and six - week projects - science fair project development - a technology of fine arts class when the cost - effectiveness of each intervention has been determined, decisions whether to expand the intervention, within each school system will be made. information about successful programs would be made available, on the internet or other media, to interested groups. trained personnel from this project would serve as facilitators for these groups. - investigators : a. eberhardt, r. thompson, m. froning, d. kilpadi
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subdomain_quantum_gravity
| 0.524634
| 279
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
<urn:uuid:21551b17-525a-4ee3-a648-637e7f0b7928>
| 0
| 0.35
|
2025-12-17T20:53:59.366115
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the list is the origin of culture. it ' s part of the history of art and literature. what does culture want? to make infinity comprehensible. it also wants to create order — not always, but often. and how, as a human being, does one face infinity? how does one attempt to grasp the incomprehensible? through lists, through catalogs, through collections in museums and through encyclopedias and dictionaries. there is an allure to enumerating how many women don giovanni slept with : it was 2, 063, at least according to mozart ' s librettist, lorenzo da ponte. we also have completely practical lists — the shopping list, the will, the menu — that are also cultural achievements in their own right. … at first, we think that a list is primitive and typical of very early cultures, which had no exact concept of the universe and were therefore limited to listing the characteristics they could name. but, in cultural history, the list has prevailed over and over again. it is by no means merely an expression of primitive cultures. a very clear image of the universe existed in the middle ages, and there were lists. a new worldview based on astronomy predominated in the renaissance and the baroque era. and there were lists. and the list is certainly prevalent in the postmodern age. it has an irresistible magic. … we like lists because we don ' t want to die. here is much more. make sure you read the quotation under the photo ; i don ' t want to reproduce it on a family blog. i wonder if this interview was translated from some other language, given the difference between " lists " and " enumeration. " here is an important mr post : jeffrey lonsdale writes. i thank cardiff garcia for the pointer.
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subdomain_quantum_gravity
| 0.526264
| 373
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
<urn:uuid:677a2991-3cf1-4c15-8111-a72e57592df6>
| 0
| 0.35
|
2025-12-17T20:53:59.367887
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see also the dr. math faq : order of operations browse high school basic algebra stars indicate particularly interesting answers or good places to begin browsing. selected answers to common questions : solving simple linear equations. positive / negative integer rules. completing the square. direct and indirect variation. inequalities and negative numbers. - normalization [ 08 / 01 / 2001 ] how do i figure out : 90 + 70 + 88 + 94 + x / 5 = 85? - the nth root of n [ 11 / 28 / 2000 ] is the nth root of n ( a whole number other than 1 ) ever a rational - number of equations needed in a simultaneous linear system [ 10 / 29 / 2003 ] could you tell me why we need the same number of equations as variables in order to get a unique solution to a system of simultaneous linear equations? - number * sum of remaining four numbers [ 04 / 03 / 2003 ] find 5 numbers such that when each number is multiplied by the sum of the remaining 4 numbers, the following values will result : 152, 245, 297, 320, 360. - objects in a pyramid [ 7 / 8 / 1996 ] objects are stacked in a triangular pyramid... how many objects are in the nth layer from the top? - old test questions answered [ 1 / 23 / 1995 ] i am studying for my midterm, and i ' ve come across two questions that i got wrong and don ' t understand why.... - one variable equations with decimals [ 02 / 11 / 1997 ] how do you solve 8. 25x + 3 = 17. 5 + x? - open sentence, statement [ 09 / 18 / 2001 ] what is an open sentence? - operator precedence [ 08 / 13 / 2003 ] since the following statement is true : ( 1 + 1 ) * * ( 5 - 2 ) is 8, why is the following statement true and not false : 2 * * 1 + 1 is 3 and not 4, and 3 * 1 * * 3 is 3 and not 27... '? - ordering exponents and variables [ 04 / 08 / 2000 ] is there a rule for putting terms in descending order if the variables have the same exponent? what about negative exponents and descending - ordering products, powers, and parameters of trigonometric functions [ 10 / 31 / 2010 ] a student wants to know how to unambiguously interpret strings of trigonometric functions, multiplication, and exponentiation. doctor peterson digs
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subdomain_quantum_field_theory
| 0.486699
| 512
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
<urn:uuid:7308a886-f8d1-4f71-a8ac-74e6e4712804>
| 0
| 0.35
|
2025-12-17T20:53:59.372859
|
- ordering products, powers, and parameters of trigonometric functions [ 10 / 31 / 2010 ] a student wants to know how to unambiguously interpret strings of trigonometric functions, multiplication, and exponentiation. doctor peterson digs into a history book - - as well as another math doctor ' s conversation - - to illuminate the vagaries of the - order in linear expressions [ 11 / 20 / 2001 ] can you give me a convincing argument as to why, in an equation such as y = 13 - 7x, where y is a function of x, it should be written as y = - 7x + 13? - order of operations [ 05 / 19 / 1999 ] given a, b, x, and y, find ax / by. - order of operations with percentages [ 04 / 05 / 2001 ] why does the order of operations exclude percentage, square roots, etc.? - other ways to get the quadratic formula [ 02 / 19 / 2010 ] doctor jacques shares two ways to derive [ - b + / - sqrt ( b ^ 2 - 4ac ) ] / 2a without explicitly completing the square. - pairs of odd integers [ 09 / 24 / 1997 ] find all pairs of odd integers a and b that satisfy the equation : a + 128b = 3ab. - parabola with horizontal or vertical axis [ 05 / 03 / 2001 ] how can i find the focus and directrix of a parabola whose axis is either horizontal or vertical, like 2x ^ 2 = - y? - parabolic golf shot equations [ 01 / 24 / 2002 ] does the ball reach the green? - parallel and perpendicular lines [ 01 / 14 / 1999 ] how do you tell without graphing whether the graphs of these equations are parallel, perpendicular, or neither? - parallel lines [ 12 / 31 / 1998 ] what are some ways of proving lines parallel - geometrically and - parametric form for equation of a line [ 6 / 30 / 1996 ] how can you convert an equation such as y = - 3x / 4 + 7 / 2 to parametric - parity [ 8 / 2 / 1996 ] how do i determine if the given function is odd, even or neither? what ' s the symmetry of the graph? - partial fractions [ 01 / 29 / 1998 ] how do i express 3 / 1 - ( x ^ 3 ) in partial fractions? - pascal ' s triangle pattern [ 04 / 22 / 1999 ] what pattern does multiplying each entry
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subdomain_quantum_cryptography
| 0.465099
| 512
|
HuggingFaceFW/fineweb-edu
|
<urn:uuid:7308a886-f8d1-4f71-a8ac-74e6e4712804>
| 1
| 0.35
|
2025-12-17T20:53:59.373733
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